
James E. MadduxGeorge Mason University | GMU
James E. Maddux
Doctor of Philosophy
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Publications (105)
This study tested the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) in conjunction with two sets of variables from the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) and the Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES) to predict exercise behaviour. This study included 454 participants who exercised in a fitness centre. We collected measures of the TPB (attitudes, subje...
Interest in beliefs about personal control has a long history in philosophy and psychology. The theories of effectance motivation, achievement motivation, social learning, and helplessness are just a few that explore relationships between perceptions of personal competence and human behavior and psychological well-being. The importance of self-effi...
This chapter explores how clinical psychologists traditionally have conceived the difference between psychological illness and wellness and how they should conceive this difference. It explains traditional conceptions of psychological wellness and illness and offers a new conception a corresponding new vision of and mission for clinical psychology....
This chapter is concerned with the ways that clinical psychologists think about or conceive psychological illness and wellness, and especially how they conceive the difference between psychological wellness and illness. Although the illness metaphor prescribes a certain way of thinking about psychological problems, the illness ideology goes beyond...
Changes to definitions and theories of psychopathology result less from scientific advances and more from changes in social and cultural values. Herein, the historical and contemporary diversity in definitions and theories of anorexia nervosa is used to illustrate this point. First, we offer a discussion of diachronic diversity (diversity over time...
To esteem something is to value it and to view it as having worth. Self-esteem (sometimes also referred to as self-worth), therefore, refers to valuing one's self and viewing one's self as having worth. There is a cognitive component (beliefs about one's value and worth) and an emotional component (how one feels – happy, sad, angry, fearful) to eva...
The major health care challenge in the twenty-first century, as it was at the close of the twentieth century, will be motivating people to make changes in their own behaviour in ways that reduce the risk of health and medical problems and enhance health. These motivational efforts must consist not only of educating people about the positive and neg...
The goal of this chapter is to provide a summary of theory and research on the prediction of exercise behavior and on the effectiveness of interventions designed to facilitate the initiation and maintenance of regular exercise. Information about the benefits of exercise easily leads to changes in intentions to exercise, but research has shown most...
The basic premise of self-efficacy theory is that "people's beliefs in their capabilities to produce desired effects by their own actions" (Bandura, 1997, p. vii) are the most important determinants of the behaviors people choose to engage in and how much they persevere in their efforts in the face of obstacles and challenges. Self-efficacy theory...
This article challenges traditional views of the proper subject matter of clinical psychology, the nature of psychological adjustment and maladjustment, and the roles and functions of clinical psychologists. Toward this end, the article discusses clinical psychologists’conceptions of psychological adjustment and maladjustment and of the difference...
This study examined the relationship between construals of the parenthood goal and emotional reactions to fertility difficulties. Mcintosh and Martin's (1992) goal linkage model predicts that individuals experiencing fertility difficulties who strongly link biological parenthood to happiness (i.e., those who strongly believe that having a biologica...
The authors examined the role of “perceived loomingness” in fear of HIV. Perceived loomingness refers to perceptions of rapid forward movement and instantaneous changes in the distance and danger of a potential threat (Riskind, 1992). One hundred and twenty undergraduates rated vignettes of two public encounters with an HIV-positive stranger. High-...
Psychologists are often called upon to provide supervision, mentorship, and training to graduate student therapists-in-training. In these roles, psychologists may influence whether graduate students enter personal therapy during their training. This study investigated variables (including perceived faculty attitudes about students in personal thera...
This chapter is concerned with the ways that clinical psychologists think about or conceive psychological illness and wellness, and especially how they conceive the difference between psychological wellness and illness. More specifically, it is concerned with how clinical psychologists traditionally have conceived the difference between psychologic...
Research has found a negative relationship between proneness to experience shame and problematic relationships, but no relationship between proneness to guilt and relationship adjustment or maladjustment (Tangney, 1995; Tangney & Dearing, 2002). Social cognitive theory suggests that a reason for the interpersonal problem of shame-prone people is th...
