Jamal Ahmad

Aligarh Muslim University | AMU · Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology

Background Diabetes is a highly prevalent disease in the world. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is growing at an alarming rate due to rapid urbanization, migration, aging population, and lifestyle changes. Introduction We have summarized the global T2DM distribution in specific International Diabetes Federation (IDF)-defined regions and various co...

Introduction Even though optimal blood glucose control reduces the risk of diabetes-related complications, many patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) fail to achieve it for a variety of reasons. In the study area, there was a paucity of evidence regarding correlates of glycemic control. Therefore, this study aimed to find out the correlates of glycem...

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is most crippling disease worldwide, and its incidences are increasing with rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus prevalence among the population. It is causing substantial morbidity and in severe cases mortality along with posing economic burden. DPN needs a new understanding of its mechanism and associated cl...

The micro- and macro-complications in diabetes mellitus (DM) mainly arise from the damage induced by Amadori and advanced glycation end products, as well as the released free radicals. The primary goal of DM treatment is to reduce the risk of micro- and macro-complications. In this study, we looked at the efficacy of aminoguanidine (AG) to prevent...

Diabetes has been growing at a rapid rate throughout the world. The complications caused by this disease are very severe and need to be predicted at an early stage. The risk of developing heart disease (HD) due to diabetes increases two to four times in a patient. In this paper, a cohort study was conducted in which two risk scores from Sweden and...

The present invention generally relates to a system and method for dual model-based early prediction of heart disease for Indian type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. The first model is a full model which tested all of the collected variables, whereas the second model is a partial model and it consisted of selected variables. The patients are included...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is severely affecting the worldwide population. It belongs to the coronavirus family which exhibit protein constituted enveloped single-stranded RNA. These viral proteins undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs) that reorganized covalent bonds and modify the polypeptides and in turn...

Exosomes are nano-vesicles of endosomal origin inherited with characteristics of drug delivery and cargo loading. Exosomes offer a diverse range of opportunities that can be exploited in the treatment of various diseases post-functionalization. This membrane engineering is recently being used in the management of bacteria-associated diabetic foot u...

Prediction models or risk scores are developed using regression methods and these are in the form of equations that forecast the presence of a disease or a disease complication. Some of the possible regression methodologies include linear, logistic and cox proportional hazards. To execute such techniques, clinical variables of patients are required...

The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19 infection. The COVID-19 pandemic represents one of the worst global threats in the 21st century since World War II. This pandemic has led to a worldwide economic recession and crisis due to lockdown. Biomedical researchers, pharmaceutical companie...

The aim of the review is to examine the role of growth factors and cytokines in the management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers, such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Insulin like growth factor (IGF). Taking this a step further, the role of Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs...

Bioelectronic medicines are a newer way to treat and diagnose the diseases associated with biological systems. All vital organs of the body are innervated, commanding brain to regulate the homeostasis functions. Bioelectronic medicines rely on implications of electrical stimulations or signals associated with the nervous system for real-time treatm...

Aims: Chronic unpredictable environmental stress (CUES) may induce predisposition to diabetes mellitus. This study investigates the role of CUES on impaired homeostasis. Material and methods: Stressed group mice (n = 20) were exposed to CUES for 16 weeks. Weekly body weight, feed consumption, feed efficiency ratio, fasting blood glucose were mon...

Due to increased understanding of the damaging effects of glycation process, it is highly desirable to manage this process effectively either by prevention or by managing the consequences of glycation preferentially at early stage. The use of potential naturally occurring compounds as anti-glycating agents may provide an effective approach to contr...

Chronic unpredictable environmental stress (CUES) may induce predisposition to diabetes mellitus. This study investigates the role of CUES on impaired homeostasis. Stressed group mice (n = 20) were exposed to CUES for 16 weeks. Weekly body weight, feed consumption, feed efficiency ratio, fasting blood glucose were monitored. Plasma HbA1c, plasma co...

