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Introduction
My ORCID:
0000-0002-3486-1699
Additional affiliations
September 1999 - December 1999
Education
November 1972 - March 1978
September 1969 - November 1972
September 1962 - April 1968
Publications
Publications (84)
Farming is one of the key domains whose carbon footprint may be significantly reduced by introducing appropriate measures, a prescient subject in this day and age. Many countries and organizations in the world are now trying to reduce their carbon footprint to mitigate the effects of global climate change and improve public health. All face the cha...
In 2013, Mars One announced their intentions to establish a permanent human settlement on Mars beginning as early as 2024; they launched their astronaut selection program and received thousands of applications. In 2015, a documentary reality series will give the world a window into the captivating details of the crew selection and training process....
There are many desired impacts on viewers of filming the crew selection and training process: The obvious ones are raising the interest in the Mars One project, and thus potentially increasing the support for the project, whether financial or in kind. But there are lesser obvious desired impacts, which are the subject of this chapter.
My assumption...
This article discusses the value that logs can serve teams in the corporate environment, describing specifically what insights the teams and OD professionals can gain through the analysis of logs. We then show a few templates for logs that we have used successfully with teams. Following that, we discuss how to analyze logs and provide feedback to t...
Within the past decade several initiatives were started at the European Space Agency (ESA) at directorate, project or division level with the aim of developing dedicated Knowledge Management (KM) applications for individual communities. ESA has more recently stepped into a new phase with the objective of drawing an overall ESA-wide knowledge manage...
In many domains the benefits of utilising space infrastructure have not yet been much tapped for adding value to existing services, or for creating new and innovative ones. The necessary infrastructure already
exists to a great extent, as do most of the necessary technologies; but crossing the threshold into operational implementation is the most d...
In both the Russian and U.S. space programs, crew safety and mission success have at times been jeopardized by critical incidents related to psychological, behavioral, and interpersonal aspects of crew performance. The modes used for handling interpersonal conflict may play a key role in such situations.
This study analyzed conflict-handling modes...
We are currently witnessing an unprecedented increase in the number of satellites launched into orbit whose key goals are facilitating potential commercial services to billions of new and existing users. But even today space infrastructure is very much underused; nevertheless, when they are indeed used, the increased potential achieved by combining...
Space is playing an increasing role to support health on Earth, in the field of Environmental health: space helps in the monitoring of air, water and UV-radiation for example Public health: although not widely known, space supports public health using the broad selection of assets at its disposal for disease surveillance, disaster relief and emerge...
Transport of goods is a major issue for all the economies of the world. An efficient transfer of goods from producers to resellers, no matter the social or political environment, is mandatory for their business to work smoothly and efficiently according to plan. In the particular case of terrestrial transport, space technology plays such an importa...
Space is playing an increasing role to support health on Earth, in the fields of Environmental health, Public health, Wellness, and Medicine. Up to now a ‘vertical’ approach (i.e. by space domain) has been used to work with users. However, the daily health-related projects and challenges encountered by the health providers can usually only be solve...
ESA DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF TELE-EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THE NEW OPPORTUNITIES AHEAD
Pierluigi Mancini and James Kass (European Space Agency)
Key to success in handling health-related crises, such as outbreak of an epidemic, or spread of infectious disease, is early detection and early response. Whether caused by terrorism, natural or man-made disa...
Associating the words space and travel immediately brings to mind “space travel” – a subject more fitting with Jules Verne or Star Trek, but certainly not with Travelmedicus, terrestrial travellers, or tourists! Notwithstanding, travellers may be surprised to learn that indeed space, travel, and health have a lot to do with each other, and as time...
Comments submitted to the "Article 29 Data Protection Working Party
Consultation on the Working Document on the processing of personal data relating to health in electronic health records"
In 2002, the European Space Agency (ESA), the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), under the auspices of the European Commission (EC), initiated a unique partnership in eHealth, specifically to build a vision for the provision of telemedicine to European citizens by 2010. This partnership was called t...
In order to ensure that Europe’s citizens can benefit from their right to live, work and visit other European countries knowing that their health needs will be met safely and affordably, the eHealth elements of Member States’ national health systems must be interoperable. Currently, much remains to be done to achieve this interoperability.
There is a common misconception that utilizing ICT for e-health purposes in developing
countries is a wasteful expenditure of scarce resources. Unfortunately, this is not always very far from the truth : not only do expensive hi-tech projects sometimes act as attractive showcases for politicians, sometimes they also provide avenues for the flow of...