This entry reviews theory and research on promoting mental health in adulthood through a focus on promoting happiness rather than preventing mental disorder. Most of the entry discusses of the various roles that goals and goal-related beliefs play in the construction of satisfying, fulfilling, and “mentally health” lives.
Physical fitness (consisting of cardiopulmonary capacity, muscle strength and endurance, and flexibility) is one of the keys to a longer, healthier, happier life; and regular exercise is one of the most important keys to physical fitness and the prevention of a host of physical and psychological problems. This entry provides a summary of research o...
This study examined the role of personal and shared goals in marital satisfaction. Two constructs were investigated. Perceived support for personal goals was defined as the degree to which a spouse views the marital relationship as facilitating or hindering achievement of his or her personal goals. Collective efficacy for collective goals was defin...
Psychology after World War II became a science largely devoted to healing. It concentrated on repairing damage using a disease model of human functioning. This almost exclusive attention to pathology neglected the idea of a fulfilled individual and a thriving community, and it neglected the possibility that building strength is the most potent weap...
Many researchers in psychology and physical activity have discussed the overlap among control constructs in various theories. Skinner (1996) proposed an integrative control framework based on an agent-means-ends distinction that offered comparisons among and more explicit measurement of 3 control constructs-control, capacity, and strategy beliefs....
The most instructive aspect of the article by D. M. Paskevich, L. R. Brawley, K. D. Dorsch, and W. N. Widmeyer (1999) (see record
1999-03790-005) is not what it tells us about
collective efficacy but what it tells us about the process by which psychological concepts are socially constructed. Collective efficacy is not an entity whose true nature...
The notion of habit figures prominently in theories of health-related behavior and in efforts to encourage people to develop consistency and regularity in the healthful behavior of daily life. The consensus definition of habit as automatic and mindless behavior, however, presents three logical and philosophical problems. First, this definition of h...
This article examines Forsyth and Leary's seven interfaces of social and counseling psychology from the perspective of social cognitive theory. In each interface domain, the authors consider ways in which social cognitive inquiry (and self-efficacy research in particular) can be brought to bear on topics of mutual concern to social and counseling p...
In the previous chapter we discussed the history of the relationship between social cognitive psychology and clinical psychology and provided a set of orienting assumptions for a social clinical psychology concerned with human adjustment and maladjustment, the nature of psychological change, and the nature of the encounter between the clinician and...
As we noted in Chapter 1, the profession of clinical psychology in its early stages developed outside mainstream experimental psychology in general and social cognitive psychology in particular. In its first generation, psychology split into a decontextualized science of laboratory curiosities and an unscientific practice. Some contend that even to...
In the previous chapter, we argued that personality and psychological adjustment can be construed as individual differences in the goals toward which people choose to work. This chapter moves from the social cognitive psychology of what people want to the social cognitive psychology of how they try to get what they want. It is concerned with theory...
The cognitive revolution in North American psychology began in the mid-1950s (Gardner, 1985).1 In the experimental scientific wing, anomalies for behaviorism were accumulating, and its adequacy in addressing language and other symbolic processes was being challenged (Chomsky, 1959; Osgood, 1956). Social learning theories, Rotter’s most notably, wer...
Fritz Heider, like Dewey, Kelly, and Piaget, had advanced the enlightenment competence model (Flanagan, 1991) of social thinkers as naive scientists. He posited that, like formal scientists, they seek to identify causes of events so as to attain prediction and control over them: Attributions are the causal explanations made (Chapter 2). Heider also...
Yogi Berra once said, “If you don’t know where you’re going, you’ll wind up somewhere else.” The humor of this statement almost disguises its wisdom. Without goals, human behavior would be random and directionless, and we would all doubtless end up somewhere other than where we would like to be. As we have seen so far, social cognitive psychology a...
