
Jaine L. DarwinHarvard Medical School | HMS · Department of Psychiatry
Jaine L. Darwin
Psy.D.,ABPP
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Publications (98)
Reviews the book, Treating Dissociative and Personality Disorders: A Motivational Systems Approach to Theory and Treatment edited by Antonella Ivaldi (see record 2016-40119-000 ). This is a beautiful effort at both integrating theory and demonstrating with clinical examples the work of a gifted therapist. Ivaldi, the editor and primary contributor,...
I view Botticelli’s representation of war as a dialectic between active and passive, penetrator and penetrated as only part of the story. I suggest that utilizing the concept of complex trauma allows for incorporating aspects of vulnerability that can be both masculine and feminine. I introduce the role of moral injury in causing shame and humiliat...
Reviews the books, The Costs of Courage: Combat Stress, Warriors and Family Survival by Josephine G. Pryce, David H. Pryce, and Kimberly J. Shackleford (2012) and When Johnny and Jane Come Marching Home: How All of Us Can Help Veterans by Paula J. Caplan (2011). The books by Pryce et al. and by Caplan written from very different viewpoints, demonst...
Reviews the book, Sexual violence by William R. Holcomb (see record 2010-07136-000 ). This book is the 17th volume in the series Advances in Psychotherapy, Evidence-Based Practice. The series has been developed with the support of the Society of Clinical Psychology (Division 12 of the American Psychological Association). The series is intended to p...
Keyword identification in one of two simultaneous sentences is improved when the sentences differ in F0, particularly when
they are almost continuously voiced. Sentences of this kind were recorded, monotonised using PSOLA, and re-synthesised to
give a range of harmonic ∆F0s (0, 1, 3, and 10 semitones). They were additionally re-synthesised by LPC w...
Strategic Outreach to Families of All Reservists (SOFAR) is a pro bono mental health project that offers support, psychotherapy, psychoeducation, and prevention services to extended family members of National Guard and Reservists who have served in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) from deployment through reunion an...
Reviews the book, When mothers kill: Interviews from prison by Michelle Oberman and Cheryl L. Meyer (see record 2008-06755-000 ). This book is a follow-up to an earlier book, Mothers who kill their children (2001), by the same authors. The first book, in their words, "was devoted to describing the patterned nature of the crime of maternal filicide....
Three experiments using dichotic listening measured the priming effect produced on the detection of a semantically defined target word in an attended list of words by a lexically identical word presented to the opposite ear with an attenuation of 12 dB. Experiment 1 embedded the prime in unattended continuous speech and found a 21 ms priming effect...
Reviews the film, Sex and the City by Michael Patrick King (2008). The movie takes place three years after we said good-bye to the four women, Carrie, Miranda, Samantha, and Charlotte, when the television series Sex and the City ended. The audience in the theater, mainly young women in groups of two, three, and four, were eager for a vicarious reem...
Thousands of American service members are returning from their tours of duty with physical and/or psychological disabilities. Many—if not most—of these service members will need at least some assistance to adapt to their disabilities and learn how to reintegrate back into civilian life. Also impacted will be the spouse, friends, employers, family m...
Although most research on the perception of speech has been conducted with speech presented without any competing sounds, we almost always listen to speech against a background of other sounds which we are adept at ignoring. Nevertheless, such additional irrelevant sounds can cause severe problems for speech recognition algorithms and for the hard...
Reviews the book, The Unsayable: The Hidden Language of Trauma by Annie G. Rogers (see record 2006-09985-000 ). In this book, Annie G. Rogers presents, according to her publisher's press release, "a new understanding of how to heal-even when people cannot talk about their experiences." Rogers has drawn on her own history of severe trauma and her wo...
Reviews the film, Half Nelson directed by Ryan Fleck (2006). This movie sensitively depicts the development of a friendship between a young girl, Drey (Shareeka Epps), and her teacher, Dan Dunne (Ryan Gosling). Drey is starved for adult attention as she copes with a mother who is absent because she is working so hard and a brother who is absent bec...
Reviews the book, Disorders of the Self: A personality-guided approach by Marshall L. Silverstein (see record 2006-11738-000 ). Silverstein, in a scholarly tour de force, reexamines in his book, the personality disorders in DSM-IV-TR and shows how they are best understood as disorders of the self. He begins with an excellent overview of the history...
