James Craigie

James Craigie
National Research Council Canada | NRC · Institute for Marine Biosciences (IMB)

About

116
Publications
132,556
Reads
How we measure 'reads'
A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. Learn more
10,047
Citations

Publications

Publications (116)
Article
Full-text available
Irish moss traditionally has been valued for its hydrocolloid composition. Recognition that natural harvests would not meet the expected demands for its biomass led to experimental pilot-scale cultivation based on principles used in agriculture. Innovative technologies and systems for aquaculture management were devised when those from agriculture...
Chapter
Carrageenan is the generic name given to a family of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from some red seaweeds (Rhodophyta). They are made of repeating d‐galactose units linked alternately via α‐1, 3 and β‐1, 4 linkages. Units can have various sulfation patterns and often the α‐d‐galactose moiety is replaced by a 3,6‐anhydro‐α‐d‐galactose moiety. C...
Article
Full-text available
Global demand for macroalgal and microalgal foods is growing, and algae are increasingly being consumed for functional benefits beyond the traditional considerations of nutrition and health. There is substantial evidence for the health benefits of algal-derived food products, but there remain considerable challenges in quantifying these benefits, a...
Article
Full-text available
Global demand for macroalgal and microalgal foods is growing, and algae are increasingly being consumed for functional benefits beyond the traditional considerations of nutrition and health. There is substantial evidence for the health benefits of algal-derived food products, but there remain considerable challenges in quantifying these benefits, a...
Article
Full-text available
Large-scale seaweed cultivation has been instrumental in globalizing the seaweed industry since the 1950s. The domestication of seaweed cultivars (begun in the 1940s) ended the reliance on natural cycles of raw material availability for some species, with efforts driven by consumer demands that far exceeded the available supplies. Currently, seawee...
Chapter
Chondrus crispus, or Irish moss, is a common edible red seaweed that can be found on rocky shores in the Northern Atlantic. The cell wall contains carrageenan and C. crispus is the original source of this commercially used thickener. Because of the ecological and economic importance of this red alga a relatively important research literature exists...
Article
Full-text available
A MeOH extract of cultivated Chondrus crispus showed dose-dependent nitric oxide (NO) inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. NO inhibition-guided fractionation of the extract led to identification of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 1), arachidonic acid (AA, 2), lutein (3), and eight galactolipids as active...
Article
Full-text available
Seaweeds are rich sources of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. Anti-stress effects of the cultivated red alga, Chondrus crispus, were investigated in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. Methanolic extracts of C. crispus (CCME) enhanced C. elegans tolerance to juglone-induced oxidative stress and increased life span; however water ex...
Article
Full-text available
Seaweeds and their extracts have been used for centuries in agriculture to improve plant growth and impart stress tolerance. There has been historical evidence that phytohormones present in seaweeds lead to these effects, but questions of this mode of action have always been raised. By quantifying phytohormones in seaweed extracts coupled with the...
Article
Full-text available
Both micro- and macroalgae have long been used to augment plant productivity and food production in various regions of the world through their beneficial effects when applied to soils. Interactions of algae with the soil community undoubtedly are complex and benefits are dependent on the crop and the local environmental conditions. This has resulte...
Article
Full-text available
Growth rates of Monochrysis lutheri Droop increased with light intensity in seawater medium (SWM), whereas cells grown at either low NaCl (0.013 M) or high NaCl (1.02 M) showed reduced growth at higher light intensities with an optimal intensity near 0 05 g cal/cm2 per min.Chlorophyll and total carotenoids usually declined with increasing light int...
Article
Commercial aquaculture of Chondrus crispus in eastern Canada required the development of reliable methods for ensuring the winter survival of a healthy, vegetative inoculum. Two procedures were investigated. Agitated cultures of C. crispus (stocking density <6 kg∙m−2) in running seawater grew at average rates of 0.21–0.34 kg∙m−2∙wk−1 during two win...