In early 1956, Herbert Simon told his class, “Over Christmas Allen Newell and I invented a thinking machine” (quoted in McCorduck, 1979, p. 116). Later that year, they presented it at the first conferences on computer simulations of information processing. This critical event in the cognitive revolution was the product of a communal effort spanning...
In this chapter, we turn to issues pertaining to the fundamental questions of how we come to understand and, perhaps even more important, sustain knowledge about ourselves. To preview the thrust of this chapter, our contention is that the construction and maintenance of knowledge about oneself involves intrapsychic cognitive transactions that are i...
The last chapter presented important and productive work on the multiple-knowing-processes model, but its focus on internal processes, like that of the information-processing tradition (Chapter 4) more generally, may lose sight of the social context of knowing. Here, we widen the view to take it in, secure in our knowledge from the last chapter tha...
The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals. We not only cover conscious explicit cognition but probe automatic, introspectively...
In 1921, Fritz Heider, with his recently earned Ph.D., joined Kurt Lewin,1 a newly appointed lecturer, at the Berlin Psychological Institute. The Gestalt psychologists Kohler, Wertheimer, and Koffka were making the Institute the world’s premiere center for advancing a science of an active, organizing mind in opposition to passive associationism and...
As the turn of the nineteenth century approached, the new president of the American Psychological Association (APA) stood before his colleagues and admonished them to join theory and research to social practice. His concerns included the hostility of experimental psychologists to applied psychologists and practitioners as well as the latter’s indif...
Fifty years ago, clinical psychology in North America discovered close relationships. Karen Homey (1939) challenged instinctual, individualistic psychoanalysis with a social view of neuroses as “determined ultimately by disturbances in human relationships” (p. 78). Harry Stack Sullivan (1950), drawing on the ideas of George Herbert Mead and Edward...
This chapter is about social and self-cognition in an interpersonal context. It begins with research on the effect of communication on social judgments such as attitudes, impressions, and attributions. It then turns to representations that are not of the self or others but of the self with others and considers their impact on self-evaluation and su...
The reviewers note that this volume (see record 1995-98092-000 ), edited by Bandura, captures the spirit of the changing 1990s and comes at just the right time. In the opening chapter, Bandura notes the vast social and technological changes that have taken place throughout the world in recent decades--from the collapse of communism in Eastern Europ...
Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books , 1995, Vol 40(11), 1047-1048. This is a review of the book, "Changing for Good: The Revolutionary Program That Explains the Six Stages of Change and Teaches You How to Free Yourself From Bad Habits" (1994). This book examines the concept of "no therapy" in relation to self-change...
generality and specificity of self-efficacy beliefs / dimensions of self-efficacy / determinants of self-efficacy beliefs / mediating mechanisms / outcome expectancy / outcome value (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Despite the continuing controversy over what psychological health is and how one might best achieve it, psychologists seem to agree on at least one principle—that a sense of control over our behavior, our environment, and our own thoughts and feelings is essential for good psychological adjustment (e.g., Korchin, 1976). When the world seems predict...
People do not always act in their own best interest. Too many of us smoke too much, drink too much, eat too much, drive too fast, get too much sun, engage in high-risk sexual activities, fail to wear seat belts—the list goes on. Psychologists have devoted much effort to understanding why people engage in behavior that seems self-destructive, and wh...
To close this volume, I decided to use my “editor’s prerogative” of getting in the last word by making a few remarks on the commentaries by Kirsch and Bandura. Because of space limitations, I will restrict my comments to four issues. Two are issues on which Kirsch and Bandura seem to disagree but on which common ground seems greater than at first g...
In the course of even the most ordinary lives, people face an infinite number of decisions, problems, and challenges. Despite the statistics on the prevalence of emotional and behavioral dysfunction, most people most of the time are able to effectively make decisions, solve problems, and overcome challenges. Understanding how people adapt and adjus...
Problems of adaptation and adjustment manifest themselves in both affective and behavioral difficulties. When people decide, however, to seek professional assistance for their problems in adjustment, they usually do so not because they view their behavior as dysfunctional, but because they are in emotional distress. Among the painful emotional stat...