Rivenez et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119 (6), 4027-4040 (2006)] recently demonstrated that an unattended message is able to prime by 28 ms a simultaneously presented attended message when the two messages have a different F0 range. This study asks whether a difference in vocal-tract length between the two messages rather than a difference in F0 can...
Two experiments demonstrate that the perceived durations of sounds as long as 1 sec are influenced by the sounds' amplitude envelopes, extending Schlauch, Ries, and DiGiovanni's (2001) observations on sounds of 200-msec duration. Sounds with a monotonic decay (i.e., damped sounds) are heard as substantially shorter than both steady sounds and those...
Reviews the book,
When Professionals Weep: Emotional and Countertransference Responses in End-of-Life Care edited by Renee S. Katz and Theresa A. Johnson (see record
2006-05101-000). Many psychotherapy patients fear most not mattering to their therapist. Therapeutic neutrality serves to block what they most desire: seeing that they have an impact...
Families of those in the U.S. Army Reserves represent a population at risk for mental health problems. Strategic Outreach to Families of All Reservists (SOFAR) is a pro bono outreach program serving families with soldiers deployed in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kuwait. Program components include prevention, intervention, and the production of educationa...
Three experiments examine the effect of a difference in fundamental frequency (F0) range between two simultaneous voices on the processing of unattended speech. Previous experiments have only found evidence for the processing of nominally unattended speech when it has consisted of isolated words which could have attracted the listener's attention....
Binaural hearing aids potentially provide binaural cues that can improve the dectability and the spatial separation of multiple sound sources. This paper considers the use of binaural cues and the resultant spatial percepts on listeners' ability to separate simultaneous sound sources. In backgrounds with continuous noise or multiple talkers, the ma...
Reviews the book
The Therapeutic Process: A Clinical Introduction to Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (see record
2005-06470-000) by J. Mark Thompson and Candace Cotlove. The book is written to an audience that is hard to define. The authors describe the book as designed to have "broad appeal and value for both beginning and more experienced clinician...
Are the conditions for illusory auditory continuity entirely local in frequency, or are judgments of continuity made on auditory objects? Listeners made continuous/pulsating judgments on a variety of complex tones that repeatedly alternated with a 100- to 500-Hz bandpass noise. A sufficiently quiet complex tone was heard as continuous when all its...
Reviews Impossible Training: A Relational View of Psychoanalytic Education (see record 2005-04680-000 ). This book on psychoanalytic training arrives when the world of psychoanalysis is deeply immersed in controversy about psychoanalytic training within the profession and with legislative and licensing bodies. Berman's rich personal history as a ps...
Recent results have shown that listeners attending to the quieter of two speech signals in one ear (the target ear) are highly susceptible to interference from normal or time-reversed speech signals presented in the unattended ear. However, speech-shaped noise signals have little impact on the segregation of speech in the opposite ear. This suggest...
Two experiments establish constraints on the ability of a common fundamental frequency (F0) to perceptually fuse low-pass filtered and complementary high-pass filtered speech presented to different ears. In experiment 1 the filter cut-off is set at 1 kHz. When the filters are sharp, giving little overlap in frequency between the two sounds, listene...
Three experiments used the Coordinated Response Measure task to examine the roles that differences in F0 and differences in vocal-tract length have on the ability to attend to one of two simultaneous speech signals. The first experiment asked how increases in the natural F0 difference between two sentences (originally spoken by the same talker) aff...
In the first experiment listeners were asked to adjust the duration of a steady-level sound in order to match the duration of 250-, 500-, 750-, or 1000-ms targets. Targets could be either steady in level, increasing in level with either a raised-cosine or an exponential ramp (ramped sounds), or the ramped sounds reversed in time (damped sounds). Th...
The first experiment described here asks whether list eners are able to selectively attend to one of two sentences differing in median vertical plane (MVP) location using a paradigm developed for azimuthal attention (1). It also asks whether their ability to use MVP cues improves with a difference in fundamental frequency (Fo) between the two sente...
Auditory continuity is a powerful illusion which has implications for the efficient coding of sound. Although auditory continuity has been studied extensively as a monaural phenomenon, there have been few reports of the influence of binaural factors. Hartmann (1) and Kashino & Warren (2) report that when a tone alternates with a noise, the continui...
Schlauch et al. (2001) found that ramped tones (gradual attack and abrupt decay) of 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 ms were perceived as shorter than damped tones (abrupt attack and gradual decay) of the same physical duration. The size of this temporal asymmetry, in percent, depends on the overall duration of the sound: the longer the sound the smaller the a...
