Jaelson Castro

• Federal University of Pernambuco

Safety requirements are key elements to Critical Systems. However, it is quite challenging for Requirements Engineers to handle them, and often Safety Engineers do not model adequately the safety requirements derived from their safety analysis. In order to allow the early modeling of safety requirements by both Requirements and Safety Engineers, ou...

Although the concept of Technical Requirements Debt (DTR) is present in research and is applied in practice, its use in classroom projects is still restricted. An open question is, “How can we bring academic experience closer to the job market in Requirements Engineering (RE) activities, providing a realistic understanding of professional challenge...

Context: Requirements modeling is essential for Safety-Critical Systems because accidents are often due to inaccurate, incomplete or inconsistent requirements. The main reason of bad requirements is poor communication between safety engineers and requirements engineers. Objective: Our goal is to propose an approach that enable safety requirements t...

In the context of agile development methodologies, due to the volatile nature of requirements and constant changes, prioritizing requirements is often a problem. Requirements prioritization is a complex, collaborative, continuous, cyclical, and laborious process, resulting in low engagement. Gamification is a viable strategy for improving engagemen...

Contexto: Como engenheiros de software é essencial alinharmos os sistemas desenvolvidos na academia e na indústria às diretrizes de sustentabilidade e garantir a construção de softwares sustentáveis que tratem os potenciais efeitos a longo prazo ao invés do retorno imediato. Objetivos: Esse estudo tem como objetivo propor um catálogo de requisitos...

Contexto: Dívida técnica (DT) surge de vários fatores, como processos, decisões, ações, ou sua ausência, e pode ocorrer de forma intencional ou não intencional. Incorrer em DT pode proporcionar benefícios de curto prazo, como acelerar a entrega de produtos de software; no entanto, não gerenciar a DT pode levar a problemas financeiros e técnicos; ta...

[Context]: Humanoid Social Robots such as the NAO have been successfully used in rehabilitation and socialization experiments for patients with some type of motor limitation. However, the adoption of robots as assistive tools is challenging due to difficulties related to their development, as well as the need to combine the expertise of software de...

Resumo: Contexto: A confiança (trust) é um aspecto muito importante para a interação com robôs socialmente assistivos (SARs). Confiança em Engenharia de Requisitos é considerada um requisito não-funcional requisito a ser satisfeito, e as fases de elicitação e especificação dos requisitos de confiança contribuem diretamente para a qualidade dos SARs...

Os requisitos de segurança de Sistemas Críticos de Segurança de-vem refletir as descobertas da fase de análise de segurança inicial. Portanto, é fundamental um alinhamento entre as práticas da Engenharia de Requisitos Orientada a Objetivos e as da Engenharia de Segurança. Observa-se também o crescente interesse da comunidade de Engenharia de Segura...

Context: Embedded System (ES) is a component of a larger system embedded in a product, it is designed to repeatedly perform a specific function, while maintaining its operation under different constraints. For this reason, these systems are highly complex. Therefore, the challenges for effective and efficient development are immense. Many problems...

Contexto: A segurança dos sistemas robóticos é de extrema importância. Estes sistemas precisam ser certificados por entidades reguladoras que exijam evidências de sua segurança. Objetivo: Analisar abordagens, conceitos, ferramentas, normas e métodos relacionados à garantia da segurança em robôs. Método: Condução de uma revisão sistemática da litera...

Temos observado crescimento significativo no desenvol-vimento e utilização de robôs socialmente assistivos (Socially Assistive Robots – SARs) que interagem com humanos. Um dos aspectos críticos para a adoção desses robôs é a confiança (trust). Para a Engenharia de Requisitos, a confiança poderá ser considerada um requisito não-funcional a ser satis...

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) will transform the way we live and work. In order to cope with the complexity of AVs, we want to pro- vide an understandable process for organizations to analyze the areas of safety and security in requirements engineering for AVs. Initially, a bibliographic survey was carried out to verify the current state of the art. Ba...

Os sistemas robóticos estão presentes em nosso dia-dia, seja no trabalho colaborativo dentro das indústrias ou em casa auxiliando pessoas em diversas tarefas, acarretando um convívio intensivo com os seres humanos. Estas relações humanos-robôs precisam ser prudentes e planejadas, uma vez que são Sistemas Críticos (SC), onde a falha pode acarretar d...

Contexto: Os requisitos de segurança de Sistemas Críticos de Segurança (SCSs) devem refletir as descobertas da fase de análise de segurança inicial. Portanto, é fundamental um alinhamento entre as práticas da Engenharia de Requisitos Orientada à Objetivos e as da Engenharia de Segurança. Observa-se o crescente interesse da comunidade de Engenharia...