Article
Alcoholic extracts of Fucus vesiculosus contain small quantities of low molecular weight polyphenols derived from phloroglucinol and 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexahydroxybiphenyl. 1H and 13C nmr were used to identify two of these as 4-(2′′,4′′,6′′-trihydroxyphenoxy)-2,2′,4′,6,6′-pentahydroxybiphenyl and 4-(2′′-(2′′′,4′′′,6′′′-trihydroxyphenoxy)-4′′,6′′-dihydr...
Article
Full-text available
A new brominated phenolic compound, isolated in 5% yield from the red alga Polysiphonialanosa, has been characterized as 2,3-dibromobenzyl alcohol 4,5-disulfate, dipotassium salt. The structural determination, synthesis, and properties of this compound and its derivatives are described.
Article
Agars were prepared from a wild type and two morphological mutants of Gracilaria tikvahiae grown at 17, 22, and 27 °C, and from apical segments, main axis segments, and lateral branches of the wild type clone MP-2 grown at 17 and 27 °C. The yield of native agar was 9–11% from the young parts and 19–23% from the most mature parts of the MP-2 thallus...
Article
Full-text available
Experiments in tank cultures with Chondrus crispus Stackh. have shown that the dipeptide citrullinyl-arginine can accumulate to high concentrations when plants are supplied with nitrate or ammonia at low temperatures. With nitrate only, low light intensity can limit the rate of accumulation of the dipeptide which, in the natural habitat, can affect...
Article
Full-text available
Carrageenans from gametangial (male and female) and tetrasporangial plants of the red alga Iridaea cordata were isolated, fractionated, and characterized on the basis of their anhydrogalactose and sulfate content and infrared spectra. As in the case of Chondrus crispas the tetrasporangial plants yielded only λ-carrageenan while the gametangial plan...
Article
Four commercially important populations of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse were studied to assess the distribution of lambda-carrageenan (tetrasporophytes) and kappa-carrageenan (gametophytes) producing plants. Populations from Rustico, North Lake, and Miminegash, Prince Edward Island, were 22.2, 22.8, and 31.2%, respectively, in the percentage of tetr...
Article
Full-text available
The life history of Phaeosaccion collinsii Farlow, a species which is known from a single locality in Nova Scotia, has been completed in culture. There was no indication of a sexual phase and zoospores gave rise directly to the tubular thallus. Completion of the life history occurred at 5 °C only. At higher temperatures spores failed to germinate,...
Article
Full-text available
Zoospores of Phaeosaccion collinsii averaged 70 µ3 and contained total N 2.24 pg, DNA 0.19, and chlorophyll a 0.62 pg per spore. In addition, chl c, "cis"-β-carotene, fucoxanthin, and violaxanthin were principal pigments and a minor unidentified carotene was present.Photosynthetic rates of zoospores were 0.37 × 10−12 g C per spore per hour, or 0.59...
Article
An electron microscope examination of Phaeosaccion collinsii has revealed characteristic heterokont structures. Certain features such as penetration of the pyrenoid by a thylakoid suggest that this species should be included in the Chrysophyceae. Fine-structural features thus corroborate previous conclusions based on morphological and chemical inve...
Article
The rockweed, F. vesiculosus, inhabits the littoral zone and is exposed for a large part of the time between tides. It is shown that this weed fixes or evolves CO2 at a greatly reduced rate when exposed, even if its surface is wet and the atmosphere surrounding it is saturated with water.
Article
The ability of several multicellular marine algae to remove NaHC14O3 from seawater in darkness has been compared. Members of the Phaeophyta removed approximately four to eight times more isotope than did members of the Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta examined. After 2 minutes of dark fixation, aspartic and glutamic acids were the main compounds identifi...
Article
Normal, healthy thalli of Fucus vesiculosus have been shown to release into the surrounding medium yellow compounds which absorb ultraviolet light. A study of this phenomenon revealed that brief exposure to elevated temperatures (20 °C) increased the amount of pigment released. There was no difference in the production in light or darkness and only...