The two experiments described here use a formant-matching task to investigate what abstract representations of sound are available to listeners. The first experiment examines how veridically and reliably listeners can adjust the formant frequency of a single-formant sound to match the timbre of a target single-formant sound that has a different ban...
Three experiments explored the resistance to simulated reverberation of various cues for selective attention. Listeners decided which of two simultaneous target words belonged to an attended rather than to a simultaneous unattended sentence. Attended and unattended sentences were spatially separated using interaural time differences (ITDs) of 0, +/...
The four experiments reported here measure listeners' accuracy and consistency in adjusting a formant frequency of one- or two-formant complex sounds to match the timbre of a target sound. By presenting the target and the adjustable sound on different fundamental frequencies, listeners are prevented from performing the task by comparing the absolut...
The three experiments reported here compare the effectiveness of natural prosodic and vocal-tract size cues at overcoming spatial cues in selective attention. Listeners heard two simultaneous sentences and decided which of two simultaneous target words came from the attended sentence. Experiment 1 used sentences that had natural differences in pitc...
This paper summarises the current undergraduate and postgraduate training in psychoacoustics in the UK, comments on the various forms of support and gives a brief summary of current research topics.
The role of interaural time difference (ITD) in perceptual grouping and selective attention was explored in 3 experiments. Experiment 1 showed that listeners can use small differences in ITD between 2 sentences to say which of 2 short, constant target words was part of the attended sentence, in the absence of talker or fundamental frequency differe...
The role of interaural time difference (ITD) in perceptual grouping and selective attention was explored in 3 experiments. Experiment 1 showed that listeners can use small differences in ITD between 2 sentences to say which of 2 short, constant target words was part of the attended sentence, in the absence of talker or fundamental frequency differe...
The integration of nonsimultaneous frequency components into a single virtual pitch was investigated by using a pitch matching task in which a mistuned 4th harmonic (mistuned component) produced pitch shifts in a harmonic series (12 equal-amplitude harmonics of a 155-Hz F0). In experiment 1, the mistuned component could either be simultaneous, stop...
This paper explores the effects of a two‐person, intersubjective psychology on how clinicians deal technically with treatment impasses. The therapist's stance towards neutrality in the treatment dyad is reviewed historically as are the solutions to impasse which follow from the stance. The intersubjective position appears to shift the responsibilit...
In steady‐state voiced speech production, the vocal tract transfer function is sampled at multiples of the fundamental frequency (F0). At high F0, sparse sampling causes two problems: (a) a gradual loss of information defining the spectral shape, and (b) F0‐dependent distortion due to aliasing. If the shape of the spectral envelope contains lag‐dom...
Although interaural time differences (ITDs) are the dominant cue for the lateralization of complex sounds, they are remarkably weak at grouping together simultaneous sounds. Experiments are reviewed which explore the relationship between this observation and auditory attention. A small difference in ITD between two sentences spoken in the same voic...
The two experiments reported here examine how an inter-aural time difference (ITD) interacts with two other cues, mistuning and onset asynchrony, in reducing the contribution of a single frequency component to the perception of a vowel's identity. Previous experiments have shown that although ITD is generally rather ineffective at segregating a sim...
The five experiments reported here examine the conditions under which sounds differing in their interaural time difference (ITD) are segregated for the purposes of perceiving a vowel's identity. Experiment 1 confirms previous findings that (i) a difference in ITD provides only a very weak cue for segregating a vowel's 500-Hz harmonic from the remai...
The lateralization paradigm of Trahiotis and Stern [C. Trahiotis and R. M. Sern, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1285-1293 (1989)] was extended to investigate the influence of a spectrally flanking complex on the lateral position of a perturbed harmonic. When a complex tone consisting of harmonics 2 through 8 or 100 Hz was presented with an interaural time...
Evidence is presented that sequential auditory grouping constraints apply to the perception of pitch. Experiment 1 shows that the pitch changes produced by mistuning the fourth harmonic of a 90-ms 12-harmonic 155-Hz fundamental complex tone are substantially reduced when the complex is preceded by four 90-ms tones at the same frequency as the mistu...
The extent to which the 500-Hz component of a steady-state vowel contributed to its phonemic category was measured by estimating the position of the /I/-/epsilon/ phoneme boundary along a first formant (F1) continuum. Shifts in the phoneme boundary were calibrated against shifts produced by physical changes in the level of the 500-Hz component. Whe...
