James Agarwal

• PhD Georgia Tech
• Professor at University of Calgary

Political uncertainty generates non-trivial costs for business, resulting in suboptimal decision-making and suppression of economic activity. Managing political uncertainty and attaining greater accuracy in risk analysis of a country's political environment remain a challenge. Our research attempts to fill this gap by re-directing scholarly attenti...

More than 50 million consumers participate in online group buying, hence its importance to retailers cannot be ignored. Four studies are conducted to determine (a) whether customers' preferences to participate in group buying relative to buying alone are more in the case of experiential (vs. material) purchases; (b) underlying psychological mechani...

This chapter offers directions for future international business (IB) research on the Asia-Pacific region (APR) based on identified research trends and frontiers. The bibliographic coupling methodology applied to the publications in the top six IB journals in 2010–2019 and the content analysis of the publication keywords are used to identify and an...

Organizational reputation is a strategic asset leading to numerous firm-level benefits. Yet, the translation of favorable reputation into valuable organizational outcomes in global markets depends on whether national (vs. individual) culture is modeled. We provide a framework of customer-based ‘organizational reputation’ comprising three distinct r...

The ways in which emergent technologies are disrupting retailing are manifold. The Internet, social media, mobile technologies, augmented reality, artificial intelligence, robotics, and natural user interfaces all combine to grant consumers access to more information and channels than ever before, through virtually seamless connections with retaile...

Online retailers provide social selling cues, such as “39 customers bought this product” or “156 customers viewed our product per hour”, to encourage sales. Revealing the numbers bought has been shown to increase purchase intentions, but what remains unexplored are the ramifications of posting the number of brand-related views or revealing both num...

To succeed in the complex and fast-changing marketplace nowadays, firms must not only exploit existing marketing knowledge and practices but also explore new ones; that is, firms must incorporate ambidexterity into their marketing functions (Day 2011). Through the simultaneous pursuit of exploitation and exploration across marketing programs, firms...

Research in marketing and other organizational domains shows that the ambidexterity–firm performance relationship is elusive, and high levels of both exploitation and exploration may not always lead to higher firm performance. To shed light on this topic, this study examines marketing ambidexterity (MA) as balanced levels of exploitation and explor...

Corporate reputation is a strategic asset leading to numerous positive firm-level outcomes. Motivated by the prediction that the translation of customer-based corporate reputation to customer-level outcomes (trust, customer–company identification, and word-of-mouth intentions) might be highly context-dependent, we investigate the moderating role of...

Within the corporate social responsibility (CSR) research field, the construct of organizational reputation has been extensively scrutinized as a crucial mediator between the firm CSR engagement and valuable organizational outcomes. Yet, the existing literature on organizational reputation suffers from substantive divergence between the studies in...

In today's increasingly competitive and dynamic marketplace, achieving brand commitment is one of the ultimate goals for brands. Considering the heightened importance and relevance of brand's ethical perception and its symbolic benefits, the present research examines the impacts of perceived brand ethicality on brand passion and brand commitment. A...

Internet usage and e-commerce have taken off like wildfire in developed countries, and emerging economies are rapidly embracing information technology today as well. Using a multi-theoretical and a multilevel framework, this study examines the determinants and deterrents of e-commerce growth potential in emerging economies. Based on the conceptual...

There have been significant changes in the global marketing landscape that is presenting contemporary threats and opportunities in markets, institutions, and technology for global marketers. Much of the mainstream research on global marketing has focused on the traditional marketing strategy combined with the traditional paradigms to analyze intern...

This chapter analyzes temporal patterns in political risk across the globe and in global marketing scholarship in 1986-2015 to offer perspectives on emerging political risk issues for current and future research. We offer a novel measure of political risk based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify the most influential sources of politic...

The increased importance and acceleration of service globalization during the first decade and a half of the twenty-first century has resulted in multinational firms serving customers with divergent needs and expectations shaped by different cultural background and values. This divergence in consumer perceptions across countries may be attributed t...

Acknowledging the ontological and epistemological differences inherent between formative and reflective measurement paradigms, we advocate an information processing approach in explaining the efficacy of these approaches in conceptualizing attitudinal constructs. Specifically, we focus on the measurement of corporate reputation, examining two compe...

The study evaluates the positive effect of long-term oriented marketing relationship on ethical conduct from the perspective of the service provider (i.e., the agent-firm), by integrating the relevant literature from relationship marketing, ethics, and long-term orientation domains. The paper proposes that service providers that build relationship...