Background Research reports support the statement that oxidative stress and inflammation are well‐known risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with diabetes. This study was designed to ascertain the associated role of oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory markers in diabetes and related CKD among the north Indian populatio...

Background Hyperglycemia is the driving force for the development of diabetic nephropathy leading to the end stage renal disease. It is well known that in hyperglycaemic condition, serum proteins become glycated through non-enzymatic glycation. With the other risk factors, serum fructosamine may be an important risk factor for kidney impairment. To...

Objective: The study aims to investigate the potential role of C2437T (Met493Thr) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the heat shock protein (HSP) 70 in diabetic foot ulcer patients. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, SNP of the HSP70 hom gene, also called HSPA1L, was studied among diabetic patients with an ulcer (Group A: n = 50), diab...

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have shown to possess antigenicity. This study analyzes the detrimental effect of non-enzymatic glycation on human serum albumin (HSA) leading to the production of antibodies. Methods: HSA (20 μM) incubated with d-glucose formed AGEs confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DNA-damage wa...

Introduction: Expeditious and precise discerning of bacterial pathogens is a fundamental grail, of clinical diagnostic microbiology. Genotypic detection is a budding substitute to recognize phenotypic culture based processes in bacterial identification. Aims: We report a comparative evaluation of biochemical and genomic-based assays for explorin...

Nephropathy in diabetes patients is the most common etiology of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Strict glycemic control reduces the development and progression of diabetes-related complications, and there is evidence that improved metabolic control improves outcomes in subjects having diabetes mellitus with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). G...

Aim: Glycated albumin (GA) suggested being alternative glycemic marker than haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). We investigated the association between GA and the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in T2DM subjects. Methods: We recruited T2DM subjects with different stages of CKD who had regularly measur...

Diabetic foot complications are the most common occurring problems throughout the globe, resulting in devastating economic crises for the patients, families and society. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) have a neuropathic origin with a progressive prevalence rate in developing countries compared with developed countries among diabetes mellitus patients....

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major health burden worldwide with many patients encountering thyroid dysfunction later in their life. Various studies have found that diabetes and thyroid disorders mutually influence each other and both disorders tend to coexists. However, the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and associated clini...

Abstract Trace metals have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes during human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV infection), and new studies are emerging, which suggest that micronutrient supplementation may help reduce morbidity and mortality during HIV infection. Naturally, when an organism enters into a host, numerous changes take pl...

Non-enzymatic glycation of macromolecules, especially proteins leading to their oxidation is increased in diabetes mellitus due to hyperglycaemia and play an important role in associated complications of the disease. Protein glycation mostly occurs in intra chain lysine residues resulting in the formation of early stage Amadori products which are f...

Background: Albumin glycation and subsequent formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) correlate with diabetes and associated complications. Methods: Human Serum Albumin (HSA) was modified with D-glucose for a 40 day period under sterile conditions at 37°C. Modified samples along with native HSA (unmodified) were analyzed for structura...

Aim The aim of this study it to determine the level of glycosylation gap in patients with type 2 diabetes and its relation with kidney dysfunction. Materials and Methods In this study, 150 individuals were enrolled (aged 20–75 year) and divided into three groups. Group 1 included 50 nondiabetic individuals who served as control. Group 2 included 5...

Background Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), a dreadful microvascular complication is responsible for substantial increase in morbidity and mortality. Infection, not a cause but a consequence in DFUs accounts for minor or major limb loss. The current study aimed to evaluate the microbial etiology of infected diabetic foot ulcers in northern tertiary car...

Albumin glycation and subsequent formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) correlate with diabetes and associated complications. Human Serum Albumin (HSA) was modified with D-glucose for a 40 day period under sterile conditions at 37 °C. Modified samples along with native HSA (unmodified) were analyzed for impairment in biochemical charac...

