Jacob M Wilson

Applied Science and Performance Institute

The primary objective of this investigation was to identify which components of endurance training (e.g., modality, duration, frequency) are detrimental to resistance training outcomes. A meta-analysis of 21 studies was performed with a total of 422 effect sizes (ESs). Criteria for the study included were (a) compare strength training alone to stre...

The purpose of this article is to provide strength and conditioning practitioners with an understanding of the role of elastic energy in activities with high force and power requirements. Specifically, the article covers 1) the nature of elasticity and its application to human participants, 2) the role of elastic energy in activities requiring a st...

Stretching before anaerobic events has resulted in declines in performance; however, the immediate effects of stretching on endurance performance have not been investigated. This study investigated the effects of static stretching on energy cost and endurance performance in trained male runners. Ten trained male distance runners aged 25 +/- 7 years...

We examined whether acute and/or chronic skeletal muscle anabolism is impaired with a low carbohydrate diet formulated to elicit ketosis (LCKD) versus a mixed-macronutrient Western diet (WD). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (9-10 weeks of age, 300-325 g) were provided isoenergetic amounts of a LCKD or a WD for 6 weeks. In AIM 1, basal serum and gastrocnem...

Introduction Dry eye disease (DED) is multifactorial and characterized by a loss of tear film homeostasis that causes a cycle of tear film instability, tear hyperosmolarity, and inflammation. While artificial tears are the traditional mainstay of treatment, addressing the underlying pathophysiology could relieve symptoms and prevent progression. In...

BACKGROUND Numerous mobile phone applications have been developed with the goal of producing behavior changes that lead to weight loss and enhanced health. However, the evidence basis for these applications is often lacking, which renders them ineffective for altering health behaviors. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine...

Geranylgeraniol (GG), an ingredient extracted from the South American annatto plant, has been shown to benefit bone and muscle health, is crucial in the biosynthesis of menaquinone-4 and coenzyme Q10, and has pain and inflammation reduction activities. However, no known studies to date have demonstrated the safety and impact of GG supplementation i...

Abstract Background: Resistance training has consistently demonstrated robust effects on muscle hypertrophy. However, previous investigations have not reported the bilateral symmetry of these adaptations. Methods: 21 healthy young men with at least 5-years of bench press training experience completed a 4-week bench press mesocycle. 10 men were ra...

(1) Background: Iron deficiency without anemia (IDWA) is a prevalent health concern in premenopausal women. Oral supplementation of iron may be a viable solution to improve blood-iron status in women; however, the effects of a high-dose iron-supplement regimen have been associated with gastrointestinal side effects. Therefore, the purpose of the pr...

Background: Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is an essential micronutrient for human health and optimal physiological function. Inadequacy may be common due to a lack of bioavailability. The use of dietary lipids alongside other emulsification agents may elicit more robust serum concentrations of α-tocopherol via improved bioavailability. Therefore, the a...

Purpose This study compared the effects of offset loading (OSL) versus traditional loading (TDL) in the bench press exer-cise on pectoral muscle thickness and bench press strength over a 4-week mesocycle. Methods: Twenty male participantsaged 18–45 years with at least 5 years of bench press experience and a bench press one-repetition maximum equal...

One resistance training variable that may be altered to achieve desired outcomes is the range of motion used in training. Generally, the strength and conditioning field has accepted that using a greater range of motion in strength training exercises results in more substantial muscle hypertrophy outcomes. However, this theory has proved to be incon...

Psychiatry stands to benefit from brief non-pharmacological treatments that effectively reduce depressive symptoms. To address this need, we conducted a single-blind randomized clinical trial assessing how a 6-day immersive psychosocial training program, followed by 10-minute daily psychosocial exercises for 30 days, improves depressive symptoms. F...

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L-carnitine tartrate has been shown to improve relatively short-term recovery among athletes. However, there is a lack of research on the longer-term effects in the general population. Objective: The primary objectives of this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial were to evaluate the effects of daily L-carnitine tartrate supplementat...

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of an immersive seminar, which included moderate intensities of physical activity, on learning when compared to traditional lecture format. Twenty-six healthy participants were randomly divided into an immersive seminar or traditional lecture format group and presented material related to positi...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been responsible for one of the worst pandemics in modern history. Several prevention and treatment strategies have been designed and evaluated in recent months either through the repurposing of existing treatments or the development of new drugs and vaccines. In this study, we show t...

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of marine phytoplankton supplementation (Oceanix®, Tetraselmis chuii) on 1) maximal isometric strength and immune function in healthy humans following a oneweek high-intensity resistance-training program and 2) the proinflammatory cytokine response to exercise in a rat model. Methods: In the human tri...

The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, very low-carbohydrate, moderate-protein diet that will induce a state of ketosis, but because of its restrictive nature, it may be difficult to adhere to, especially in adolescents. Supplementing with exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate salts may induce a state of temporary ketosis without any undesirable side effects,...

Baseball throwing is typically performed with one dominant arm, and after years of throwing, the skills becomes autonomous and improvement is slowed. Incorporating training of the non-dominant arm could induce a cross-education effect and assist in improving the dominant throwing arm. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect...

