Jaime Kardontchik

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

The Schrodinger equation is often presented to the students as a fact that either does not need an explanation or that it cannot be explained. The objective of this article is to lift the mantle of mystery from this equation, and make the reader comfortable with the Schrodinger equation by relating it to the equations of de Broglie and to Kirchhoff...

The book explains how the Kennedys, the former president John F. Kennedy, and the Independent candidate for the US presidency, Robert F. Kennedy Jr, see the place of the United States in the world arena, and how to manage its relations with other nuclear powers, especially Russia.

Robert F. Kennedy Jr opened his campaign for the 2024 US presidential election on April 2023. Since then, rumors swirled about him in the social media, and he was accused – between other things – of being an antisemite. His friend, Rabbi Shmuley Boteach, invited him to a public dialog to clarify his positions about the Jews. This dialog was held on...

March 2025 edition. This edition is in Hebrew. This book does not intend to deal with all the issues related to the Arab-Israeli conflict: it only concentrates on the basic issues of it. But I am convinced that once the reader understands the origin and essence of the conflict, then all the other pieces of the conflict can be understood and the pa...

March 2025 edition. This book does not intend to deal with all the issues related to the Arab-Israeli conflict: it only concentrates on the basic issues of it. But I am convinced that once the reader understands the origin and essence of the conflict, then all the other pieces of the conflict can be understood and the path to true peace will be pos...

Edición de marzo 2025. Este libro no pretende tratar todas las cuestiones relacionadas con el conflicto árabe-israelí: sólo se concentra en las cuestiones básicas del mismo. Pero estoy convencido de que una vez que el lector entienda el origen y la esencia del conflicto, entonces todas las demás piezas del conflicto podrán ser entendidas y el camin...

March 2025 edition. The National Education Association (NEA) – a union representing teachers in elementary, middle and high schools in all the 50 states of the US – adopted last July 2022 a resolution in support of teaching the Palestinian narrative in K12 schools. The Palestinian narrative of the Arab-Israeli conflict has been already included in...

This is a transcription of a Seminar given by Dr Einat Wilf. The clarity of the ideas presented in this Seminar is outstanding. Hence, I decided to make it available to a wider audience. Dr Einat Wilf earned a B.A. from Harvard, and MBA from the INSEAD institute in France, and a PhD in political science from the University of Cambridge. The Semin...

Reading a novel in modern Hebrew is not an easy task. The book facilitates the access to the modern Israeli literature in its original version (in Hebrew) using a new and efficient method: Supplement an original novel with a good dictionary fitted to the novel. The novel I selected was written by the Israeli writer Amos Oz. Hopefully, the dictionar...

La Federación Judía de Sacramento, California, organizó una mesa redonda, el 11 de noviembre de 2021, con una delegación de "Sharaka". Sharaka es una organización de jóvenes líderes de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Bahréin, Marruecos e Israel. Fue fundada después de los Acuerdos de Abraham en 2020 para fomentar la cooperación entre Israel y el mundo...

On November 11th, 2021, the Jewish Federation of Sacramento, California, hosted a round table with a delegation of “Sharaka”. Sharaka is an organization of young leaders from the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Morocco and Israel. It was founded following the Abraham Accords in 2020 to foster cooperation between Israel and the Arab world (“sharaka”...

March 2025 edition. The book explains the fallacies behind the “boycott of Israel” arguments. It also provides a time-line for the discussions around the developments of the successive curricula for Ethnic Studies courses in public schools in California and analyzes the pitfalls of the final bill passed by the California legislature regulating the...

During the course of one year, from February 2013 to June 2014, I published a series of six papers on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and made them freely accessible and downloadable through the ResearchGate website. Usually the lifetime of a technical publication is quite limited. However, the pace at which these papers continue to be downloade...

Riemann tensors are an indispensable tool for anyone interested in studying the geometry of space using the models of General Relativity. Unfortunately, the author has not found a place where their properties are derived in a tutorial way and their components explicitly given so one can use them as the starting point for any calculations of interes...

There is an ongoing polemic regarding this issue and the World Health Organization lately said that the subject was worth investigating. Here are my two cents.