When a single harmonic close to the first formant frequency is mistuned by about 8%, that harmonic makes a reduced contribution to the vowel's first formant frequency as measured by a shift in the phoneme boundary along an F1 continuum between /I/ and /epsilon/ [C.J. Darwin and R.B Gardner, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79, 838-45 (1986)]. In the present exp...
The effective contribution of a 500‐Hz component of a steady‐state vowel was measured by the position of the vowel boundary on a /I/–/e/ continuum varying only in first formant (F1) frequency. Shifts in the vowel boundary were calibrated against those produced by level changes in the 500‐Hz component. When the 500‐Hz component was given an ITD of 6...
Previous experiments have shown that when a slightly mistuned harmonic of a complex tone starts more than about 80 msec before the remaining components, it makes a reduced contribution to the pitch of the complex. This contribution decreases to zero by about 300-msec onset asynchrony. In vowel perception, however, analogous experiments have shown t...
It has previously been found that when a single low-numbered harmonic of a complex tone is progressively mistuned, for mistunings up to about 3%, the pitch of the complex changes in the direction of the mistuning but for larger mistunings (by about 8%) the pitch returns to its original value. This result is compatible with the operation of a mechan...
Previous experiments [C. Trahiotis and R. M. Stern, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1285–1293 (1989)] have shown changes in the lateralization of a bandlimited noise centered at 500 Hz with an ITD of 1.5 ms as its bandwidth is increased. The phenomenon is thought to be due to across‐frequency integration of ITDinformation. The present experiment extends th...
Identification of simultaneous speech sounds, such as pairs of steady-state vowels (double vowels), is more accurate when there is a difference in fundamental frequency (F0). Accuracy of identification for double vowels increases with increasing F0 difference (delta F0) asymptoting above 1 semitone. The experiment described here attempts to disting...
When the fundamental frequency (F0) contours of two speakers' voices intersect, the listener is presented with a problem. The listener must decide which of the F0 contours emerging from the intersection is a continuation of which contour entering the intersection: have the F0 contours crossed or merely approached and parted? In the present experime...
Six experiments explored why the identification of the two members of a pair of diotic, simultaneous, steady-state vowels improves with a difference in fundamental frequency (delta F0). Experiment 1 confirmed earlier reports that a delta F0 improves identification of 200-ms but not 50-ms duration "double vowels"; identification improves up to 1 sem...
A previous paper by Darwin and Ciocca [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 3381-3390 (1992)] showed that a slightly mistuned frequency component of a (target) harmonic complex produced smaller pitch shifts in the target if it started 160 ms or more before the other components than if all the components were simultaneous. Three experiments investigated whether...
When the fundamental frequency (F0) contours of two speakers’ voices intersect, the listener is presented with a problem. The listener must decide which of
the F0 contours emerging from the intersection is a continuation of which contour entering the intersection: have the F0 contours crossed or merely approached and parted? In the present experime...
When a single harmonic of a complex sound is mistuned, it influences the pitch of the complex unless it is mistuned by more than about 8% (Moore et al., 1985). We have investigated how the mistuning of a single component influences the pitch of two simultaneous complex tones, with harmonic frequencies close to those of the single mistuned component...
Three experiments investigated how the onset asynchrony and ear of presentation of a single mistuned frequency component influence its contribution to the pitch of an otherwise harmonic complex tone. Subjects matched the pitch of the target complex by adjusting the pitch of a second similar but strictly periodic complex tone. When the mistuned comp...
A series of experiments investigated the effect of phase changes in low-numbered single harmonics in target sounds that were either synthesized steady-state vowels fo periodic signals having only a single formant. A matching procedure was sued in which subjects selected a sound along a continuum differing in first formant frequency in order to get...
Speech is normally heard against a background of other sounds. This paper reviews recent work on listeners' ability to separate speech from other sounds. Evidence is presented that both low-level grouping mechanisms and knowledge specific to speech are deployed in solving this diffucult problem.ZusammenfassungSprache wird üblicherweise vor einem Hi...
When an /vbi/vb-/vbε{lunate}/vb vowel continuum differing in first formant frequency is passed through highpass filters having transfer functions that rise steeply in the first-formant region, the phoneme boundary moves to a lower F1 value reflecting the apparently higher F1 frequency produced by the sloping filter. This change in perceived vowel c...