GRID technology, with initiatives like the GGF, will have the potential to allow both competition and interoperability not only among applications and toolkits, but also among implementations of key services. The pyramid of eHealth interoperability should be achieved from standards in communication and data security, storage and processing, to the...
Objectives: GRID technology, with initiatives like the GGF, will have the potential to allow both competition and interoperability not only among applications and toolkits, but also among implementations of key services.
The pyramid of eHealth interoperability should be achieved from standards in communication and data security, storage and process...
The authors studied the behavior of groups under isolation, and tested various methods of intervention and observation. Focus was on areas essential to diagnosing group problems and central to developing team effectiveness, such as: Morale, Norms, Decision-Making, Handling Conflict and Leadership Struggles.
The health of the citizen has always been, and will continue to be, a critical issue for all governments within and beyond the European Union (EU). The conversion from traditional health strategies to eHealth is a giant, but inevitable, step for which the EU Health Ministers have recently (in May 2003) given their unequivocal backing via the implem...
During 1999-2000 a long-duration isolation experiment, SFINCSS, was carried out in Moscow at IBMP. Three groups were isolated over a span of 240 days: one group, over the whole period, and the second and third groups for 110 days each , one entering upon exit of the other. Thus, there were two simultaneously functioning groups at any given time, si...
The importance of the psychological aspects of a team living and working together in isolation from the earth has been recognised. Much work has been done by national and international space agencies in the area of selection. Work regarding team composition and support for long-duration flight has remained mainly the domain of the Russians. While w...
The authors have used as a guide to producing their taxonomy a standard needs assessment approach. This is still very much a work-in-progress, but thus far, a continuum has emerged: 1) situations and practices devastating to the success of a joint project in any degree (ex., lip service to partnership, but no actual cooperation forthcoming); 2) sit...
The authors proposed performing a specially adapted training model in order to provide the crew with tools not only to deal with problems as they come up, but to take prophylactic measures to preclude situations from becoming critical in the first place.
In summary, this planned project involved simultaneous training and gathering data. This means...
In preparation for the international manned space station various international and national space agencies are already participating with the Russian MIR programme with short, medium, and long term presence on the MIR station. Although selection criteria for all crew include careful psychological screening, with some effort also regarding team bui...
An advanced medical experiment support system designed for cardiovascular research in space, MEDEX, was first spaceborne during the German-Russian mission MIR '97. The successful application of this facility in space was the first step towards designing a more encompassing system for the upcoming International Space Station - ISS.
The next step, p...
For the upcoming International Space Station (ISS) the ESA is planning four multi-user research facilities for outfitting the Columbus Orbital Facility (COF), one of which is the European Physiological Modules (EPMs) Facility. A new module for this facility, which is an entirely new development, is the „MEEMI“, which is a Multi-Electrode EEG Mappin...
A prolonged space flight is associated with a missing natural training of the antigravity muscle system of the human body thus inducing changes both of muscle structure and function. There is still incomplete knowledge about the exact nature and the underlying mechanisms of this effect. Experiments investigating the muscular performance as a functi...
With concrete plans for long duration flight taking form, a new impetus is lent to
addressing the genesis of community far from mother Earth. Since the 21st century will
probably be the century of Life Sciences, the future co-existence of man on another planet
beyond the shuttle and the MlR station needs to be addressed. With the completion of the...
As future manned space missions lengthen in duration and as crew become more international and multi-cultural in nature, teamwork and crew relations take on an increasing significance in insuring mission success. This paper describes the goals and preliminary results of a psychological experiment/training program in group relations that used the CA...
MEDEX is an advanced medical experiment support system designed for space applications, whose first spaceborne application was implemented during the German-Russian mission MIR'97. This paper describes the system and it's operation philosophy; it also presents how the system can be expanded with additional modules as required. Plans for a new syste...
An advanced medical experiment support system designed for space applications, MEDEX, was put into orbit on the MlR station and successfully operated during the German-Russian mission MIR'97. Based on the know-how and experience thus gained, various earth-bound applications are being developed. The basic philosophy of these systems involve linking...
The aim of this study was to evaluate separately the effects of muscle atrophy and of motor co-ordination deterioration on the decrease of maximal all out power of the lower limbs due to micro-g. We therefore determined simultaneously the mechanical power and the electromyographic activity of agonist and antagonist muscle groups during MEP and MPC...