Errata to the book "Introduction to the design of transconductor-capacitor filters" by Jaime Kardontchik (published by Kluwer Academic Publishers)

The book "A Short Course in General Relativity" by James Foster and J. David Nightingale [1, 2] is reviewed. The notions of "time" and clock synchronization (or the lack of it) in the Schwarzschild solution are revisited. Several examples in the book are reexamined and viewed in a new light, and some of Foster and Nightingale's' examples and conclu...

The book "A Short Course in General Relativity" by James Foster and J. David Nightingale [1, 2] is reviewed. The notions of "time" and clock synchronization (or the lack of it) in the Schwarzschild solution are revisited. Several examples in the book are reexamined and viewed in a new light, and some of Foster and Nightingale's' examples and conclu...

The book “Modulation for young musicians: Do, Re, Mi, … notation” is intended for teenagers attending Middle and High School and students in their first two years of college. An alternative title would be: “Learn composition the way the young Beethoven did”. It includes many fully explained examples of Preludes by Bach, and sonatas by Haydn and Moz...

The book “Modulation for young musicians: A, B, C, … notation” is intended for teenagers attending Middle and High School and students in their first two years of college. An alternative title would be: “Learn composition the way the young Beethoven did”. It includes many fully explained examples of Preludes by Bach, and sonatas by Haydn and Mozart...

Optional Python code to use with my books "Modulation in Beethoven's sonatas", "Modulation in Classical Music for Young Musicians" and "Modulation in Classical Music". Can be used as a helping tool to analyze classical music works and obtain a visual representation of the architecture of the piece. How to get the code and how to use it.

“How did he do it”? As when one stands in front of a great novel or mystery book, this question comes to mind when listening to Beethoven’s music. Why do his piano sonatas sound so different from Haydn’s and Mozart’s sonatas? What rules did he follow when he wrote them? Can we discern any patterns? What could a young musician learn from Beethoven’s...

How come a physicist is writing a book on Music (and using the language of Music and not the language of Physics)? Classical Music and Classical Mechanics share a lot in common. The simple rules of Galileo and Newton (F = ma) explain why we can sip our coffee at pleasure without spilling it while riding on a high-speed train. These same rules enabl...

What makes a collection of notes a good piece of music, something that gets stuck in our brain? Why is it that we keep listening and enjoying the music of Bach, Mozart and Beethoven – composers long dead two hundred years ago? What makes a piece of music memorable? What are the rules of the grammar behind the music of the great masters? If we can u...

The previous papers [1,2] provided the foundations to understand Modulation in classical music. Analyzing a score, trying to understand the intentions of the composer, is like solving a puzzle. Solving puzzles can be very fun and instructive, both for adults and kids. Good structured puzzles have three main ingredients: a) the person has to think,...

The previous paper [1] provided the foundations needed to understand Modulation in classical music. The present paper presents a detailed analysis of modulation of large sections of classical works, as implemented by composers ranging from Scarlatti and Bach, to Haydn and Mozart and ending with two sonatas by Beethoven, including his late sonata No...

What makes a collection of notes a good piece of music, something that gets stuck in our brain? Why is it that we keep listening and enjoying the music of Bach, Mozart and Beethoven – composers long dead two hundred years ago? What makes a piece of music memorable? What are the rules of the grammar behind the music of the great masters? If we can u...

After my last series of papers on Computational Fluid Dynamics, people kept asking me when I will come with the next paper. For a while I toyed with the idea of moving from the Euler to the Navier Stokes equations and deal with friction. However, I came to the conclusion that the kind of problems I was interested in where too big to be dealt with a...

Preface Patents citing a publication provide an excellent means to measure the actual practical value and the real impact of a publication. "4D encoding in Level-One's proposal for 1000BASE-T" [1] originated as a simple email (one of the thousands of emails sent to the IEEE Reflector of the 802.3ab IEEE Task Force charted with developing the 1 Gbps...

The first part of this paper is a tutorial introduction to polynomial reconstruction and interpolation as used in ENO and CENO within the framework of the Finite Volume Method and of slope limiters used in CENO. The author believes that the literature on these subjects can be somewhat difficult to be followed and understood by students. Hopefully t...

Preface This sort of '2 nd edition' to a couple of previous papers was motivated by the feeling of the author that there was a need for an introductory tutorial on polynomial reconstruction and interpolation, as used in ENO together with the Finite Volume method. The author used this opportunity to also put together the different materials that app...