Article
Full-text available
The yellow extracellular phenolic substances produced by Fucus vesiculosus were found to be toxic to all unicellular algae examined. Concentrations which completely inhibited growth varied from approximately 25 μg/ml for Monochrysis lutheri to more than 150 μg/ml for Porphyridium sp. The toxicity appeared to result from cellular lysis rather than a...
Article
Full-text available
A survey of 14 species of Sphagnum has shown that the amino acids and organic acids are essentially those encountered in higher plants. At least one unidentified amino compound occurs in the rare S. strictum. Malic and citric acid are the dominant organic acids, but the amounts of free organic acids in Sphagnum are unusually low. Two tri- and three...
Article
The effects of a number of carboxylic acids on growth of Haematococcus pluvialis were examined at pH 5.0 and 7.5. The rate of growth at pH 5.0 was less than at pH 7.5. Of the acids examined, only glycolic and glyoxylic acids stimulated growth. A number of these acids were inhibitory, and in most cases this was more marked under acidic conditions. M...
Article
Photosynthesis in 14CO2 was observed in 12 algal species from six rhodophycean orders. Rates of CO2 uptake ranged from 0.5 to 4.0 mg h−1 × g−1 on a fresh weight basis. Excretion of new photosynthate was not important in macrophytes whereas 4.4% of the 14C fixed by Porphyridium sp. was excreted in 2 hours.Members of the Ceramiales could be distingui...
Article
3-Hydroxytyramine (dopamine; 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) is reported for the first time as an algal constituent. It was isolated and crystallized in approximately 0.3% of the fresh weight of the green alga, Monostroma fuscum. The identity was established by the comparison of its physical and chemical properties with those of an authentic specim...
Article
Full-text available
The photosynthetic fixation of 14CO2 was studied in 10 species of chlorophycean algae and in 9 isolates of prasinophycean algae of the genus Tetraselmis.Green seaweeds had photosynthetic rates of 2.2 to 4.4 mg CO2 × h−1 × g−1, accumulated starch, glucose, fructose, and sucrose, and excreted very little recent photosynthate.Dunaliella spp. were dist...
Article
Thirty-four species of Rhodophyceae are described and 25 of these are new records for Nova Scotia. A large number of these species were collected either in the sublittoral area, to a depth of 38 m, or in warm-water, salt-marsh habitats.
Article
The 80% alcohol-soluble carbohydrates accumulated by 23 species of green marine phytoplankton were examined after of photosynthesis in NaH14CO3. The presence of dimethyl-尾-propiothetin (DMPT) and H2S was also noted.The major radioactive products in the Chlorophyceae were sucrose (five isolates), glycerol (three isolates), and mannitol (two isolates...
Article
Isofloridoside, in addition to floridoside, was demonstrated as a constituent of 16 species of the Bangiophycidae and Florideophycidae (Rhodophyceae). Photosynthetic experiments with Porphyra umbilicalis resulted in a very slow labelling of isofloridoside both in light and in darkness after photosynthesis in 14CO2. This observation supports the con...
Article
F. vesiculosus plants were permitted to carry on photosynthesis in sea water in the presence of either Na2C14O3 or C14O2, and the radioactive products of photosynthesis were examined by chromatography. The main compound in the ethanol-soluble fraction was mannitol, which contained up to 95% of the soluble activity. Citric acid and glutamine also ac...
Chapter
Full-text available
Climate is recognized as a key driver in determining the distribution and ultimate geographical boundaries for both terrestrial and marine plant species. The western north Atlantic environment encompasses the Arctic, cold temperate, and the warm temperate Carolina regions, the first two of which influence and control the species distribution of mar...
Article
Full-text available
Marine algal seaweed species are often regarded as an underutilized bioresource, many have been used as a source of food, industrial raw materials, and in therapeutic and botanical applications for centuries. Moreover, seaweed and seaweed-derived products have been widely used as amendments in crop production systems due to the presence of a number...