In three experiments, we examined whether energy at the same frequency as one of a vowel’s harmonics in the F1 region can
be captured by a preceding or following sequence of tones. The position of the/I/-/ε/phoneme boundary along an F1 continuum
was used to assess the extent of capture. The first two experiments showed that a sequence of tones at 5...
In three experiments, we examined whether energy at the same frequency as one of a vowel's harmonics in the F1 region can be captured by a preceding or following sequence of tones. The position of the /I/-/E/ phoneme boundary along an F1 continuum was used to assess the extent of capture. The first two experiments showed that a sequence of tones at...
Examined the perceptual consequences of exciting one formant (
F2 or
F4) of a composite syllable with a different fundamental from the others. A 4-formant syllable resulted in either
F1,
F2,
F3 giving /ru/ or
F1,
F3,
F4 giving /li/. When all 4 formants were on the same fundamental, the percept was /ru/, but exciting
F2 on a sufficiently dif...
Hearing has evolved in a hostile environment. Between the sound source and the ear, the different frequencies of a sound are differentially absorbed by the air, reflected by surfaces and mixed in with other sounds. Despite all these distortions and additions, the brain achieves a remarkable constancy of percept, especially in the perception of spee...
Darwin and Gardner (1986), in a study of the contribution of mistuned harmonics to the percept of a vowel, discovered that mistunings of only 1-2Hz in harmonics close to the first formant (F1) caused a lowering of the phoneme boundary in a categorization task, indicating that the F1 was perceived as higher in frequency. This occurred whether the mi...
A mistuned harmonic makes a reduced contribution to the phonetic quality of a vowel. The two experiments reported here investigated
whether the rate of frequency change over time of a harmonic influences whether it contributes perceptually to a vowel’s quality.
In these experiments, frequency-modulating one harmonic at a different rate or with a di...
The harmonic sieve has been proposed as a mechanism for excluding extraneous frequency components from the estimate of the pitch of a complex sound. The experiments reported here examine whether a harmonic sieve could also determine whether a particular harmonic contributes to the phonetic quality of a vowel. Mistuning a harmonic in the first forma...
We have recorded the responses of fibers in the cochlear nerve and cells in the cochlear nucleus of the anesthetized guinea pig to synthetic vowels [i], [a], and [u] at 60 and 80 dB SPL. Histograms synchronized to the pitch period of the vowel were constructed, and locking of the discharge to individual harmonics was estimated from these by Fourier...
The perceptual integration of a mixture of two complex tones was studied in experiments on adult subjects. Each tone was formed
by amplitude modulation (AM) of a carrier sinusoid of frequency (CF) by a raised sinusoid with modulation frequency (MF).
One tone always had CF = 1500 Hz and MF = 100 Hz. The other had different CFs around 500 Hz and diff...
Harmonics in the first formant region of a continuum of vowels varying in first formant frequency between /I/ and /e/ were boosted by either 6 or 12 dB. A significant shift in the F1 boundary was found not only when the two harmonics closest to the formant peak were boosted, but also when more remote harmonics were boosted. Weighting-functions for...
Speech is normally heard against a background of other sounds, yet our ability to isolate perceptually the speech of a particular talker is poorly understood. The experiments reported here illustrate two different ways in which a listener may decide whether a tone at a harmonic of a vowel's fundamental forms part of the vowel. First, a tone that st...
When one harmonic of a vowel starts before and stops after the others, its contribution to the vowel's phonetic quality is reduced. Two experiments demonstrate that this reduction cannot be attributed entirely to adaptation. The first experiment shows that a harmonic that starts at the same time as a short vowel but continues after the vowel has en...
Previous experiments on the perception of initial stops differing in voice-onset time have used sounds where the boundary between aspiration and voicing is clearly marked by a variety of acoustic events. In natural speech these events do not always occur at the same moment and there is disagreement among phoneticians as to which mark the onset of v...
Two experiments are reported on the perception of the distinction between /ba/ and /pa/ which investigate perceptual cues to the onset of voicing. Neither the onset of periodic excitation nor a change in spectral balance appear to be the dominant cue for voicing onset. In both experiments the overall intensity level provided the best metric for exp...
Are there general auditory grouping principles that allow the sounds of a single speaker to be grouped together before phonetic categorisation? Four experiments are reported on the use made of a common fundamental frequency or a common starting time in grouping formants together to form phonetic categories. The first experiment shows that the perce...