Hybrid meshes for viscous flow combine the best of two worlds: the flexibility and universality of an unstructured mesh to cover general irregular physical domains with the ability of body-fitted structured meshes to follow the actual physical flow close to the bodies and, therefore, greatly simplify the application of the Navier-Stokes equations i...

In a recent paper the author showed that the 1 st order HLLC method, when applied to complex 2D aerodynamic flows, like the supersonic flow over a blunt nose or the transonic flow over an airfoil, produces results similar to those obtained using higher-order spatial discretization methods. This rather surprising result merits a more detailed compar...

Ideally, an undergraduate CFD course must encourage strong student involvement in code development (the meaning of teaching 'C' in 'CFD'). Existing code should be easy to understand and students should find easy to tinker with it, improve it and add new modules to it. The course should be geared towards solving practical problems. And these two goa...

In this work the author proposes a different approach to teaching an undergraduate course in CFD. Python was selected for its versatility and usefulness to students in many areas beyond CFD. ENO was used for higher order accuracy on structured grids: besides being a powerful technique, students are already familiar with polynomial interpolation fro...

The purpose of this tutorial is to fill-in the missing steps that lead to the final definition of the 8 subsets of the 4D encoding, as presented many times by Sailesh Rao, from Level-One, and that I reproduce here for convenience from his last presentation in Maui: SUBSET MAPPING Subset members DO XXXX + YYYY D1 XXXY + YYYX D2 XXYY + YYXX D3 XXYX +...

A transceiver integrated circuit including a transmitter section having a phase-locked loop with an oscillator to provide an output at a predetermined transmission frequency, and a receiver section having a phase-locked loop with an oscillator used to provide a recovered clock from an incoming data signal. In a second mode when no incoming data is...

A digitally programmable Bessel filter includes a plurality of serially connected stages or biquads with each biquad including a plurality of programmable operational transconductance amplifiers. The first stage of the filter provides an all pass equal amplitude response. Two stages provide pulse slimming (first and second derivatives of an input p...

A high speed clock recovery system that provides a precise 90 degrees phase shift at the incoming NRZ data rate by using a series of differential inverters and controlling their delays in accordance with the corresponding delays of differential inverters of a ring oscillator that is part of a phase-locked loop. More particularly, the incoming NRZ d...

A digitally programmable Bessel filter includes a plurality of serially connected stages or biquads with each biquad including a plurality of programmable operational transconductance amplifiers. The first stage of the filter provides an all pass equal amplitude response. Two stages provide pulse slimming (first and second derivatives of an input p...

A digitally programmable Bessel filter includes a plurality of serially connected stages or biquads with each biquad including a plurality of programmable operational transconductance amplifiers. The first stage of the filter provides an all pass equal amplitude response. Two stages provide pulse slimming (first and second derivatives of an input p...

Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Filter Topologies and Terminology. 3. Biquad Filters. 4. Gyrator Filters. 5. State-Variable Filters. 6. Dealing with Floating Capacitors. 7. The Non-Ideal Transconductor. Part I: Parasitic Capacitances and Mismatches. 8. The Non-Ideal Transconductor. Part II: Output Impedance. 9. The Non-Ideal Transconductor. Part III:...

Until now we have assumed that the output current of the transconductor is proportional to its input signal voltage, the constant of proportionality being the transconductance gm.This is reasonable true for small input signals. For large signals this is no longer true.

Until now we have dealt with ideal transconductor elements. Their input and output parasitic capacitances, Cin and Cout, can be absorbed into the ‘real’ capacitors present at the nodes of the filter (when appropriate filter topologies are used) and, therefore, when dealt properly they do not modify the transfer function of the filter.

Tuning of gm-C filters is usually a two-step process: Step 1: Tuning of the transconductance gm to set the passaband edge frequency of the filter (called ’frequency-tuning’) Step 2: Tuning of the phase error of the integrators to minimize the distortion of the transfer function near the passband edge (called ’phase-tuning’)

There are two basic methods to build a high-order filter: 1. -by cascading biquadratic sections 2. -by emulating a passive LC ladder filter

In gm-C continuous-time filters the poles and zeros of a filter are determined by two integrated elements in the chip that are of different kind: transconductors and capacitors.These elements do not track each other. Usually, the capacitors are of the double-polysilicon type, that is, their absolute value depends on process parameters but is indepe...

