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Publications (29)
The published literature often underrepresents studies that do not find evidence for a treatment effect; this is often called publication bias. Literature reviews that fail to include such studies may overestimate the size of an effect. Only a few studies have examined publication bias in single-case design (SCD) research, but those studies suggest...
Researchers frequently conceptualize publication bias as a bias against publishing nonsignificant results. However, other factors beyond significance levels can contribute to publication bias. Some of these factors include study characteristics, such as the source of funding for the research project, whether the project was single center or multice...
The method of maximum likelihood provides a versatile way to estimate and conduct inference about moderators of effect size in meta-analytic models. The metafor package for the open-source statistical software R offers easy access to this method. We discuss inferential choices that the meta-analyst must make, and advocate the general choice of rand...
The present longitudinal study examines the role of caregiver speech in language development, especially syntactic development, using 47 parent-child pairs of diverse SES background from 14 to 46 months. We assess the diversity (variety) of words and syntactic structures produced by caregivers and children. We use lagged correlations to examine lan...
This article examines caregiver speech to young children. The authors obtained several measures of the speech used to children during early language development (14-30 months). For all measures, they found substantial variation across individuals and subgroups. Speech patterns vary with caregiver education, and the differences are maintained over t...
We do not regard the better-than-average effect as ‘the only acceptable measure of self-enhancement’ (Heine, Kitayama, & Hamamura, 2007b). Rather, we object to meta-analytical inclusion of effects that are incapable of testing the tactical self-enhancement hypothesis. In Investigation 1 of Sedikides, Gaertner, and Vevea (2007a), 12 of the 24 effect...
Heine, Kitayama and Hamamura (2007) attributed the Sedikides, Gaertner and Vevea (2005) findings to the exclusion of six papers. We report a meta-analysis that includes those six papers. The Heine et al. conclusions are faulty, because of a misspecified meta-analysis that failed to consider two moderators central to the theory. First, some of their...
Investigations of sensory memory have often relied on discrimination processes: participants judge whether a reference stimulus is identical to a remembered stimulus. Recently, investigators have used response modes in which participants directly reproduce stimuli. Findings using reproduction tasks have suggested new ways of thinking about biases t...
This article examines a subscore augmentation procedure. The approach uses empirical Bayes adjustments and is intended to improve the overall accuracy of measurement when information is scant. Simulations examined the impact of the method on subscale scores in a variety of realistic conditions. The authors focused on two popular scoring methods: su...
Researchers have hypothesized that compulsive checkers suffer from impairment in explicit memory (e.g., Sher, Frost, & Otto, 1983), low confidence in explicit memory (e.g., McNally & Kohlbeck, 1993), or both. However, empirical findings have been equivocal, possibly due to variability in effect sizes produced by small samples. Combining data across...
IntroductionEffect Size Models for Selection BiasSpecifying Selection ModelsMethods that Assume a Known Selection ModelMethods for Weight Functions that Depend only on the p-ValueMethods for Weight Functions that Depend on both T and σApplying Weight Function Models in Practical Meta-AnalysisHow Well do Weight Function Models Work?ExamplesConclusio...
Publication bias, sometimes known as the "file-drawer problem" or "funnel-plot asymmetry," is common in empirical research. The authors review the implications of publication bias for quantitative research synthesis (meta-analysis) and describe existing techniques for detecting and correcting it. A new approach is proposed that is suitable for appl...
C. Sedikides, L. Gaertner, and Y. Toguchi (2003) reported findings favoring the universality of self-enhancement. S. J. Heine (2005) challenged the authors' research on evidential and logical grounds. In response, the authors carried out 2 meta-analytic investigations. The results backed the C. Sedikides et al. (2003) theory and findings. Both West...
This quantitative review of 130 comparisons of interindividual and intergroup interactions in the context of mixed-motive situations reveals that intergroup interactions are generally more competitive than interindividual interactions. The authors identify 4 moderators of this interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect, each based on the theor...
What is the primary motivational basis of self-definition? The authors meta-analytically assessed 3 hypotheses: (a) The individual self is motivationally primary, (b) the collective self is motivationally primary, and (c) neither self is inherently primary; instead, motivational primacy depends on which self becomes accessible through contextual fe...
What is the primary motivational basis of self-definition? The authors meta-analytically assessed 3 hypotheses: (a) The individual self is motivationally primary, (b) the collective self is motivationally primary, and (c) neither self is inherently primary; instead, motivational primacy depends on which self becomes accessible through contextual fe...
Society increasingly holds schools responsible for the effectiveness of health promotion activities, such as drug abuse prevention efforts funded through the federal Safe and Drug-Free Schools program. Consequently, school districts use student surveys as a method for assessing trends and evaluating effects of programs on behavior. Because cost and...
Meta-analysis is the process of employing statistical models to summarize statistical evidence from multiple studies. Study results are typically expressed as effect sizes that make results from different studies comparable. These effect sizes are combined into a common estimate. Inference about that estimate may be conditional or unconditional, de...
The authors tested a model of category effects on stimulus judgment. The model holds that the goal of stimulus judgment is to achieve high accuracy. For this reason, people place inexactly represented stimuli in the context of prior information, captured in categories, combining inexact fine-grain stimulus values with prior (category) information....
In this paper, we are concerned with participants' confidence in their judgments of the relevance of bibliographic records to particular research questions, We describe an empirical investigation of the association between judges' confidence and the number of categories for a relevance rating scale, Participants rated the relevance of bibliographic...
In this paper, we are concerned with participants' confidence in their judgments of the relevance of bibliographic records to particular research questions. We describe an empirical investigation of the association between judges' confidence and the number of categories for a relevance rating scale. Participants rated the relevance of bibliographic...
There are 2 families of statistical procedures in meta-analysis: fixed- and random-effects procedures. They were developed for somewhat different inference goals: making inferences about the effect parameters in the studies that have been observed versus making inferences about the distribution of effect parameters in a population of studies from a...
There are 2 families of statistical procedures in meta-analysis: fixed- and random-effects procedures. They were developed for somewhat different inference goals: making inferences about the effect parameters in the studies that have been observed versus making inferences about the distribution of effect parameters in a population of studies from a...
In this study, we examined the relation of input to cognitive growth in a single population of children. We studied 4 domains: Language, Spatial Operations, Concepts, and Associative Memory. Four groups of children drawn from the same population were tested in October of kindergarten, April of kindergarten, October of first grade, and April of firs...
This study investigates the amount of uncertainty added to National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) estimates by equating error under both ideal and less than ideal circumstances. Data from past administrations are used to guide simulations of various equating designs and error due to equating is estimated empirically. The design includes...
When there is publication bias, studies yielding large p values, and hence small effect estimates, are less likely to be published, which leads to biased estimates of effects in meta-analysis. We investigate a selection model based on one-tailed p values in the context of a random effects model. The procedure both models the selection process and c...
When the process of publication favors studies with smallp-values, and hence large effect estimates, combined estimates from many studies may be biased. This paper describes a model for estimation of effect size when there is selection based on one-tailedp-values. The model employs the method of maximum likelihood in the context of a mixed (fixed a...
Previous analyses have suggested that the database of 755 studies of the validity of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) demonstrates a small but consistent positive correlation with criteria relevant to job performance. Critics have noted that some of the validity studies conducted were not included in the database and have speculated that th...
Previous analyses have suggested that the database of 755 studies of the validity of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) demonstrates a small but consistent positive correlation with criteria relevant to job performance. Critics have noted that some of the validity studies conducted were not included in the database and have speculated that th...