This study investigated the effects of marine phytoplankton supplementation on 1) perceived recovery and ground reaction forces in humans following a non-functional overreaching resistance-training program and 2) myogenic molecular markers associated with muscle cell recovery in a rat model. In the human trial, a 5-week resistance-training program...

The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, very low-carbohydrate, moderate-protein diet that will induce a state of ketosis. Ketosis is a metabolic state characterized by elevated ketone body production in response to the absence of carbohydrates. Some drawbacks of the ketogenic diet are that it can be difficult to adhere to due to its restrictive nature, a...

Background Muscle mass is an important determinant of metabolic health and physical function. It has previously been demonstrated that the postprandial rise in circulating essential amino acids acts as the main stimulus for muscle protein synthesis (MPS). The current study investigated the postprandial plasma essential amino acid (EAA) and branched...

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of a hypercaloric diet with regular peanut butter (HC + RPB) versus a hypercaloric diet with modified cyclodextrin based peanut butter (HC + MPB) on body composition and metabolism. The study was a crossover design using 6 healthy male subjects. Fat mass significantly increased from Pre- to...

Background Baseball throwing is typically done with one dominant arm and after years of throwing the skills becomes autonomous and improvement is slowed. Incorporating training of the non-dominant arm could induce a cross-education effect and assist in improving the dominant throwing arm. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the ef...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of antioxidant-rich marine phytoplankton supplementation (Oceanix, OCX) on performance and muscle damage following a cross-training event in endurance-trained subjects. Additionally, an animal model was carried out to assess the effects of varying dosages of OCX, with exercise, on intramuscula...

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate marine phytoplankton supplementation (Microalgae Tetraselmis chuii, Oceanix™, OCX) that is rich in antioxidant enzymes, essential fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids and minerals on Explosive Strength (ES), and Immune Function during short term intensive training. Methods Trained male and fema...

Extended periods of intensified physical training results in decrements in physical and perceptual recovery. As a result, nutritional recovery methods are highly sought after. Purpose This study investigated targeted enriched marine phytoplankton supplementation (Microalgae Tetraselmis chuii, Oceanix™, OCX) on Perceived Recovery (PRS) and Explosiv...

Introduction: Practice schedules have been widely researched in laboratory tasks but remain limited in sport specific skills such as the baseball swing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of random (RD) versus blocked (BL) practice on the dominant side (well learned) and non-dominant side (novel) baseball swing. Method...

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mechanical fascia manipulation techniques as a noninvasive method to treat cellulite. Study Design: This study is designed to be a clinical study looking at the effects of a non-invasive treatment for the appearance of cellulite. Methods: Thirty-three adult women in the experim...

Background: Muscle mass is an important determinant of metabolic health and physical function. It has previously been demonstrated that the postprandial rise in circulating essential amino acids (EAA) acts as the main stimulus for muscle protein synthesis (MPS). This study investigated postprandial plasma amino acid (AA) responses of 2 different f...

Objective: To examine the relationship of nutrition parameters with the modified frailty index (mFI) and postoperative complications in hip fracture patients. Design: Retrospective observational cohort study. Setting: Urban, American College of Surgeons-Verified, Level-1, Trauma Center. Patients/participants: Three hundred seventy-seven cons...

OBJECTIVE Ketogenic diets (KD) have been investigated for their ability to alter body composition as well as a possible nutritional intervention for epilepsy; however, little is known about long‐term adherence to a KD and its physiological impact. Considering the fat content of a KD and recent research that show a high fat diet may cause cardiac hy...

Introduction Krill oil supplementation has been shown to improve postexercise immune function; however, its effect on muscle hypertrophy is currently unknown. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the ability of krill oil to stimulate mTOR signaling and its ability to augment resistance training-induced changes in body composition...

PurposeThe optimal health benefits of curcumin are limited by its low solubility in water and corresponding poor intestinal absorption. Cyclodextrins (CD) can form inclusion complexes on a molecular basis with lipophilic compounds, thereby improving aqueous solubility, dispersibility, and absorption. In this study, we investigated the bioavailabili...

Dietary fibre refers to nutrients in the diet that gastrointestinal enzymes do not digest. If properly labelled, dietary fibres should not significantly elevate blood glucose or insulin and should ferment in the large intestine. Because of the recent rise in low-carbohydrate products on the market, consumers use these various fibres without adequat...

Adopting low carbohydrate, ketogenic diets remains a controversial issue for individuals who resistance train given that this form of dieting has been speculated to reduce skeletal muscle glycogen levels and stifle muscle anabolism. We sought to characterize the effects of a 12-week ketogenic diet (KD) on body composition, metabolic, and performanc...

We determined the short- and long-term effects of a ketogenic diet (KD) or ketone salt (KS) supplementation on multi-organ oxidative stress and mitochondrial markers. For short-term feedings, 4 month-old male rats were provided isocaloric amounts of KD (n = 10), standard chow (SC) (n = 10) or SC + KS (~1.2 g/day, n = 10). For long-term feedings, 4...

