James Garry

Red Core Consulting ltd.

Background Respiratory heat exchange is an important physiological process occurring in the upper and lower respiratory tract and is usually completed when inspired gases reach the alveoli. Animal and human studies demonstrated that heat exchange can be modulated by altering pulmonary ventilation and perfusion. The purpose of this study was to exam...

Arguably, the hallmark of a civilisation is the creation of standards. These may be standards of speech such as language, or the standardisation of value through money. With such standards, meaningful dialogues and transactions can be held with your neighbour. This article describes a problem that is common to standardised industrial processes, wit...

Objective Characterize and understand acoustic instrument performance on the surface of Titan Methods The Huygens probe measured the speed of sound in Titan’s atmosphere with a 1 MHz pulse time-of-flight transducer pair near the bottom of the vehicle. We examine the fraction of pulses correctly received as a function of time. Results This system...

This book provides a concise but broad overview of the engineering, science and flight history of planetary landers and atmospheric entry probes designed to explore the atmospheres and surfaces of other planets. It covers engineering aspects specific to such vehicles which are not usually treated in traditional spacecraft engineering texts. Example...

Regolith and dust cover the surfaces of the Solar Systems solid bodies, and thus constitute the visible surface of these objects. The topmost layers also interact with space or the atmosphere in the case of Mars, Venus and Titan. Surface probes have been proposed, studied and flown to some of these worlds. Landers and some of the mechanisms they ca...

Thermal conductivity measurements, presented in this paper (Fig. 3), were made during the descent of the Huygens probe through the atmosphere of Titan below the altitude of 30 km. The measurements are broadly consistent with reference values derived from the composition, pressure and temperature profiles of the atmosphere; except in narrow altitude...

Mars is considered as a main target for astrobiologically relevant exploration programmes. In order to explain the non-detection of organic material to a detection level of several parts per billion (ppb) by the Viking landers, several hypotheses have been suggested, including degradation processes occurring on the martian surface and in the martia...

The Huygens probe descended through Titan's atmosphere in January 2005. On board was the Surface Science Package (SSP), a set of nine sensors, which included a speed-of-sound sensor. We present a detailed description of the SSP speed of sound measurements and report constraints on the methane content in Titan's lower atmosphere based on these measu...

Aboard the Huygens probe, which descended through Titan'satmosphere in January 2005, was the Surface Science Package (SSP), a set of 9 sensors, including a speed-of-sound sensor. We present the first detailed description of the SSP speed of soundmeasurements and report constraints on the methane content in Titan's lower atmosphere based on these me...

Penetrometry in the Solar System,

Contents Preface; Acknowledgements; Part I. Engineering Issues Specific to Entry Probes, Landers or Penetrators: 1. Mission goals and system engineering; 2. Accomodation, launch, cruise and arrival from orbit or interplanetary trajectory; 3. Entering atmospheres; 4. Descent through an atmosphere; 5. Descent to an airless body; 6. Planetary balloons...

We present the results from the first sonar to be deployed outside of Earth, and the first active acoustic instrument on Titan, onboard the Huygens probe, and the implications of its data for the geomorphology and characteristics of the Huygenslandingsite. Signals were recorded from 90 m downwards until impact, with a maximum sensor footprint diame...

We describe an atmospheric oxidation sensor developed and delivered as part of the European Space Agency (ESA) Beagle 2 (B2) Mars Lander Environmental Sensor Suite (ESS). The sensor monitors atmospheric oxidation rates by measuring resistance changes in a thin-silver (Ag) film deposited in situ onto a sapphire substrate while on the surface of Mars...

We have investigated the native amino acid composition of two analogs of Martian soil, JSC Mars-1 and Salten Skov. A Mars simulation chamber has been built and used to expose samples of these analogs to temperature and lighting conditions similar to those found at low latitudes on the Martian surface. The effects of the simulated conditions have be...

In order to understand the complex multi-parameter system of destruction of organic material on the surface of Mars, step-by-step laboratory simulations of processes occurring on the surface of Mars are necessary. This paper describes the measured effects of two parameters, a CO2 atmosphere and low temperature, on the destruction rate of amino acid...

In this paper we present the results of experiments, in which thin films of glycine have been irradiated with UV in a CO2 atmosphere, and cooled to an average martian surface temperature of 210 K.

Simulations of the temperature and vacuum effects of Martian atmospheric entry upon Bacillus atrophaeus (formerly Bacillus subtilis var niger; 8058; NCIMB) endospores were carried out inside a purpose-built vacuum chamber. The work formed part of the study in support of planetary protection for the Beagle 2 Mars lander and investigated to what exte...

We have recently investigated the native amino acid composition of two analogs of martian soil JSC-1 and Salten Skov A Mars simulation chamber has been built and used to expose samples of these analogs to temperature and lighting conditions similar to those found at low-latitudes on the martian surface We have quantified the amino acid content of t...

We present analysis of the results from the Huygens acoustic sounder instrument. The sounder sees a relatively smooth terrain, with specular reflectance characteristics.

We have performed field experiments to further develop and validate the MarsOxidationInstrument (MOI) as well as measurement strategies for the in situ characterization of oxidation mechanisms, kinetics, and carbon cycling on Mars. Using the AtacamaDesert as a test site for the current dry conditions on Mars, we characterized the chemical reactivit...

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can act on putative organic/biological matter at the Martian surface in several ways. Only absorbed, but not transmitted or reflected, radiation energy can be photo-chemically effective. The most important biological UV effects are due to photochemical reactions in nucleic acids, DNA or RNA, which constitute the genetic m...