The EXEMSI project has demonstrated that it is indeed possible to perform a major and useful project in a short time and on a moderate budget. In addition to achieving the scientific objectives, this simulation project provided valuable experience in the training of members of chamber crew and ground control crew for their tasks. It covered all asp...
Among the adverse phenomena of a prolonged stay in microgravity there are neuromuscular and morphological detraining effects in the human skeletal muscle system due to a heavily reduced requisition. Training programs have been developed to avoid muscle decay. Methods for continuous objective control of the effect of such measures Suitable for routi...
In conjunction with the upcoming MlR'96 Russo-German manned space mission, a parabolic flight campaign was planned in order to verify some of the experiments to be carried out. The principal driver for the campaign is the Medex facility, which will be used for various human life science experiments during the MlR'96 mission. This parabolic flight c...
Chapter 21 Operational Evaluation of the Exemsi Project:
In general the EXEMSI project has proved to be very successful mission. It has demonstrated that it is indeed possible to perform a major and useful project in a short time and on a moderate budget. In addition to achieving the scientific objectives, this simulation project provided valuable...
On February 7, 1994, four Canadian Astronauts were sealed off in a hyperbaric chamber at the Canadian Government's Defense and Civil Institute for Environmental Medicine in Toronto, Canada. This space lab training mission lasted seven days and was the first to be conducted with astronauts outside of Russia. The objective of this mission was to give...
With concrete plans for long duration flight taking form a new impetus is lent to preparing man for this hostile and unnatural environment. Cramped conditions, isolation from family and loved ones, work stress, fear, and incompatibility with fellow crew, are but a few of the problems suffered by astronauts and cosmonauts during their long missions...
Working and living in orbital space brings a lot of trying and difficult circumstances
together: Cramped conditions with little room for privacy, primitive comforts, isolation
from the earth with no quick and easy way to return.
In February, 1994, a simulation of a Spacelab like mission took place in Toronto, Canada.
This ground based simulation in...
Technological development at present points more and more in the direction of advanced man-machine interfaces, multi-media, and some form of artificial intelligence becoming a part of every-day life in the future. In manned spaceflight, as with other more conventional operational environments, the marriage of these various advanced interactive medi...
With the prospect of extended manned space-flight looming in the near future, and the ever increasing costs of such endeavours, the possibilities offered by running simulated missions on the ground should be seriously considered for investigating scientific and operational aspects prior to the actual implementation of a space mission. A ground base...
In preparation for the expected long-tenn mission utilisation of the Columbus Attached
Pressurised Module (APM) research is being carried out by ESA on long-tenn operations. The extended isolation simulation, EXEMSI '92, at the DLR in Cologne, is part of this research.
EXEMSI '92 was a simulation of isolation during operations on a long-duration sp...
This paper reports the preliminary results of the work carried out within a project of development open intelligent training system for astronaut training. The project objective is to cope with both subsystem and procedural training of astronauts who have to operate a scientific payload. The technical base for the project inherited from a previous...
With the ever increasing complexity and use of advanced technologies in the development of equipment and experiments in spaceflight, the possibility offers itself to automating repetitious or very sensitive operations. The implementation of such automation lends itself well to teleoperations and the eventual introduction of artificial intelligence....
Aircraft training for laboratory specialists - necessary, or 'nice to have'?
J. R. Kass, E. Gibson and E. Schafhauser
OHB-System, Space & Environmental Technology, Operations / Human Factors
Universitätsallee 27, 2800 Bremen 33, Germany. (Tel. (49) 421-22 09 80, Fax: -22 09810, Telex 245 316 ohb).
ABSTRACT
The selection and training of astronau...
AUTOMATION & TELEOPERATION IN MANNED SPACEFLIGHT
E. Schafhauser, J. R. Kass and E. Gibson
OHB-System, Space & Environmental Technology, Operations / Human Factors
Universitätsallee 27, 2800 Bremen 33, Germany. (Tel. (49) 421-22 09 80, Fax: -22 09810).
ABSTRACT
The desire to control the operation of scientific work by the scientist on the ground...
Five unmedicated subjects were flown in parabolic flight. The aircraft, a Caravelle, performed single parabolae every 2 to four minutes. This resulted in alternating phases of normal, hyper-, hypo- and again hyper-gravity. Subjects sat yoga fashion upright facing towards the aircraft cockpit. Head and/or trunk were deflected 30 degrees from the upr...
