Jacob E Barkley

Kent State University | KSU · School of Health Sciences

Given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to identify lifestyle factors associated with infection outcomes. Physical activity is a lifestyle factor which measurably decreased during the pandemic. Purpose: To examine the relationship between physical activity and COVID-19 infection outcomes. Method: College students owning an iPhone with...

Esports gamers compete in sanctioned tournaments whereas recreational gamers play video games casually for fun. Research suggests exercise might benefit esports performance. Regular exercise combined with prolonged sitting while gaming may lead esports gamers to be “Active Couch Potatoes,” (highly sedentary individuals who meet physical activity gu...

Introduction: Prior research has examined the relationships between cellphone use and physical activity and sedentary behavior as well as measures of psychological well-being and academic performance. This work largely focuses on adults. However, there is an inverse relationship between cellphone use and age. Because their cellphone use may be diff...

Introduction: Wearable physical activity monitors are popular and may provide a more accurate data than subjective methods. The present study assessed the validity of a novel, low-cost wearable physical activity monitor (Movband 3) relative to established measures. Methods: Participants (N = 19) completed four treadmill stages (1.5, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 M...

Introduction: Cell phone use is associated with physical activity and sedentary behavior. These relationships have not been assessed in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed the potential effects of pandemic-related restrictions on cell phone use and the possible relationship of altered cell phone use to physical activity, seden...

Introduction: Existing evidence supports a positive relationship between smartphone use and sedentary behavior (i.e., high smartphone use is associated with high sitting). While evidence supports that smartphone use during physical activity reduces intensity, the relationship between daily smartphone use and daily physical activity is equivocal. Pr...

This study examined the multidimension assumption of the often-used 33-item, six-factor Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) by employing four confirmatory factor models (i.e., one-factor, first-order six-factor, second-order six-factor, and bifactor). Survey data were collected from 1155 undergraduate students in a US public university. Findings showe...

Using a within-subjects design, this study assessed the experimental effect of common activities upon positive and negative affect scores in a college student sample. All participants completed the following 30-minute activity conditions: treadmill walking, self-selected schoolwork (i.e., studying), social media use, and a control condition where p...

Research examining video game players from a psychological and behavioral perspective is prominent however there is still a need to better distinguish casual from serious video game players (i.e., gamers). The present research developed a nine-item scale for assessing the extent to which an individual self-identifies as a gamer and tested the scale...

Decreases in individuals’ physical activity and increases in sedentary behavior and bodyweight have been reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study assessed the ability of physical activity monitoring, which may promote physical activity and discourage sedentary behavior, to mitigate these negative outcomes. An evaluation of universit...

Purpose: To assess children's physical activity, sedentary behavior, liking, and motivation during 3 separate simulated recess conditions: playing alone, with their parent participating, and with their peer participating. Methods: Children participated in the 3 separate conditions. During each condition, the children had access to an outdoor pla...

Objective: This study assessed the oxygen consumption [VO2 mL/(kg·min)], liking, and relative reinforcing (motivating) value (RRV) of a moderately physiologically challenging exergame [Nintendo Wii-Sports Boxing (Boxing)] versus a minimally challenging exergame [Nintendo Wii Lego Star Wars (Lego)]. Materials and Methods: VO2 and liking were record...

Smartphone and social media use are common leisure activities among college students. These activities are correlated with boredom in survey research, yet causality is undetermined. Using an experimental design, we assessed the effect of smartphone use and other common, free-choice activities on boredom. For this study, 40 college students complete...

The purpose of this study was to assess changes in pain and physical activity after replacing a traditional spinal cord stimulation (SCS) implantable pulse generator with a next generation SCS in patients for whom traditional SCS was no longer providing adequate relief of low back and/or leg pain. Subjects (n = 19) who reported that they were no lo...

The purpose of the current study was to examine physiologic response, liking, and relative reinforcing value (RRV) of children playing an exergame with a friend under two goal structures: competitive and cooperative. A sample of twenty participants (8.7 ± 1.3 years old) and a self-selected friend completed three conditions: rest, competitive, and c...

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(5): 1326-1339, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has closed non-essential businesses which may alter individuals' leisure behaviors. Consequently, physical activity and sedentary behavior may be negatively impacted as many fitness and recreational centers have been closed. This study aimed to examine the impac...

The relationship between self-selected fitness application software use (henceforth, fitness apps) and physical activity behavior is not well studied, nor is the role that exercise identity may play in predicting fitness app use. This study examined these relationships by evaluating the ability of exercise identity to mediate a hypothesized positiv...

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) results in a global decrease in information processing, ultimately resulting in dysfunction executing motor-cognitive tasks. Motor-cognitive impairments contribute to postural instability, often leading to falls and decreased physical activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a multimodal...