Hyperglycaemia induced non enzymatic glycation is accelerated in diabetic patients and aggressively involved in diabetes progression. Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in blood circulation. In hyperglycaemia, it undergoes fast glycation and results in the impairment of structure. Our previous study has demonstrated structural a...

OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to test whether melatonin has an effect on glucose, lipids, and oxidative stress variables in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects. DESIGN & METHODS: Fifty T2DM patients and fifty healthy individuals were included in the study. T2DM diagnosis was made according to norms laid by American Diabetes Associa...

Glycosylation, an enzyme-directed, site-specific process is one of the major co-translational and post-translational modifications in proteins. So formed product, glycoproteins, mediate multiple functions of signal transductions, cell association, and inter and intra cell signalling. Glycoproteomics exploits all these biological functions and serve...

Diagnosis of diseases is concerned with the identification of accurate and precise causal factors and the direct and indirect relationship between host and organisms. Infectious disease diagnosis in laboratory animals includes traditional techniques like direct examination, culture along with immunological assessments. However, these traditional te...

Background: To explore the associations between potential functional promoter polymorphisms in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory (IL-4(-590C/T) and IL-6(-174G/C) cytokine genes and kidney dysfunction in north Indian type2 diabetic subjects with chronic kidney disease. Methods: A total of 150 subjects aged 25-75 year were included in this st...

The study was carried on diabetic foot patients to deduce clinical attributes, the occurrence of the range of aerobic microbial flora and to assess their comparative in vitro susceptibility to the customarily used antimicrobials. We also studied the potential risk factors involved in the development of non-healing ulcers. A total of 87 organisms we...

Early glycation products as well as advance glycation end products are involved in pathogenesis of diabetes. Most of studies carried out on AGEs and their possible role in assessing diabetes complications, whereas only a few were focused to highlight the role of Amadori products. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate a structural a...

In this study human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein of blood plasma, was modified with varying concentrations of peroxynitrite. The peroxynitrite induced changes in HSA was monitored by spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS), thermal denaturation studies and matrix assisted laser desorption / inonization-t...

Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs), a dreadful micro-vascular complication is liable for substantial increase in morbidity and mortality. DFU is a complicated amalgam of neuropathy, peripheral arterial diseases, foot deformities and infection. Spanning the spectrum from superficial cellulitis, microbial flora leads to chronic ostemyelitis and gangrenous e...

Structural and functional changes in albumin are of particular interest as numerous studies in vivo have reported a strong involvement of glycated-HSA in the development and progression of chronic diabetic complications. Non-enzymatic addition of glucose molecules to a protein induces structural changes in it. These changes depend on the degree of...

In the present study an ionic liquid based vortex assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction (IL-VASEME) method followed by Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) and Central Composite Design (CCD) using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) have been used for the determination of fatty acids, triglycerides and...

Aim: Non-enzymatic glycation impairs the structural and functional characterstics of human serum albumin (HSA) native conformation. Prolonged hyperglycemia causes cross links formation in proteins that may contribute to progression of diabetic complications. Methods: HSA (20μM) was incubated with different concentration of d-glucose100, 200, 300...

Background: Although optimizing glycemic and non-glycemic targets reduced micro- and macro-vascular complications in type 2 diabetes, multiple barriers hinder turning evidence into practice. Mounting evidence suggests that those with onset of disease in early or mid-adult life, compared with those with onset at an older age, may have a more severe...

Aims: To correlate serum levels of TGF-β1 with motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients which were divided in patients with clinically detectable peripheral neuropathy of shorter duration (n = 37) and longer du...

Postmenopausal osteoporosis affects large fraction of elderly women. Oxidative stress (OS) appears to be involved in its pathogenesis. The scarcity of human studies focusing on the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and OS in postmenopausal women has prompted us to study on this issue. We conducted a cross sectional study in 95 subjects...