Data
Marine algal seaweed species are often regar-ded as an underutilized bioresource, many have been used as a source of food, industrial raw materials, and in ther-apeutic and botanical applications for centuries. Moreover, seaweed and seaweed-derived products have been widely used as amendments in crop production systems due to the presence of a numb...
Chapter
Aqueous extracts of Ascophyllum nodosum and several other brown seaweeds are manufactured commercially and widely distributed for use on agricultural crops. The increasingly regulated international trade in such products requires that they be standardized and defined to a degree not previously required. We examined commercially available extracts u...
Article
Aqueous extracts of Ascophyllum nodosum and several other brown seaweeds are manufactured commercially and widely distributed for use on agricultural crops. The increasingly regulated international trade in such products requires that they be standardized and defined to a degree not previously required. We examined commercially available extracts u...
Article
Purified cell walls were prepared from both the conchocelis and thallus phases of Porphyra tenera (Kjellm.). The nitrogen content of cell walls from the conchocelis was significantly greater than that for the thallus cell walls, being 3.35 ± 0.26% and 2.39± 0.03%, respectively. Amino acid analysis revealed important differences. The conchocelis cel...
Article
The brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum is not a major source of organic carbon for its epiphytic red alga Polysiphonia lanosa. Plants pulse-labeled for 24–25 hr with NaH14CO3 were examined for exudation and translocation. The maximum amount of radioactive carbon compounds lost from A. nodosum during this experimental period was less than 0.3% of the to...
Article
The antialgal activity of a number of simple phenols was examined for their effect on the growth of 7 species of unicellular marine algae. The 3 knoiun algal phenols, 5-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde; 2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzylalcohol, and 3,4-dihy-droxyphenylethylamine, were highly toxic as were other ortho dihydroxy compounds. Monohydroxy c...
Article
A simple, nondestructive physical process was developed for routinely isolating the outermost layers from female, male, and sporophyte fronds of Chondrus crispus Stack-house. Yields of pure cuticles from apical segments ranged from 0.74 to 2.35% on a dry weight basis after 5–7 d of culture. These undegraded cuticles were examined by electron micros...
Article
The appearance of cavities and holes in fronds of commercially cultivated Chondrus crispus is described. These ultimately arise from the ravages of a green spot or green rot disease system in which several biotic agents can participate. Nematodes capable of bacterial grazing were recovered from necrotic lesions and we suggest that the nematodes can...
Article
Growth rates of excised apical segments from three Chondrus crispus Stackhouse clones were rapid, reproducible and easily measured using simple equipment. Clonal segments exhibited a high degree of phenotypic stability, with coefficients of variation in growth rates being typically less than 5%. Sensitivity of the assay was demonstrated using 24-h...
Article
Full-text available
The cell-wall polysaccharides of the red alga Kallymenia westii, collected at two different depths (45 and 24 m) off the island of St Lucia (Lesser Antilles), were analyzed from dried, ground algal material and after hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide precipitation. Using chemical, optical, rheological, and spectroscopic (FT-IR and NMR) techniques,...
Article
Abalone enzymes, Cellulase R-10, Macerozyme and agarase fromPseudomonas atlantica were tested for activity on agarose, cellulose, xylan, the cell wall matrix and porphyran isolated fromPorphyra linearis. Agarase, and to a lesser extent Macerozyme, digested both agarose and porphyran. Abalone enzymes and Cellulase R-10 reacted only weakly with porph...
Article
Proximate composition of wild and cultured strains of Palmaria palmata and the effect of temperature, time of harvest and nitrogen deprivation were studied with an emphasis on lipids and fatty acids. Total lipid content of the two strains were 2.0 and 1.8% (dry weight basis), respectively. The cultured strain showed increased accumulation of protei...