In the framework of international planetary exploration programs, several space missions are planned to search for organics and bio-signatures on Mars. Previous attempts have not detected any organic compounds in the Martian regolith. It is therefore critical to investigate the processes that may affect organic molecules on and below the planet's s...

It has been discovered recently that soils from certain regions of the Chilean Atacama Desert have some characteristics that are similar to the surface materials tested by the Viking Landers. Navarro-Gonzalez et al. demonstrated that the quantity and diversity of heterotrophic bacteria increase as a function of local water availability in the Ataca...

A suite of instruments on the Beagle2 Mars lander was designed and built in order to investigate the environmental conditions at the landing site. The sensor suite was capable of measuring air temperature at two heights, surface level pressure, wind speed and direction, saltated particle momentum, UV flux (diffuse and direct at five wavelengths), t...

As a prelude to the design of sampling devices able to extract materials from the icy surfaces of comets, outer-planet satellites, and the martian poles, it is necessary to understand some of the physical properties of these ices. To this end we have investigated the mechanical resistance displayed by two ices subjected to coringoperations at low t...

Thin layers of glycine have been exposed to low ambient pressures and ultra-violet lighting conditions similar to those on Mars. Scaling times for sample alteration will be shown for these Mars-like conditions.

A multi-year project is underway to characterize and understand the behaviour of organic molecules to the nominal average near-surface environment of Mars. Such materials are expected to have been delivered by meteoritic infall and studies of the longevity of organic matter under present and past martian conditions may provide useful data to test e...

A number of academic engineering research groups around the UK have become increasingly interested in the applications of robotics or robotics techniques to solving problems in space engineering. Although these groups have sprung up independently and have worked in essentially independent areas, they are seeking to form themselves into a network of...

One technology that will be needed for the exploration of Europa will be some sort of device that is capable of melting its way through the satellite's outer ice crust, and down towards the putative ocean of liquid water. In order to understand the physical and chemical nature of the ice layers that constitute the Europan crust, as well as hopefull...

The article summarizes the inaugural meeting of the Space and Planetary Robotics Network.

Signatures indicative of a subglacial ocean on the Jovian satellite Europa have been discovered by the Galileo spaceprobe. The structure and chemistry of this postulated ocean, have received considerable attention, and its exploration is seen as an important goal for the fields of comparative planetology and astrobiology. Terrestrial subglacial lak...

The design and performance of the Surface Science Package (SSP) on the Huygens probe are discussed. This instrument consists of nine separate sensors that are designed to measure a wide range of physical properties of Titan's lower atmosphere, surface, and sub-surface. By measuring a number of physical properties of the surface it is expected that...

Temperature rises caused by drilling have been measured in dense cryogenic carbon dioxide ice grown from the vapour phase at low pressures. The magnitude of this affect is also considered for cold water ices.

Spacecraft missions are underway that will mechanically probe the material found at the surface of cometary nuclei. Little is known about the physical properties of these bodies and how their surface material will respond to a probe's sampling mechanisms. Tools such as rotating drills or hammering bits can cause the otherwise pristine material to b...

The relative electric permittivity, εr, of dense carbon dioxide ice has been measured, with the ice being formed directly from its gas at temperatures around 130 K under 1 mbar of pressure. At 1 kHz εr is 1.68 ± 0.04 and at 100 Hz εr takes a value of 1.53 ± 0.13. There appears to be no data in the literature for this near-DC property of CO2 ice, es...

A goal for a future Europan payload is to determine the extent of the postulated sea, aspects of acoustic remote sensing are discussed with a view to operating a sonar in such an subsurface ocean.

Introduction: The deformation of water ice has been extensively studied at the low strain rates and relatively high temperatures found in terrestrial environments. However, landers sent to jovian satellites, to Mars, and to other ice-bearing bodies may encounter water ice at far lower temperatures with stringent constraints on the mechanical power...

The dynamic behaviour of projectiles impacting planetary surfaces can be measured to derive mechanical properties of the target material. Several such dynamic penetrometers will be used on Mars, the Moon, Titan, and a comet nucleus. However, solid bodies in the Solar System exhibit a wide range of surface atmospheric and gravitational conditions an...

The degree to which drilling may influence the isotopic composition of vapour evolved from water ice in cometary surfaces is examined.

A system has been built at the University of Kent at Canterbury to calibrate devices that will be carried on the Huygens probe to the surface of Titan as part of the Cassini mission to the Saturnian system. This system can simulate Titan's atmosphere to an effective altitude of around 30 km, and it can condense, store, and sample quantities of liqu...

As part of the Cassini mission to the Saturnian system a probe will be deployed in 2004 onto the surface of Titan. This probe, named Huygens, carries a set of acoustic devices to investigate the moon's atmosphere and surface. One part of the sensor package is an active sonar which is expected to yield topographic information about Titan's surface....

A system has been built at the University of Kent at Canterbury to calibrate devices that will be carried on the Huygens probe to the surface of Titan as part of the Cassini mission to the Saturnian system. This system can simulate Titan's atmosphere to an effective altitude of around 30 km, and it can condense, store, and sample quantities of liqu...

Small satellites provide an attractive option for developing countries wishing to own and operate a satellite for the first time. It is proposed that space segment capacity could be built-up in response to increasing traffic requirements by launching small satellites at intervals into a single orbital slot to form a cluster. This paper, which resul...