As dificuldades no processo de desenvolvimento de sistemas embarcados, como o tratamento de Requisitos Não-Funcionais(RNFs), levaram os desenvolvedores a buscarem na engenharia de requisitos conceitos e aplicações que apoiassem a sua construção. Assim, este artigo aborda a complexidade no tratamento de RNFs em projetos de sistemas embarcados atravé...

Contexto: A segurança dos sistemas robóticos é de extrema importância, pois falhas ou acidentes relacionados a eles podem resultar em perdas irreparáveis. Estes sistemas precisam ser certificados por entidades reguladoras que exijam evidências de sua segurança em termos de Casos de Garantia de Segurança. Objetivo: Analisar abordagens, conceitos, fe...

No campo de pesquisa dos Robôs Socialmente Asistivos (SARs) o estudo da Interação Humano-Robô (HRI) tem o importante papel de indagar a forma como o aspecto humano e robótico colaboram entre si e qual o espaço do robô na vida humana. Alguns aspectos vêm sendo bastante estudados na literatura, dentre eles a confiança, que é crucial e bastante comple...

Most problems that occur at system delivery of Embedded Systems (ES) are related to requirements misconceptions in capturing requirements. Hence, a Requirements Engineering (RE) process is crucial to meet time, cost, and quality goals. Objective: We investigate the studies to analyze and understand how the RE approaches are used for embedded system...

Safety is an important quality attribute in the development of safety-critical systems (SCS). This attribute can be achieved by improving safety processes maturity to reduce accidents and safety incidents. In this work, we present a safety module called Uni-REPM SCS for the Uni-REPM maturity model. We describe the methodology used to develop the mo...

iStar is a goal-oriented requirements modelling language which has been used by industrial and academic projects of different domains. Modelling languages are commonly extended to add new constructs giving more expressiveness. iStar is often extended to incorporate new constructs. A study performed on iStar extensions identified 96 extensions and t...

Contexto: Sistemas Críticos de Segurança (SCSs) são considerados sistemas que caso falhem, podem levar à perda de vida, perdas financeiras e danos ao meio ambiente. A Engenharia de Requisitos é essencial no desenvolvimento destes sistemas, tendo em vista que a utilização de requisitos inadequados ou incompreendidos são reconhecidos como a principal...

Modelling languages are frequently extended to include new constructs to be used together with the original syntax. New constructs may be proposed by adding textual information, such as UML stereotypes, or by creating new graphical representations. Thus, these new symbols need to be expressive and proposed in a careful way to increase the extension...

iStar is a goal-based requirement modelling language, being used both in industrial and academic projects of different domains. Often the language is extended to incorporate new constructs related to an application domain or to adjust it to practical situations during requirements modelling. These iStar extensions have been proposed in an ad-hoc wa...

Context: Safety-critical systems (SCS) must be carefully plannedsince inadequate or misunderstood requirements have been recognized as themajor cause of safety-related catastrophes. Objective: We investigate the inte-gration and requirements communication in the requirements engineering (RE)process among different parties when developing SCS. Metho...

Neste artigo, vamos explorar como evoluem os problemas de pesquisa de doutorado, mais especificamente, no grupo de pesquisa LER (Laboratório de Engenharia de Requisitos) da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE). Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo para identificar fatores que podem influenciar na evolução do problema de pesquisa dos...

Due to the complexity in the development of embedded systems, engineers look to the requirements engineering field for methods and techniques that support the construction of these systems, specially when it concerns the handling of Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs), such as cost and energy consumption. Indeed, many papers report challenges with t...

Context: Software is an important part in safety-critical system (SCS) development since it is becoming a major source of hazards. Software has been responsible to implement innovative and complex functions and to send instructions to the hardware. Requirements-related hazards have been associated with many accidents and safety incidents. Requireme...

Multi-agent systems (MAS) involve a wide variety of agents that interact with each other to achieve their goals. Usually, the agents in a MAS can be reactive or proactive, this choice defines the rationale of its elements. Rational Agents is the term used to mention a set of four kinds of reactive and proactive agents. Conceptual models which repre...

Context: traditional hazard analysis techniques were not proposed to be used in the requirements engineering (RE) process. Objective: The aim of this work is to present and discuss a new method for early safety requirements specification called SARSSi* to be used at the beginning of the development of safety-critical systems. Method: this goal is a...