The aim was to study the prevalence of hypothyroidism in infertile women and evaluation of response of treatment for hypothyroidism on infertility. A total of 95 infertile women were investigated for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Infertile women with clinical/subclinical hypothyroidism were given thyroxine ranges from 25 to 150 μg. Of 95 infer...

As the prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally, secondary complications associated to this endocrinal disorder are also ascending. Diabetic foot ulcers are potentially modifying complications. Disruption of harmony in glucose homeostasis causes hyperglycemic status, results in activation of certain metabolic pathways which in their abnormal s...

Objective: To study the role of peroxynitrite-modified human serum albumin (nitroxidized-albumin) in rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Human serum albumin was exposed to peroxynitrite and changes in albumin structure were monitored by UV-visible, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy, thioflavin T, Congo red binding and attenuated total ref...

HSPs have been proposed to have a role in the wound healing process, supported by finding that its expression is rapidly induced after skin is wounded in animal models. Because of this phenomenon, we have made a hypothesis that circulating HSPs will have any relationship with DFU. The circulating levels of HSP 70 and HSP 47 were measured in diabeti...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by transfer of susceptible immortal gene from parent to progeny in individuals prone, and/or in contribution of factors such as obesity and physical inactivity results in chronic extracellular hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance or impaired glucose tolerance. Hyperglycemia leads to increased production of superox...

Glycation is a non-enzymatic spontaneous process in proteins which has remarkable impact on its physical and functional aspect. This alteration with addition of carbohydrate residue to human serum albumin leads to several pathological events such as diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular complications. Human serum albumin...

To study the nerve conduction velocity in clinically undetectable and detectable peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus with variable duration. This cross sectional study was conducted in diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. They were divided in groups: Group I (n=37) with clinically detectable diabetic peripheral neuropathy of s...

To compare serum levels of TNF-α in patients of peripheral neuropathy and patients without neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This cross sectional study was conducted in diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. They were divided in groups, Group I (n=37) with clinically detectable diabetic peripheral neuropathy of shorter duration and Grou...

In recent years, there has been an effort to understand possible roles of 25(OH)D, including its role in the immune system particularly on T cell medicated immunity, pancreatic insulin secretion and insulin action. 25(OH)D stimulates the cell differentiation and reduces cell proliferation, which is essential for cell growth and wound healing. Howev...

To study the difference in antimicrobial resistance profile among biofilm producing and non-producing microorganisms isolated from diabetic foot ulcer in a tertiary care hospital in North India. We performed a prospective study on 162 DFU in patients treated in a multidisciplinary based diabetes and endocrinology center of JNMCH, AMU, Aligarh, Indi...

Conditions that affect erythrocyte turnover influence HbA1c concentrations and the International Expert Committee has warned clinicians to be aware of any conditions that could affect the turnover of red blood cells. Although many forms of anemia are associated with lowering of HbA1c, iron deficiency has been shown to shift HbA1c slightly upward. T...

Whether persistent hyperglycemia (PG) during hospitalisation has a greater impact on adverse outcomes in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than a single random glucose measurement is not well defined. To find out the association of admission glycemia (AG) VS PG on outcomes in patients of ACS. Prospective, cohort, hospital-based. We evaluated 200 pa...

An interaction between adiponectin, steroid synthesis or action and measures of insulin resistance (IR) have been reported in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The present study was done to determine plasma adiponectin concentration (PAC) in women with and without PCOS and to assess its correlation to the hormonal and metabolic...

During pregnancy, the glucose levels vary according to the hormonal changes and the metabolic needs necessary to maintain fetal nutrition but strict glycemic control is essential to minimize the maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality of pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Although considered the "gold standard" for diagnosis, measurement of gl...

Pro- and anti-inflammatory processes are crucial in different phases of wound healing and their disturbances interfere with tissue homeostasis after the manifestation of ulcers, leading to chronic non-healing wounds. However, data on the association between infl ammation and acute foot syndrome are scarce. Circulating levels of acute-phase reactant...