Research has shown that multitasking in classrooms negatively impacts students' academic performance. This study investigated the indirect effects of multitasking on academic performance (i.e., Grade Point Average [GPA]) through self-efficacy for self-regulated learning (SESRL) in males and females (i.e., by gender). Measures of multitasking behavi...

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between smartphone use, television viewing, and the “active couch potato” in sufficiently active adults. Methods: A sample of 328 sufficiently active adults aged 18 to 80 years (mean ± SD = 38 ± 15 years) completed surveys assessing smartphone use, television viewing, physical activity, and sedentary behavio...

Purpose Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) is known to protect humans against local cold injuries and improve manual dexterity. The current study examined the effects of metabolic heat production on cold-induced vasodilation responses in normobaric hypoxia and normoxia. Methods Ten participants immersed their non-dominant hand into 5 °C water for 15...

Objective “Active couch potato” describes an individual who is sufficiently physically active yet highly sedentary. Cell phones promote activities understood as sedentary behaviors (e.g. watching videos). Research demonstrates that cell phone use is positively associated with sedentary behavior. Although sedentary behavior typically displaces physi...

To determine if self-reported negative social interaction mediates the relationship between sedentary behavior and body mass index (BMI) percentile in boys. Twelve overweight/obese (≥85th BMI percentile) and 14 non-overweight (<85th BMI percentile) boys (10.5 ± 1.5 years old) completed surveys assessing overt peer victimization and relational victi...

This study compared college students’ multitasking in online courses with their multitasking in face-to-face courses and explored the significance of potential predictors of multitasking in each setting. Students taking both online and face-to-face courses completed surveys assessing multitasking in each setting, self-efficacy for self-regulated le...

Low-cost physical activity monitors may provide a more accurate measure of physical activity than subjective methods (e.g., self-report) while being less costly than research-grade accelerometers. The present study assessed the validity of a low-cost monitor (Movband 2) to estimate physical activity behavior/intensity. Participants (N = 23, n = 16...

Purpose To assess situational cell phone use (i.e., sitting, standing, or physically active) and the relationship between cell phone use, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in adults 18–80 years old. Methods An on-line survey was completed by adults (N = 423; n = 256 females, 40 ± 16 years old) which assessed situational and total cell phon...

Background/Objective Physical activity (PA) is important in reducing childhood obesity, yet a majority of children are not meeting PA guidelines. Schools have been identified as a place to promote childhood PA. The purpose of this study was to determine the best type of physically active recess period to increase preschool-aged children's PA. Meth...

The current study aimed to model the relationships between problematic mobile phone use and others variables including internet addiction, gender, academic self-efficacy, and achievement. Path Analysis results indicated that the model had a good overall fit. Internet addiction was positively related to problematic mobile phone use. Additionally, ac...

Background: Mobile Internet-connected electronic devices provide access to activities that have traditionally been associated with sedentary behavior. Because they are portable, these devices can be utilized in any environment. Therefore, providing children with access to these devices in environments that typically promote physical activity may r...

Introducion. With wearable technology topping both the 2016 and 2017 American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) Fitness Trends survey, research in this area is needed to help determine the importance of such devices. Purpose. To determine the effect of wearing a popular, commercially-available wearable activity monitor (i.e., Fitbit One) upon physi...

Training with a partner is a common practice amongst athletes, but there is little research on the causal impact of peer influence on acute exercise behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine if running with an unfamiliar peer (versus alone) affects average speed, enjoyment, or perceived exertion during self-paced outdoor running. Sixteen...

Objective: To assess self-reported walking and sedentary behavior in young adults before and after downloading "Pokémon Go!". Materials and methods: In September 2016, a sample of 358 (19.8 ± 2.1 years old, n = 187 females) college students who had downloaded "Pokémon Go!" on their cellular telephones (i.e., cell phones) were surveyed for weekly...

Previously, our group have shown that interacting with peers and/or parents, relative to playing alone, increases physical activity behavior in children without altering perceived exertion. It is possible that the enriching nature of interacting with peers and parents distracts children from how intense their physical activity is thus disrupting th...

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 76-86, 2017. Parkinson's dis ease is a neurodegenerative disease that has traditionally been treated with anti-parkinsonian medication. There is increasing evidence that exercise is beneficial to those with PD, therefore, it is neces s a ry to validate a measure of exertion that can be implemented ac...

Objective Research on adults and animals has demonstrated that chronic and acute overfeeding can alter physical activity behavior. However, there are no assessments of the acute effects of high-calorie (HC) meals on physical activity behavior in children. This is of importance as a typical school lunch is HC. If this type of meal negatively impacts...

College students spend hours each day using their cell phones. A common motivation for this behavior is the maintenance of social relations. Yet depending on cell phone use behavior, cell phone use could potentially strengthen or weaken social relations. We investigated this possibility with a survey (N = 493) assessing students' perceptions of imp...