Covering over fifteen years of research, this compilation offers the first comprehensive review of the relationships between self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment. Following a general overview of self-efficacy, renowned researchers discuss important topics such as depression, anxiety, addictive disorders, vocational and career choice, preventiv...
Injuries are the major causes of death for children. Pediatric psychology offers significant contributions to the multidisciplinary
efforts necessary to prevent injuries and reduce harm to children. This Task Force Report reviews epidemiological data, characteristics
of children's injuries, passive and active interventions for reducing injuries, an...
This article reviews the major social cognitive models of adherence or compliance in health and exercise behavior and attempts to show that these models are more similar to each other than different from each other. Self-efficacy theory and the theory of reasoned action/planned behavior have guided most of the theory-based research on exercise beha...
Comments that, in the article on child care and maternal employment, L. B. Silverstein (see record
1992-05293-001) forgot the important distinction between social science and social policy. Silverstein talked about social reform and public/government policy as if they were synonymous. Psychological research can suggest strategies for changing soci...
Comments that, in the article on child care and maternal employment, L. B. Silverstein (see record 1992-05293-001 ) forgot the important distinction between social science and social policy. Silverstein talked about social reform and public/government policy as if they were synonymous. Psychological research can suggest strategies for changing soci...
This experiment investigated a model of fear that combines elements of two models that have received empirical support. The harm-looming model is concerned primarily with characteristics of the threatening object, specifically, its, perceived motion and increasing proximity. Self-efficacy theory is concerned primarily with characteristics of the th...
This study tested the utility of the integration of self-efficacy theory and self-presentation theory of social anxiety. The study examined: (1) the relationship between general social anxiousness and expectancies concerning specific anxiety-producing social situations, and (2) the relationship between situational expectancies and situational socia...
Little specific information is available on the types of experiences that are important for training in pediatric psychology. To address this need, the membership of the Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP) was surveyed regarding their views on the structure and content of training. A total of 160 completed forms were received, representing a retu...
Provides an overview of concepts and issues concerned with the interface of social and clinical-counseling psychology. The author addresses general definitions and boundaries of this interface, reviews underlying assumptions and concepts, and discusses professional issues such as training. The author offers a personal perspective on working at the...
This article examines the history of the relation between social psychology and clinical-counseling psychology. The authors discuss the barriers that traditionally have impeded close collaboration between the fields and the ways in which these barriers have eroded recently to allow for the emergence of a viable interface between social and clinical...
We have described our experience as psychological consultants in a pediatric neurology clinic over a 3-year interval The large variety of problems has required an equally wide array of consultation skills, perhaps more so than consultation In adult neurology with its reliance on standard neuropsychological assessment We have presented some aspects...
A factorial design was employed to test the relative effectiveness of the four cognitive appraisal processes (severity, vulnerability, response efficacy, and self-efficacy) contained in the revised protection motivation theory (PMT). One hundred sixty undergraduate women read persuasive appeals for increasing exercise, which varied on these four di...
Even as psychology becomes increasingly splintered and specialized, as evidenced by the growing number of special interest divisions of the American Psychological Association, many psychologists are devoting their energies to finding commonalities between traditionally distinct fields and building bridges between them. . . . Within clinical psychol...
People tend to engage in behaviors they believe will get them what they want. A number of important psychological theories are based on this simple premise and are known as “expectancy-value” theories because they deal with the values people place on certain outcomes or goals and with their expectations that certain behaviors will help them attain...
Throughout their brief histories, clinical and counseling psychology have struggled with the question of how best to integrate theory and research into clinical and counseling practice. An underlying assumption of both fields is that effective interventions in human problems in living should be based on theory and research not only from clinical an...
In the introductory chapter of this book we spent considerable time justifying the interface of social-counseling-clinical psychology. The subsequent chapters, we believe, have provided ample examples of how this interface can yield useful research and applied direction for individuals interested in the various content areas addressed in the chapte...