Models of ethical decision-making in marketing generally have been developed from means or process oriented and ends-oriented theoretical foundations (e.g., Hunt and Vitell 1986; Ferrell, Gresham, and Fraedrich 1989; Malhotra and Miller 1998). These two approaches have provided the decision-maker with ethical views that focus upon the established p...

Despite conceptual agreement that relationship quality is a higher-order construct, there still remains a gap between such conceptualization and its corresponding operationalization. In this article, we provide conceptual, methodological, and empirical support for modeling relationship quality as a second-order reflective construct consisting of fi...

Attitude, preference, and choice models in marketing still continue to be based on the multi-attribute paradigm despite the acknowledgement of affect (feelings and emotions) in brand attitude. Although voluminous work has been done in the area of affect, there has been a lack of research effort to unify the two streams within the attitudinal and ch...

Firms are increasingly meeting the dual challenge of “high-variety” market demand and cost-effectiveness by implementing the platform concept – i.e., sharing the core technology from which a stream of derivative products can be efficiently developed (McGrath 1995; Meyer and Lehnerd 1997; Robertson and Ulrich 1998). Building on Sawhney–s (1998) prop...

This review article provides reflections on the state of the art of research in conjoint analysis—where we came from, where we are, and some directions as to where we might go. We review key articles, mostly contemporary published since 2000, but some classic, drawn from the major marketing as well as various interdisciplinary academic journals to...

Given the tremendous success of the Internet and e-commerce in developed countries, emerging economies are quickly embracing information technology as well. The purpose of this study is to examine factors (both determinants and deterrents) influencing the growth potential of e-commerce in emerging economies from a multitheoretical perspective (name...

In their review of the developments in conjoint methods, Green and Srinivasan (1990) report that a large number of studies have addressed validity issues. Most of these studies have involved tests of cross-validity using holdout set of profiles. These studies have shown very high internal validity for conjoint models when holdout samples are used (...

Political risk first received much attention in the 1960s and 1970s when businesses experienced significant losses due to expropriations such as happened after the fall of the Shah of Iran. Incidences of expropriation have declined significantly over the last 20 years (Minor 1994) and the capital at stake is no longer the biggest concern for firms....

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how innovation and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) affect organizational performance on quality in Asian small enterprise context. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing from the strategic management literature, we hypothesize and test the direct and indirect relationship between EO, innovation and...

Management scholars have paid close attention to the construct of organizational or corporate reputation (CR), particularly in the applied business ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) fields. Extant research demonstrates that CR is one of the key mediators between CSR and important organizational outcomes, which ultimately improve orga...

In today’s fast-moving and unpredictable business environment, an organization’s ability to innovate becomes one of the most important dynamic capabilities ensuring its development and profitability. Integrating the literature streams on entrepreneurial and market orientations, we study the impact of these two organizational factors on the organiza...

By integrating the relationship marketing, customer (dis)satisfaction, complaint/praise and switching and loyalty streams of literature, the authors have developed an integrated model that explains customer switching, loyalty and indifference. They also have developed a causal framework and derived several hypotheses. Two separate studies attempt t...

The spread of global culture is being facilitated by the proliferation of transnational corporations, the rise of global capitalism, widespread aspiration for material possessions, and the homogenization of global consumption. The extent of convergence of cultural values across nations has been debated by international marketing researchers. Howeve...

An important factor that leads governments to engage in public service contracts with nonprofit organizations is the belief that they share similar ethical and value orientations that will allow governments to reduce monitoring costs. However the notion of the existence of similarities in ethical climate has not been systematically examined. The pu...

An important factor that leads governments to engage in public service contracts with nonprofit organizations is the belief that they share similar ethical and value orientations that will allow governments to reduce monitoring costs. However the notion of the existence of similarities in ethical climate has not been systematically examined. The pu...

Political risk analysis primarily receives attention for foreign direct investment (FDI) but only rarely for exporting. We examine how exporters and foreign direct investors evaluate the relative importance of political risk factors. We provide a rationale for exporters to evaluate political risk factors for FDI and for foreign direct investors to...

The time-consuming nature of Best-Worst deriving scales for a conjoint analysis study leads the authors to question if ranked data, which could be translated into equivalent B-W scores, might be nearly as useful. Respondents answered a B-W scaling task regarding a familiar, highly involving product category, and then two-weeks later did a sorting t...