Alterations in transcriptional and translational mechanisms occur during skeletal muscle aging and such changes may contribute to age-related atrophy. Herein, we examined markers related to global transcriptional output (i.e., myonuclear number, total mRNA and RNA pol II levels), translational efficiency [i.e., eukaryotic initiation and elongation...

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of post-workout consumption of beef protein isolate (Beef), hydrolyzed chicken protein (Chx) or whey protein concentrate (WPC), compared to a control on lean mass and strength during 8 weeks of resistance training. Forty-one males and females were randomized into four groups: WPC (m=5, f=5; Age...

Methods: Twenty-five college aged men were divided into a KD or traditional WD from weeks 1-10, with a reintroduction of carbohydrates from weeks 10-11, while participating in a resistance-training program. Body composition, strength, power, and blood lipid profiles were determined at week 0, 10 and 11. A comprehensive metabolic panel and testoste...

We examined if 6 weeks of progressive resistance-loaded voluntary wheel running in rats induced plantaris, soleus, and/or gastrocnemius hypertrophy and/or affected markers of translational efficiency, ribosome biogenesis, and markers of proteolysis. For 6 weeks, 8 male Sprague-Dawley rats (~9-10 weeks of age, ~300-325 g) rats were assigned to the p...

Objective: Oral adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) administration has failed to increase plasma ATP levels; however, chronic supplementation with ATP has shown to increase power, strength, lean body mass, and blood flow in trained athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ATP supplementation on postexercise ATP levels and...

Purpose: Ketogenic diets (KD) can facilitate weight loss, but their effects on skeletal muscle remain equivocal. In this experiment we investigated the effects of two diets on skeletal muscle mitochondrial coupling, mitochondrial complex activity, markers of oxidative stress, and gene expression in sedentary and resistance exercised rats. Methods:...

Many sports involve repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise. High-intensity exercise is compromised, however, by the early onset of exercise-induced fatigue. Metabolic by-products, ion dysbalance and amount of phosphocreatine are considered the main peripheral causes of fatigue during high-intensity exercise. Intake of nutritional ergogenic aids...

Effects of MusclePharm Assault BlackTM on lower extremity spinal excitability and postactivation potentiation: A pilot study Brian Wallace*, Haley Bergstrom, Kelly Wallace Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA Email: brian.wallace@uky.edu; brian.wallace@northern.edu Background: Caffeine h...

Objective: Probiotics have been reported to support healthy digestive and immune function, aid in protein absorption, and decrease inflammation. Further, a trend to increase vertical jump power has been observed following co-administration of protein and probiotics in resistance-trained subjects. However, to date the potential beneficial effect of...

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Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) supplementation helps maintain performance under high fatiguing contractions and with greater fatigue recovery demands also increase. Current evidence suggests that the free acid form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB-FA) acts by speeding regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle following high intensity or prolonged...

We investigated the effects different diets on adipose tissue, liver and serum morphology and biomarkers in rats that voluntarily exercised. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (~9-10 weeks of age) exercised with resistance-loaded voluntary running wheels (EX; wheels loaded with 20-60% body mass) or remained sedentary (SED) over 6 weeks. EX and SED rats were...

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Fortetropin on skeletal muscle growth and strength in resistance-trained individuals and to investigate the anabolic and catabolic signaling effects using human and rodent models. Methods: In the rodent model, male Wistar rats (250 g) were gavage fed with either 1.2 ml of tap...

Background The primary purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of arachidonic acid (ARA) supplementation on functional performance and body composition in trained males. In addition, we performed a secondary study looking at molecular responses of ARA supplementation following an acute exercise bout in rodents. Methods Thirty stre...

OBJECTIVE Ribosome biogenesis is an essential process for regulating skeletal muscle mass by facilitating muscle protein synthesis. Aging results in numerous alterations in skeletal muscle; specifically, a decline in protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. However, less is known about the functional impact of the ribosome in aging skeletal muscle. Th...

PURPOSE Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein degradation (MPD) are well known modulators for muscle mass maintenance. Given that slow‐twitch skeletal muscle atrophies with aging, we sought to examine the effects of aging on MPS and MPD markers in the soleus muscle of rodents ranging from 3 to 24 months. MEHTODS Male Fischer 344 rats (...

Low‐carbohydrate diets (LCD) can facilitate weight loss, but their effects on skeletal muscle remain equivocal. In this experiment we investigated the effects of three diets on skeletal muscle gene expression in sedentary and resistance exercised rats. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats (9–10 weeks of age, 300–325 g) were divided into three groups: fed a sta...

Very low‐carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets are becoming increasingly popular as weight loss interventions. This study examined the effects of ketogenic (KD), Western (WD), and standard chow (SC) control diets in sedentary (SED) and physically active (EX) rats on adipocyte size and beiging in three fat depots. METHODS Male Sprague‐Dawley rats (~9–10 w...

Objective Low‐carbohydrate ketogenic diets (LCKDs) are a common modality to facilitate weight loss/control; however, the frequency of adherence needed to attain these benefits has not been adequately described. In addition, LCKDs have the propensity to elevate circulating ketone bodies, thus supplementing ketones may confer additional health benefi...