It is obligatory for all adult Muslims to observe fast during the holy month of Ramadan, but sick individuals including those with diabetes mellitus are exempted from the duty of fasting. Specific medical advice must be provided to individual patients concerning the potential risks they must accept if they decide to fast. Any alteration in medicati...

Majority of physicians are of the opinion that Ramadan fasting is acceptable for well-balanced type 2 patients conscious of their disease and compliant with their diet and drug intake. Fasting during Ramadan for patients with diabetes carries a risk of an assortment of complications. Islamic rules allow patients not to fast. However, if patient wit...

Fasting during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of Islamic lunar calendar, is obligatory for all healthy adult and adolescent Muslims from the age of 12 years. Fasting starts from early dawn (Sohur/Sehri) till sunset (Iftar). During this period one has to abstain from eating and drinking. Islam has allowed many categories of people to be exemp...

In the month of Ramadan, patients with thyroid diseases, most of the time, do not need treatment adjustments and can fast safely without any health hazards. Patients with hypothyroidism taking thyroxine can take their tablets on an empty stomach at bedtime instead of half an hour before Sehr. Patients with hyperthyroidism, on methimazole/carbimazol...

Diabetic foot, characterized by a pronounced inflammatory reaction, decreased collagen content and biosynthesis and accelerated degradation are crucial in wound healing. Cathepsin D, an aspartic endopeptidases implicated in cell growth, apoptosis, and its inhibitor has been reported to reverse the inhibition of collagen biosynthesis in wounded rat...

Proteins modifications in diabetes may lead to early glycation products (EGPs) as well as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Whereas no extensive studies have been carried out to assess the role of EGPs in secondary complications of diabetes, numerous investigators have demonstrated the role of AGEs. Early glycation involves attachment of gluc...

Aim: This study evaluated the incidence and factors responsible for plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) infection among patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Subjects and methods: A prospective study was conducted on 162 DFU inpatients treated in a multidisciplinary-based diabetes and endocrinology center at Jawaharlal Nehru...

Condition that influence erythrocyte turnover also affect HbA1c. Although many forms of anemia are associated with lowering of HbA1c, iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) tends to increase HbA1c. In this study, we examined the relationship between HbA1c and erythrocyte indices in non-diabetic pregnancy and assessed the effect of iron supplementation on HbA...

Glycation of proteins and DNA, results in the generation of free radicals causing structural modification of biomacromolecule. This leads to the generation of neo-antigenic epitopes having implication in diabetes mellitus. In this study, human placental DNA was glycated with fructose and its binding was probed with the serum antibodies from type 1...

Aim Wound healing has been reported to be poor in diabetic patients with impaired kidney functions that usually accompanies retinopathy and neuropathy. The insensitive foot is vulnerable to repeated trauma and development of ulcer precedes 70–80% of non-traumatic lower extremity amputation. The present study was aimed to study the impact of creati...

Pro-and anti-inflammatory processes are crucial in different phases of wound healing and its disturbances interfere with tissue homeostasis after the manifestation of ulcers leading to chronic non-healing wounds. However, data on the association between inflammation and acute foot syndrome are scarce. Circulating levels of acute-phase reactant and...

Aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for amputation among patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). We performed a prospective study of 162 DFU in patients treated in a multidisciplinary based diabetes and endocrinology centre of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India during the peri...

The role of vitamin D is not merely limited to maintaining skeletal health but also extends to maintaining glucose homeostasis by preserving insulin secretion and sensitivity and thus deficiency of vitamin D plays an important role in aetiopathogenesis of T2 diabetes. In addition to its many other roles, vitamin D has recently been found to have gr...

Wound healing has been reported to be poor in diabetic patients with impaired kidney functions that usually accompanies retinopathy and neuropathy. The insensitive foot is vulnerable to repeated trauma and development of ulcer precedes 70-80% of non-traumatic lower extremity amputation. The present study was aimed to study the impact of creatinine...