Article
Carrageenan analyses were conducted on vegetative female clones of Chondrus crispus that were cultured to provide tissues with differing growth rates. Tissue dry weights increased from apex to base of fronds. Total carrageenan contents were lower in apical 1 to 2 cm segments than elsewhere in the frond, except when the alga was grown at high photon...
Article
Agars from young and old tissues of Gracilaria tikvahiae were compared by 13C NMR spectroscopy. An alkali-modified agar containing was degraded by β-agarase. Methylation analysis combined with 13C NMR studies established the presence of single residues attached as side branches to the 3-linked galactose of the main chain. Repeating units of 6-O-met...
Article
Full-text available
The induction of in vivo chlorophyll a (chl a) fluorescence (change in fluorescence intensity during a time-scale of ms to s) was measured to determine the potential of this technique for assessing the physiological condition of the macroalgae Chondrus crispus and Ulva sp. A gradient in variable fluorescence (P-F 0 =peak minus initial fluorescence...
Article
Cross-infection experiments were performed to determine the influence of temperature on infection rate in the Chondrus crispus Stackhouse-Petersenia pollagaster (Petersen) Sparrow pathosystem. C. crispus thalli were collected at Pubnico Harbor, Nova Scotia, Canada in the fall of 1981 to 1984. Infective zoospores were used to inoculate healthy thall...
Chapter
Porphyra linearis is a gastronomically acceptable alga (1) but unlike the commercially important species, P. tenera and P. yezoensis it does not produce neutral spores (monospcres) (2). Our work shows how this disadvantage can be overcome by regeneration of vegetative cells from protoplasts.
Article
Of 16 phytoplankton species tested as juvenile oyster diets, those superior to the reference diet Isochrysis galbana clone T-iso emerged with the following descending ranking: Chaetoceros gracilis Schütt, C. calcitrans Takano, Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve, Chaetoceros simplex Ostenfeld, Rhodomonas sp., and Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle & Hei...
Article
The chemical composition of Chaetoceros gracilis Schütt was altered by varying the nutrient conditions of the culture. The protein content of cells cultured in the complete f/2 nutrient medium (control) and the silicate-limited medium was similar, but cells from the nitrogen-limited medium contained ≈ 60% less protein. There was little change in am...
Article
The volatile pyrolysates of galactan sulfates have been examined by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Electron impact and chemical ionization techniques have been employed to determine the molecular structures of major pyrolysis products. Agarose, well-characterized agars, carrageenan and model saccharides having mono-O-methyl and sul...
Article
Pyrolysis-capillary gas chromatography (Py-GC) has been applied to purified agars and carrageenans and to intact algal material. The results show that Py-GC is a rapid and useful technique for characterizing the structural features of the galactan sulfates (i.e., presence of simple, anhydro-, O-methyl and sulfated saccharide units), which are impor...
Article
The block composition of alginate from a number of Phaeophyceae from Nova Scotia, Canada, has been determined by circular dichroism analysis. Laminaria longicruris from three different ecological locations shows appreciable morphological variation, which is reflected in differences in alginate composition of the blades. Stipe material shows less va...
Article
A study was made on the composition and properties of agar-type polysaccharides ofGracilaria sjoestedtii from Qingdao, China. Fractional extraction was carried out and four fractions were obtained. The yields and chemical composition of these fractions were determined. Gel strength measurements of the agar-type polysaccharide fractions were made a...
Article
The compositions of purified agars from a wild type and two morphological mutants of Gracilaria tikvahiae, grown under both nitrogen-deficient and nitrogen-supplied conditions, were determined. In addition, the agars obtained from G. tikvahiae were compared with dissimilar agars derived from three unrelated Gracilaria spp. from China — C. sjoestedt...
Article
Laminaria longicrucis De la Pylaie took up exogenous nitrate under both summer and winter conditions. During July and August no NO3- was detected in the ambient water or in algal tissues although it was present in both in February. Discs (2.3 cm diam.) of thin blade tissue were incubated with NO3- at four temperatures, with and without illumination...