Five healthy subjects were subjected to parabolic flight with laterally tilted head, trunk, or body position. A vertical luminous line was viewed by the subjects in a head-fixed goggle device. During normal, hyper- and hypogravity phases subjective luminous line orientation was measured. The data imply that stimulation of the neck position receptor...
For the first time in the history of parabolic flight in Europe, a series of parabolic flights in a large aircraft took place over the North Sea in May, 1990. A group of more than 20 scientists and researchers from seven institutions participated in this parabolic flight campaign, carrying out a series of scientific and technical experiments during...
Plans are underway by the European Space Agency (ESA) for putting into orbit a couple of laboratories for scientific research. Working and living in micro-gravity opens up a number of problems not encountered under normal gravity conditions on the earth. A brief overview of these plans, highlighting some of the difficulties encountered, such as mob...
The European complement to Space Station Freedom (SSF) is on the drawing board, and the cr.w ar. being s.l.ct.d. How they will spend their time on board has not yet been defined, but has been the subject of an
ESA study ·Study of Columbus Crew on-Board Tasks-. A human approach to this question, based on the results of this study, is out lined below...
In order to prepare for the European participation in the Space Station Freedom (SSF) a study has been carried out with ESA on the subject of crew on-board tasks aboard Columbus. In order that mistakes made in the past not be repeated, the study commenced with analyses of relevant past manned missions of the Russian, US, and European programmes. Th...
Manned operations in an orbiting laboratory for extended periods of time has many characteristics in common with work in the deep sea, and is accompanied by a number of similar problems. In this paper the scenario of manned payload operations in space will be addressed : some aspects with their parallel in deep-sea work become evident. The analysis...
Conscious space orientation depends on afferent information from different sense organs including the labyrinth, the eyes, tactile cues from the skin, joint receptors, muscle spindles, tendon organs and possibly viscera. An important role is played by impulses from the cervical position receptors in interaction with concomitant information from the...
A pilot study to measure the effect of neck-receptor stimulation on orientation and eye movement in O-g has been carried out. Stimulation involved cervical, vestibular, and combination of both sets of receptors in a roll axis. Eye rotation was measured, as well as orientation perception. Results show cervico-ocular compensatory eye torsion in O-g a...
Orientation in man in everyday life is dependent on visual, vestibular, and neck-receptor cues, amongst various other inputs (von Baumgarten, 1987). All movements of the body, trunk, and head involve mixing of these sensory inputs and central processing of the signals. There could also be modulation or amplification of the signals effected by a
fee...
A series of vestibular experiments were performed in conjunction with the first Spacelab mission, consisting of sets of pre-, in- and postflight tests. A multipurpose experimental apparatus used for the diverse flight and ground tests is presented. Additional apparatus together with the multi-purpose package were used in the baseline data collectio...
Thresholds for the detection of linear oscillatory motion at 0.3 Hz in the X, Y and Z body axes were determined during the flight of Spacelab-1 and on the ground pre- and post-flight, using the method of limits with a single staircase procedure. Pre-flight, Z axis thresholds (mean 0.077 ms-2) were significantly higher than X and Y thresholds (mean...
The influence of neck receptors on orientation was investigated by keeping the head still and moving the body with respect to the head, both in 1-g and in space. The apparent vertical was measured as well as torsion (rotation) of the eye.
During the flight of the Space lab D 1 Mission a series of interconnected experiments on the vestibular system (system of equilibrium) was conducted by a consortium of European scientists (see title). The experiments were planned on the basis, and in continuation of the vestibular experiments in the Spacelab-1 Mission
(von Baumgarten et aI, 1984)....
In order to test the otolithic function static ocular counter-rolling (OCR) measurements were taken on four scientific crew members, before the Dl flight and on three crew members after the flight. The counter-rolling was determined by use of a motor-driven tilt table as a stimulator and by a special goggle device that employed a retinal after-imag...
Three scientist astronauts on the D1 spacelab mission participated in a series of orientation experiments before and after exposure to orbital weightlessness. Each subject was tilted about a roll axis at 15 deg intervals up to +/- 90 deg. At each angle the subject set a luminous line to what he perceived to be the vertical. The results of these tes...