Context: Safety-critical systems (SCS) are mainly controlled by software. Accordingly, the development of these systems must be carefully planned since inadequate or misunderstood requirements have been recognized as the major cause of a significant proportion of accidents and safety-related catastrophes. Objective: We investigate the integration a...

iStar is a goal-based requirements modelling language, being used in both industrial and academic projects of different domains. Often the language is extended to incorporate new constructs related to a particular application domain or to adjust it to practical situations during requirements modelling. Currently, the language is undergoing standard...

iStar has been extended since its initial proposal in the 90’s. It is worth noting that since 2016 the language notation is under standardisation. However, new extensions continue to be proposed. The search for previous extensions and its constructs can be a starting point in the proposal of new ones. So, to ease the identification of the previous...

iStar has been extended since its initial proposal in the 90's. It is worth noting that since 2016 the language notation is under standardisation. However, new extensions continue to be proposed. The search for previous extensions and its constructs can be a starting point in the proposal of new ones. PRISE (PRocess to conduct IStar Extensions) con...

Sistemas Críticos de Segurança são caracterizados por serem sistemas que caso falhem ou não se comportem como esperado, podem levar à danos ou até perdas de vidas, destruição de propriedade, perdas de missões e/ou dano ambiental. A literatura reporta uma maior probabilidade de erros relacionados à segurança (do inglês safety) estarem associados às...

Context: The development of Safety-Critical Systems (SCS) requires an adequate understanding of safety terms to avoid the specification of poor, incomplete or unclear safety requirements. However, there are some misunderstandings, mostly by requirements engineers, about the definition of such concepts. Hence, integration of safety concerns in the R...

[Context] In the embedded systems (ES) area, more than 50% of problems occur at system delivery and are related to misconceptions in capturing requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to address what should be considered by requirements engineers in the elicitation and specification phases of embedded systems. However, understanding embedded system...

[Context] Requirements Engineering (RE) for Embedded Systems (ES) is challenging since it has unique properties that make it complex, expensive and error-prone compared with other software categories , such as information systems. Due to their complexity, the risk of undetected requirements errors and deficiencies increases considerably. [Goal] Thu...

iStar has been extended since its initial proposal in the 90's. It is worth noting that since 2016 the language notation is under standardisation. However, new extensions continue to be proposed. The search for previous extensions and its constructs can be a starting point in the proposal of new ones. So, to ease the identification of the previous...

Context: Software is an important part in safety- critical system (SCS) development since it is becoming a major source of hazards. Requirements-related hazards have been as- sociated with many accidents and safety incidents. Requirements issues tend to be mitigated in companies with high processes maturity levels since they do their business in a...

Despite its potential benefits, requirements inspection is an often overlooked activity. When it is performed, it is usually in an unstructured, ad hoc fashion. This is particularly the case for requirements documented as i* goal models, considering that there is no inspection process designed specifically to address this kind of models. In this pa...

iStar is a general-purpose goal-based modelling language used to model requirements at early and late phases of software development. It has been used in industrial and academic projects. Often the language is extended to incorporate new constructs related to an application area. The language is currently undergoing standardisation, so several stud...

Context: A suitable representation of Safety-Critical Systems (SCS) requirements is crucial to avoid misunderstandings in safety requirements and issues in safety specification. However, current general requirements specification languages do not fully support the particularities of specifying SCS. Objective: In this paper, our goal is to identify...

Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) software has been increasing dramatically in last years. In this context, the Software Agents, Environments and Applications School (WESAAC) is a Brazilian event of MAS which is in its tenth edition. When studying a research area, it is important to identify the most active groups, topics, the research trends and so forth....

Problem Statement: Several research efforts have been targeted to support Requirements Engineering (RE) in general software systems for the last two decades. However, to the extent of our knowledge, there is no framework to support RE in robotic systems domain. Goal: We aimed to systematically identify and analyze the existing research progress and...

In the embedded systems (ES) area, more than 50% of problems occur at system delivery and are related to misconceptions in capturing requirements. Also, requirements engineering (RE) is crucial to meet time, cost, and quality goals. An important step to improve the RE approaches for ES is to gain a detailed understanding of the retrospective and tr...

i* models have been used for requirements specification in many domains, such as healthcare, telecommunication, and air traffic control. Managing the scalability and the complexity of such models is an important challenge in Requirements Engineering (RE). Scalability is also one of the most intractable issues in the design of visual notations in ge...