Used a persuasive communications paradigm to examine the relative contributions of self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and outcome value (importance) in influencing and predicting behavioral intentions. 88 college students were asked to react to a promotional brochure presented as a discussion of the broken-record technique. Outcome expec...
This paper reviews the basic tenets of self-efficacy theory and discusses several current theoretical issues, including the relationship between self-efficacy expectancies and outcome expectancies; the role of outcome value in self-efficacy theory; and the relationship of self-efficacy theory to other theories of the cognitive mediation of behavior...
The usefulness of a combined protection motivation and self-efficacy theory as a model of health enhancement was investigated via a persuasive communications paradigm. Self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectany (i.e., perceived response efficacy) and outcome value (i.e., perceived social value) of a healthenhancing behavior were manipulated. As pr...
This article examines selected research on compliance with orthodontic treatment regimens among pediatric (child and adolescent) patients Few conclusive findings were noted, primarily because most studies reviewed were found to have one or more serious methodological flaws that hinder their usefulness In addition, a number of published studies prov...
This paper presents the position that health psychology for children is not given proper attention in mainstream health psychology, which is primarily adult in orientation. It is proposed that the neglect of child-related problems in the recent Proceedings of the National Conference on Training in Health Psychology exemplifies the general orientati...
This study investigated the effects of cognitive style, as assessed by the Thinking/Feeling scale of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and counselor credibility on attitudes toward a Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) session. Eighty-eight undergraduates, classified as either Thinking or Feeling types, heard an audiotape segment of an RET counseling ses...
Illustrates a developmental perspective in child health psychology by discussing research relating motor, cognitive, and psychosocial development to exposure to health hazards, to an understanding of behavior–health relationships, to the assumption of personal responsibility for health, and to behavioral and emotional responses to illness and injur...
This article attempts to illustrate the importance of a developmental perspective in child health psychology. Research is reviewed relating motor, cognitive, and psychosocial development to exposure to health hazards, to an understanding of behavior-health relationships, to the assumption of personal responsibility for health, and to behavioral and...
In this chapter we shall focus on the relevance to clinical practice of social psychological theories of attitude formation and change. We shall argue that attitude change processes are important in all major approaches to psychotherapy and that three decades of social psychological research attention to attitude development and change provide an e...
The effects of fear appeals on persuasion were investigated in a factorial experiment that was designed to test a combined model of protection motivation theory and self-efficacy theory. As predicted, the probability of a threat's occurrence and the effectiveness of a coping response both had positive main effects on intentions to adopt a recommend...
This article describes the implementation and development of a collaborative effort between a clinical psychology training program and a pediatric neurology clinic within a medical school to provide multidisciplinary services to children and families experiencing neurological and psychological problems. The article provides a description of the neu...
Nonorganic failure to thrive represents a lack of growth in the infant without known physical causes. The exclusion of organic causes leads to consideration of psychosocial factors in development. Thus, psychology plays a role in a theory of etiology and treatment strategies for this psychological phenomenon. A comprehensive conceptualization of no...
Tested the self-efficacy hypotheses that (1) personal mastery expectations are the primary determinants of behavioral change and (2) individual differences in past experiences and attribution of success to skill or chance result in different levels of generalized self-efficacy expectations. A Self-Efficacy Scale was developed and tested with 376 co...
Self-efficacy theory maintains that self-efficacy expectancy, a belief about one's ability to successfully perform a behavior, is independent of outcome expectancy, a belief about the likelihood of the behavior leading to a specific outcome. This experiment tested the hypothesis that self-efficacy and outcome expectancy are independent and have ind...
Pediatric psychology combines aspects of several disciplines in the delivery of health care to children and their families. This field came into existence primarily to fill an observed need: pediatric physicians are confronted with a large number of problems that require a comprehensive medical-psychological treatment approach. For example, in a st...