Background: Exercise has long played a critical role in the recovery from athletic injuries. Of recent, concussion research has escalated creating new insights into the treatment of and rehabilitation from concussion syndromes. As part of the concussion research, multiple uses of the ImPACT tool have evolved to measure cognitive function. However,...

Modern cellular telephones (cell phones) are ubiquitous and increasingly used for leisure purposes. This article identifies motivations for leisure time cell phone use and associated experiential outcomes. Concurring results from two independent studies are presented. Study 1 used qualitative methods and found that high versus low frequency cell ph...

Cellular telephone (cell phone) use decreases walking speed in controlled laboratory experiments and there is an inverse relationship between free-living walking speed and heart failure risk. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of cell phone use on walking speed in a free-living environment. Subjects (n = 1142) were randomly observe...

Objective: This study was designed to assess physiologic responses and hedonics (i.e., liking) during prolonged physically interactive videogame play. Materials and methods: Participants (n = 24) completed three 30-minute videogame conditions on separate days in a random order. During two of the conditions participants played physically interact...

Research suggests that cell phone use is related to sedentary behavior, that cell phone use during exercise reduces intensity, and that high frequency cell phone users are less fit than other users. Thus, cell phone use appears connected to health and fitness behaviors and should be better understood within this context. The present study investiga...

Carnes, AJ, Petersen, JL, and Barkley, JE. Effect of peer influence on exercise behavior and enjoyment in recreational runners. J Strength Cond Res 30(2): 497-503, 2016-Fitness professionals and popular media sources often recommend exercising with a partner to increase exercise motivation, adherence, intensity, and/or duration. Although competitio...

Objectives: To assess the amount, intensity, enjoyment, and preference of children's physical activity in a controlled gymnasium setting under 3 experimental, social conditions: alone, with a parent watching, and with a parent participating. Study design: Children (n = 10 girls, 10 boys), 3-6 years old, along with 1 parent (n = 17 mothers, 3 fat...

Background: Increasing autonomy by manipulating the choice of available physical activity options in a laboratory setting can increase physical activity in older children and adults. However, the effect of manipulating the number of physically active choices has yet to be examined in young children in a gymnasium environment. Methods: Twenty chi...

While mobile phones (henceforth cell phones) provide nearly constant access to activities (eg, watching videos, playing games) traditionally associated with sedentary behavior, the relationship between cell phone use, sedentary behavior, and physical activity is untested. The purpose of this study was to assess these relationships. A sample of coll...

Transgender individuals are more likely to have lower social support and a more negative self-image than their cisgender (i.e., non-transgender) counterparts. While emerging research has demonstrated a potential association between these factors and physical activity behaviour, no studies have examined this relationship in transgender individuals....

This study used a within-subjects design to assess the effect of three common cellular telephone (cell phone) functions ( texting , talking , listening to music ) on planned exercise. Forty-four young adults ( n = 33 females, 21.8 ± 1.3 years) each participated in four, separate, 30-minute exercise conditions on a treadmill in a random order. Durin...

Nintendo(®) (Kyoto, Japan) "Wii™ Sports Boxing" ("Wii Boxing") and Xbox(®) (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) "Kinect(®) Sports Boxing" ("Kinect Boxing") are both boxing simulation videogames that are available for two different active videogame (AVG) systems. Although these AVGs are similar, the style of gameplay required is different (i.e., upper body only...

OPEN ACCESS: http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/5/1/2158244015573169 The cell phone is ever-present on college campuses and is frequently used in settings where learning occurs. This study assessed the relationship between cell phone use and actual college grade point average (GPA) after controlling for known predictors. As such, 536 undergraduate st...

College students are more likely to use their cell phones for leisure than for school or work. Because leisure is important for health and well-being, and cell phone use has been associated with mental and physical health, the relationship between cell phone use and leisure should be better understood. This research classified college students into...

The present study assessed children’s appetite after consumption of either a low-calorie (LC) or high-calorie (HC) meal, followed by a timed bout of physical activity. Children aged six to ten years (N=19) participated in each of two trials, where they were asked to consume a HC or LC meal, and were then given free-choice access to physical and sed...

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(3) : 194-201, 2014. Previous studies have assessed physiologic response while playing video games per manufacturer instructions with participants standing during active video game play and seated during sedentary game play. It is not known whether an assigned seated or standing position affects positional...

People living with HIV (PLWH) are living longer and are at greater risk for chronic comorbidities (e.g., cardiovascular disease, cancer) compared to those not living with HIV. Regular, sustained exercise can prevent and/or mitigate the severity of these comorbidities. Our purpose was to describe patterns of planned exercise implemented in the home...