Background Context-sensitive systems use contextual information in order to adapt to the user’s current needs or requirements failure. Therefore, they need to dynamically adapt their behavior. It is of paramount importance to specify and analyze the intended behavior of these systems before they are fully implemented. The behavioral specification c...

Context: Safety-Critical Systems (SCS) require more sophisticated requirements engineering (RE) approaches as inadequate, incomplete or misunderstood requirements have been recognized as a major cause in many accidents and safety-related catastrophes. Objective: In order to cope with the complexity of specifying SCS by RE, we investigate the approa...

In the embedded systems (ES) area, more than 50% of problems occur at system delivery and are related to misconceptions in capturing requirements. According to our systematic literature review (SLR), no evidence explicitly depicts how an embedded system must be elicited and specified. However, understanding the embedded systems and their environmen...

In the embedded systems (ES) area, more than 50% of problems occur at system delivery and are related to misconceptions in capturing requirements. According to our systematic literature review (SLR), no evidence explicitly depicts how an embedded system must be elicited and specified. However, understanding the embedded systems and their environmen...

Robots are complex agents composed of various sensors and actuators that work together with software to meet specific requirements. The subset of robots that has the ability to interact among them and even with people, through gestures or speaking, is known as Social Robots. Model-Driven Development is a promising paradigm because it promotes the r...

Context: The activities related to Requirements engineering (RE) are some of the most important steps in software development, since the requirements describe what will be provided in a software system in order to fulfill the stakeholders' needs. In this context, the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC) has been a primary gathering forum for ma...

Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) software has been increasing dramatically in last years. In this context, the Software Agents, Environments and Applications School (WESAAC) is a Brazilian event of MAS which is in its tenth edition. When studying a research area, it is important to identify the most active groups, topics, the research trends and so forth....

Context: The activities related to Requirements engineering (RE) are some of the most important steps in software development, since the requirements describe what will be provided in a software system in order to fulfill the stakeholders' needs. In this context, the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC) has been a primary gathering forum for ma...

[Context] Self-adaptive systems are able to modify their own behavior according to the environment in which they are inserted. Ontology is a set of concepts and relations about a specific domain and can help in the requirements communication. The core ontology for self-adaptive systems does not cover the four groups goal-oriented modeling dimension...

Apesar do grande numero de ofertas de emprego na area de Tecnologia da Informacao e das leis criadas para apoiar a empregabilidade de pessoas com deficiencia, as taxas de desemprego destas pessoas e alta no Brasil. Este fato pode estar relacionado com a oferta de capacitacao adequada as necessidades deste publico alvo. Assim sendo, este artigo apre...

In the literature, there are available proposals that aim to contribute to bridge the gap between user interface designers and software engineers. These proposals attempt to produce architectural solutions that successfully address the usability requirements. The objective of this paper is report the planning, execution and the results of a systema...

Dynamic Software Product Lines (DSPLs) are SPLs in which the product configuration may occur at runtime. Over the last decade, DSPL has gained the interest of researchers as a way of modelling and developing dynamically adaptive systems. We have conducted a systematic mapping to discover how variability is modelled in DSPL approaches and which info...

Due to tough competition, companies must build solutions (or maintain existed) quickly and effectively, covering the needs of customers without neglecting the quality requirements. To model these solutions, there are several patterns, and the UML (Unified Modeling Language) one of the most used. However, UML is not prepared to capture domain requir...

[Context] Context-sensitive systems (CSS) must detect variations in their operating context and adapt their behavior in response to such variations. Hence, their development requires the support of appropriate methods of software engineering. [Objective] This paper describes the activities of the GO2S systematic process to specify the adaptation an...

Software systems are being used in ever more diverse and dynamic environments where they have to routinely and efficiently adapt to changing environmental conditions. Therefore, they must detect variations in their operating context and adapt their behavior in response to such variations. However, specifying monitoring and adaptation can be difficu...

Context-sensitive systems are flexible, capable of acting autonomously on behalf of users and to dynamically adapt their behavior. This work proposes a systematic process to derive the behavior of context-sensitive systems from contextual goal models considering the impact of non-functional requirements (NFRs). This process is centered on the incre...

As organizações estão inseridas em ambientes dinâmicos, onde mudanças são constantes graças a fatores geográficos, climáticos, financeiros e outros. Com isso, as empresas precisam manter seus processos atualizados e funcionando adequadamente, sem desprezar os requisitos de qualidade. Baseado neste cenário, foi proposto na literatura uma abordagem d...