Cascaded biquad filters are based on biquadratic sections. Therefore their study reduces practically to the study of biquads. Fig.3.1shows a typical biquad. This biquad has an input Vin and two outputs Vbp and Vlp. Anyone of these outputs (or both of them) can be used as input for the next biquad. Fig.3.1 Biquad filter

We are now in a position where we can proceed to the design of a gm-C filter, beginning from its specifications and ending with SPICE simulations at the transistor level.

We saw in Chapter 2 that the state variables of a passive LC ladder representing a 3rd order polynomial lowpass filter (see Fig.2.2) obeyed equations (Eqs. 2.7a-c) repeated here for convenience: $$V1 = \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1 \\ { - - - - - } \\ {s*C1*R} \\ \end{array} *[ - V1 - V2 + Vin]$$ (5.1a) $$V2 = \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} R \\ { - - - - - }...

The integrator is the basic building block of the gm-C filter and of filters in general. As we have seen, real integrators have parasitic poles, usually a low-frequency pole p 1 (i.e., below the unity-gain frequency) that introduces a lead phase, and a high-frequency pole p2 that introduces an excess phase. These phase errors of the integrator must...

Our example will be a 3rd order elliptic lowpass filter shown in Fig.4.1 In the gyrator approach both resistors and inductors are replaced by transconductor elements. Let us see how this is done.

Floating capacitors appear both in biquads and in LC ladder filters. An example of this was shown in the gyrator implementation of the 3rd order elliptic lowpass filter. CMOS technologies focused on mixed analog/digital processing have usually a floating capacitor between two layers of heavily doped polysilicon. Standard bipolar technologies do not...

Real transconductors have parasitic input and output capacitances associated with them, say Cin and Cout. For low-frequency applications these parasitic capacitances are much smaller than the capacitances of the ‘real’ capacitors used in the filters to obtain their integrators. But for high-frequency applications, say above several MHz, the real ca...

The mode reflectivity of narrow stripe-geometry double heterostructure (DH) lasers is computed taking into account lateral (parallel to the junction) confinement in addition to transverse (normal to the junction) confinement. For most practical stripe width devices, the addition of lateral confinement insignificantly alters the reflectivity of the...

A number of 5 μm stripe width shallow proton-bombarded double heterostructure (DH) AlGaAs LPE grown lasers show asymmetric light versus current characteristics and far fields. The optical power output above threshold is not the same for both faces at a given current. The far field patterns in the junction plane from the two mirrors are also differe...

The magnetic phase diagram (H-T diagram) of the nearly two-dimensional magnetic system CoCl2 is investigated. The spin-flop-paramagnetic phase boundary was determined by heat capacity measurements under various static magnetic fields. A self-consistent molecular-field calculation of the phase boundary based on the energy levels of the Co2+ ion in C...

The plasmon modes of the electron-hole plasma in GaP are investigated by pulsed Raman scattering. The two branches of the coupled plasmon-phonon modes are undamped and are observed over a wide energy range, depending on the excitation density. From this variation it is deduced that the density of electron-hole pairs varies in the range of (1-4) × 1...

The radiative recombination of the nitrogen-induced electron-hole liquid in GaP: N is observed. The liquid is formed by delocalization of excitons bound to nitrogen in crystals in which the nitrogen concentration exceeds 1017 cm-3, and under intense band-gap or selective excitation into the lowest J=1 state of the bound exciton (A line). The observ...

Raman scattering from phonon-plasmon coupled modes has been observed in several doped semiconductors.(1) The experimental observations were limited to scattering from a single component plasma (electrons in a single-valley conduction band) with negligible damping. This case has been fully analyzed within the framework of the total dielectric functi...

The dispersion relations of magnons and excitons within the 4T1g ground term of CoCl2 are investigated both theoretically and by Raman scattering. The exchange interaction between coupled Co2+ ions is taken to be isotropic in the ionic spins, with parameters 2J1=5.11±0.28 cm-1 for the intralayer (nearest-neighbor) coupling and 2J2=-0.36±0.02 cm-1 f...

The polarized Raman scattering between the electronic levels of the 4T1g ground term of Co2+ in CsMgCl3 has been observed at 2°K. We calculated the fine structure of 4T1g for this system as well as for Co2+ in CdCl2 (observed by Lockwood and Christie). Second-order perturbation theory has been employed for a Hamiltonian containing the trigonal crys...