Article
Growth rates of Laminaria longicruris increase during January and February, and the role of carbohydrate reserves as a carbon source for this growth was investigated. Seasonal variations in the levels of laminaran and mannitol showed maximum values for both in late summer. Minimum values occurred in February at the time when growth rates were incre...
Article
Full-text available
An enzyme catalyzing the conversion of mu- to kappa-carrageenan has been demonstrated in both haploid and diploid plants of Chondrus crispus. It acts at the polymer level producing 3,6-anhydro-d-galactose with the stoichiometric release of sulfate. Two-thirds of the recoverable enzyme was associated with the 15,000g pellet most of which could be so...
Article
Full-text available
The chloroplast pigments of a non-motile green-coloured phytoplankter, HR-1, isolated from the Hudson Estuary were extracted and chromatographically fractionated. Chlorophylls a and b, β-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin were identified. The chromatographic properties and visible absorption maxima are reported for two minor unidentifie...
Article
Observations have been made on seasonal fluctuations in dissolved inorganic nutrients, internal reserves of nitrogen and growth rates in Laminaria longicruris. The onset of winter growth in shallow-water stations (6 and 9 m) correlated well with improved dissolved nitrate conditions in the sea. During the winter, reserves of NO 3 - were accumulated...
Article
Gigartinine, 5-(3-amidinoureido)-2-aminovaleric acid, and L-citrullinyl-L-arginine were islated from aqueous extracts of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyceae). Their identifications were confirmed by chemical procedures, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopic methods. Citrullinylarginine, gigartinine, taurine, citrulline, an...
Article
A series of vanillin-reactive compounds has been isolated from extracts of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. The first three members of this series have been examined by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and chemical methods, and were shown to be phloroglucinol, its phenyl-linked dimer, and a timer also composed of phlorog...
Article
Analysis of the carragecnans produced by carposporic plants (haploid) of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse from Morris Point, Halifax County, Nova Scotia, demonstrated that seasonal factors arc not important in determining the types of carragccnans produced. In all instances, about 75 % of the carragecnans were insoluble in 0.3 M KC1 (ĸ-carragccnan). KCI...
Article
The morphologically similar sporophytic and gametophytic plants of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse were examined and it was shown that the former contain λ-carrageenan. The gametophytes contain ϰ- and two additional carrageenans which are KCl-soluble and may comprise up to 25% of the total carrageenan. After alkaline modification, these KCl-soluble com...
Article
Cytochrome 553, an electron carrier in photosynthesis and a functional analogue of cytochrome f of higher plants, was isolated from Monochrysis lutheri and purified by salt fractionation, chromatography, and isoelectric focussing. Absorption maxima occurred at 275, 320, 416, 523, and 553 nm in the reduced form. The α-absorption peak was symmetrical...
Article
Using a two-dimensional thin layer chromatography system (TLC) we have been unable to detect endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (as an Ehrlichpositive spot on TLC plates) in the acidic, ether-soluble fraction of alkaline hydrolysates of 10 species of marine algae. Exogenously added IAA, admixed with algal extracts, was completely separated on ch...
Article
Chromatographic fractionation of extracts of the flagellate M. lutheri yielded 1,4/2,5-cyclohexanetetrol, 2-deoxy-myo-inositol, and myo-inositol in approximately 7%, 2%, and 0.6% of the cellular dry weight. The distribution of cyclitols in algae is summarized.
Article
Incluye bibliografía e índice v. 1: Culture methods and growth measurements / edited b y J. R. Stein.-- v. 2: Physiological and biochemical methods / edited by J. A. Hellebust and J. S. Craigie
Article
SUMMARYA chemically resistant cuticle fraction was isolated from 5 phaeophycean, 1 rhodophycean, and 11 chlorophycean marine algae using acid treatment alone, or acid treatment followed by leaching in cupra-ammonium. In Cladophora rupestris and Chaetomorpha melagonium this fraction consists of several alternate microfibrillar and amorphous layers s...

Network

Cited By