There is an increase use of ontology-driven approaches to support requirements engineering (RE) activities , such as elicitation, analysis, specification, validation and management of requirements. However, the RE community still lacks a comprehensive understanding of how ontologies are used in RE process. Thus, the main objective of this work is t...

Requirements engineering is an important phase of software engineering. The integration of the various requirements models remains a major challenge. In previous work we proposed a process to generate UML Use Cases from i∗ (istar) organizational models. It is supported by the JGOOSE tool, which transforms i∗ models, produced by a third party tool,...

Requirements Engineering (RE) discipline deals with elicitation, analysis, specification, validation and management of requirements. Several ontology-driven approaches have been proposed to improve these RE activities. However, the requirements engineering community still lacks a comprehensive understanding on how ontologies are used in RE process....

This special issue of the CLEI Electronic Journal consists of extended and revised versions of a selection of the best papers presented at the XXXIX Latin American Computing Conference (CLEI 2013), which took place in October 2013 in Naiguatá, Venezuela. The editors for this special issue were the chairs of the symposia from CLEI 2013 where these p...

The derivation of statecharts from requirements has been addressed from many perspectives. All of them assume that the derivation process is a linear series of refinements resulting in a single statechart, thereby missing the opportunity to explore alternatives in the design space. We propose a multi-dimensional approach that exploits inherent vari...

A metamodel provides an abstract syntax to distinguish between valid and invalid models. That is, a metamodel is as useful for a modeling language as a grammar is for a programming language. In this context, although the Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model is the "de facto" standard modeling language for database conceptual design, to the best...

In previous works we have defined the STREAM strategy to align requirements and architectural models. It includes four activities and several transformations rules that could be used to support the systematic generation of a structural architectural model from goal oriented requirements models. The activities include the Preparation of Requireme...

i* is a goal-oriented and agent-oriented modeling framework that focuses on the analysis of intentional and strategic relationships among actors. In this mini-tutorial, we highlight a number of recent applications in practical industrial and business settings.

The Tropos project was launched in the Fall of 1999 with main objective the development of a methodology for building agent-oriented software systems. The methodology was grounded on i* and was first presented in full at the CAiSE 2001 conference. This short article details some of the directions that were pursued in the project since that time.

Adaptability is an important requirement that aims to reconfigure bu-siness processes through contextual information. Non-functional requirements (NFRs) are also important for organizations, as they are related to restriction and quality aspects. However, in the business process modeling, NFR and con-text are hard to be captured and represented. Ho...

Background: Aspect-Oriented Software Development (AOSD) is a paradigm that promotes advanced separation of concerns and modularity throughout the software development lifecycle, with a distinctive emphasis on modular structures that cut across traditional abstraction boundaries. In the last 15 years, research on AOSD has boosted around the world. T...

In recent years the model driven software development paradigm has gained popularity. For example, initial requirements expressed in terms of i* (iStar) models have been transformed into OO-Method conceptual models that allows the complete generation of the final application. Unfortunately, the non-functional requirements (NFRs) or softgoals presen...

Requirements models can be used to describe what is expected from a software system. On the other hand, architectural models can describe the structure of a system in terms of its components and connectors. However, these models do not capture the rationale of the decisions made during architectural design. This knowledge is important throughout th...

The growing interest in developing adaptive systems has led to numerous proposals for approaches aimed at supporting their development. Some approaches define adaptation mechanisms in terms of architectural design, consisting of concepts such as components, connectors and states. Other approaches are requirements-based, thus concerned with goals, t...

The celebration of 25th anniversary of the Brazilian Symposium of Software Engineering (SBES) as well as the forthcoming Requirements Engi-neering Conference to be held in Brazil for the first time, has led us to have a closer look at the local Requirements Engineering (RE) Community. A system-atic mapping was performed in order to find out the mai...

Nowadays, business processes are becoming increasingly complex and heterogeneous. Autonomic Computing principles can reduce this complexity by autonomously managing the software systems and the running processes, their states and evolution. Business Processes that are able to be self-managed are referred to as Autonomic Business Processes (ABP). Ho...

In agile methods the user stories are widely used to describe requirements. However, the user stories are an artifact too narrow to represent and detail the requirements. Issues like software context and dependencies between stories are also limited with the use of only this artifact. The lack of documentation in agile development environment is id...

Goal-oriented requirements engineering (GORE) approaches for Software Product Lines (SPLs) offer a natural way to capture not only stakeholders' goals but also similarities and the variability of an SPL. Goals to Software Product Lines (G2SPL) is an approach that guides the systematic creation of an SPL feature model from i∗models with cardinality....