Purpose Despite the rapid growth and internationalization of services, marketers of services realize that to successfully leverage service quality as a global competitive tool, they first need to correctly identify the antecedents of what the international consumer perceives as service “quality.” This paper aims to examine the differences in percep...

The affect (feelings and emotions) and attitude (evaluative judgment based on brand beliefs) streams of research are combined to propose an integrated model of attitude and choice. The essence of the proposed model is based on the interaction effect between affect and cognition. The predictive validity of the proposed model is tested and compared t...

The affect (feelings and emotions) and attitude (evaluative judgment based on brand beliefs) streams of research are combined to propose an integrated model of attitude and choice. The essence of the proposed model is based on the interaction effect between affect and cognition. The predictive validity of the proposed model is tested and compared t...

The lack of consumer confidence in information privacy has been identified as a major problem hampering the growth of e-commerce. Despite the importance of understanding the nature of online consumers' concerns for information privacy, this topic has received little attention in the information systems community. To fill the gap in the literature,...

The transition from a command economy to a market-based economy has been remarkably successful in China. After 15 years of negotiations, China finally joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in December 2001. Because of trade and investment liberalization under the WTO, there will be greater competition between Chinese and foreign firms, both ins...

Although several aspects of the internationalization process have been addressed in the literature, there is a lack of a unified theoretical framework that explains the internationalization process, entry modes, and timing strategies. This article synthesizes several foundational theories on modes of global entry and offers a conceptual framework o...

Drawing from Victor and Cullen's[Victor, B. and Cullen, J. B. (1987) ‘A theory and measure of ethical climate in organizations’, Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, Vol. 9, pp. 51–71.],[Victor, B. and Cullen, J. B. (1988) ‘The organizational bases of ethical work climates’, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 33, pp. 101–125.] t...

One aspect of relations between government and non-profit organizations that has received little attention is the impact of differing ethical climates. Using Victor and Cullens' model of ethical climate, this article offers a qualitative survey of the differences between the two sectors. It finds that there are differences in both the sources of et...

This paper presents an integrated model of ethical decision-making in business that incorporates teleological, deontological and existential theory. Existentialism has been curiously overlooked by many scholars in the field despite the fact that it is so fundamentally a theory of choice. We argue that it is possible to seek good organisational ends...

This paper presents an integrated model ofethical decision-making in marketing thatincorporates teleological, deontological andexistential theory. First, this frameworkprovides a descriptive model, which enables thedecision-maker to evaluate each step of thedecision-making process from three disparateperspectives in order to ensure a morecomprehens...

This paper proposes a broad framework of relationship marketing using the stakeholder approach. Drawing from Peck et al. (1999) framework and proposing several modifications, the authors identify the following relational groups-supplier markets, customer markets (channels), customer markets (end users), competitor markets, external influence market...

The authors discuss a number of variables that may influence the perception of ethical climate in the nonprofit sector, including individual, organizational, and significant other (peers, coworkers, and superiors) variables. The basis of this discussion is the model developed by Agarwal and Malloy (1999) identifying a framework for nonprofits that...

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence that significant others have upon the perception of ethical climate in a Canadian provincial non-profit sport federation. The study was theoretically based upon the concepts of differential association and role-set configuration as well as the ethical climate dimensions developed in a non-pr...

This paper is an attempt to address the limited amount of research in the realm of organizational ethical climate in the not-for-profit sector. The paper draws from Victor and Cullen's (1988) theoretical framework which, combines the constructs of cognitive moral development, ethical theory, and locus of analysis. However, as a point of departure f...

While demand for many products has become more homogeneous across countries, cultural factors have strongly inhibited this change as well. In a multicultural world, cultural heterogeneity will continue to remain the most significant barrier to one global market. Cultures are resilient and enduring and so is the concept of global multiculturalism. A...

Notes that methodological problems are hampering the growth of cross-cultural marketing research and presents a review of methodological issues to address these problems. Organizes these issues around a six-step framework which includes elements such as problem definition, the development of an approach and research design formulation. Notes that t...

Discusses and applies a general framework for services quality to make a comparative evaluation of ten dimensions of service quality between developed and developing countries. Derives specific hypotheses for each of the service quality dimensions based on the relevant environmental factors characterizing developed and developing economies. Discuss...

Ph.D. Naresh K. Malhotra