The static ocular counterrolling (OCR) of the four scientific crew members in the first Spacelab mission was measured during baseline-data-collection before and after the flight of SL-1. It was presumed that the modification of otolithic responses during spaceflight will be reflected in specific changes of the OCR-gain on the first days after recov...
During the flight of Spacelab 1 the crew performed a number of experiments to explore changes in vestibular function and visual-vestibular
interactions on exposure to microgravity. Measurements were made on the threshold for detection of linear oscillation, vestibulo-ocular
reflexes elicited by angular and linear movements, oculomotor and posture r...
A series of experiments were performed in the Spacelab-1 mission on November/December, 1983, pre-, in-, and postflight. These experiments covered various aspects of the functions of the vestibular system, the inflight tests comprising threshold measurements for linear movements in three orthogonal axes, optokinetic stimulation, vestibulo-ocular ref...
A series of experiments were performed during the flight of Spacelab 1
to explore changes in vestibular function and visual-vestibular interactions
associated with adaptation to microgravity. Tests were also conducted on the
ground during the four months before flight and over the six days post-flight.
Measurements were made of the threshold for de...
The European vestibular experiments on Space lab 1 were designed to explore vestibular adaptation to the space environment and re-adaptation to the ground by conducting a series of vestibular tests which were repeated several times at different stages before, during, and after the mission. The tests included the threshold for linear oscillation, ey...
The weak neutral current results in a parity-violating one-pion-exchange potential in nuclei. A search for this force has been carried out with the 1081 keV γ-radiation of 18F, which is expected to be circularly polarized. Excited 18F nuclei were produced with the 16O(3He, p)18F reaction and the γ-ray polarization was measured with a multiple trans...
Previous experience in manned spaceflight showed that space sickness can be provoked or increased by dynamic stimuli such as head movements or locomotion: However, in susceptible persons space-sickness also occurred in the weightless state without such provocative stimuli. Experiments with unilaterally destated goldfish showed that these fish altho...
Motion sickness can occur when an accelerating force acting on the human body repeatedly changes amplitude and direction or both. It also can occur without any motion after transfer into a constant force field significantly different from Earth-gravity. Dynamic and static causes of motion sickness can be distinguished accordingly. Space sickness, t...
Twenty young voluntary subjects were tested for motion perception and illusory sensations on a linear human accelerator (Sled). Continuous Constant-g-Oscillation with acceleration values of 0.03 g and 0.05 g were used as stimuli. In order to preclude a preconception, the subjects were blindfolded before and during the experiments. Vibration- and ac...
The central regions of cosmic-ray air showers near sea level have been studied with the Leeds cloud chamber for the possible occurrence of low-ionizing tracks. The average energy of the primary particles was a few times 106 GeV. Our current results give an upper limit to the ``flux'' of 1/3e quarks of 1.2 × 10-11 cm-2 sec-1 sr-1 at a 90% confidence...
No evidence for precursors to cosmic ray air showers was found ("flux"<10-8cm-2 sr-1s-1) in a sample 2.8 times that of Clay and Crouch and a system noise level several times lower. A simple model leads to a cross section for production <60 times the total proton-nucleus cross section. [Peer Reviewed] http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/...
The Leeds 3m2 cloud chamber is being used in a search for low-ionizing tracks occurring in cosmic-ray air showers generated by primary particles of average energy a few times 10E15 eV. Observations are now being continued under 250g.m2 of lead and concrete absorber in an attempt to make an efficient search near to the shower axis.
A. search has been made for precursors to extensive air showers ('tachyons') under conditions similar to those of Clay and Crouch (1974a), namely, triggering on air showers of energy about 10E15 eV and looking for a time-bunching of pulses from a 1.5 m2, 3.8 cm thick, plastic scintillator in the 100 microsecs preceding the shower.
Photographs taken with the Leeds 3 m2 cloud chamber show that many shower cores, produced by primaries of average energy a few times 10 15 eV, have a pronounced structure close to the axis. A few events with well-separated double cores within the cloud chamber have been observed; explanation in terms of local hadronic interactions is unlikely. Data...
Baruch et al. (1973) have suggested the existence of particles ('mandelas') of mass ~ 40 GeV/c2 as an interpretation of the 'step' in their hadron spectrum and have noted that a large proportion of the events in the region of this step give rise to double, rather than single, bursts under an absorber. A composite absorber ( 250 g cm-2 ) equivalent...