Jack Warren Salmon

• Ph.D. in Medical Care Organization & Administration
• Researcher at University of Illinois at Chicago Retired

Cultural competence is crucial for improved health outcomes in populations. In addition to knowledge and skills, cultural competence involves a confident attitude that underlines regard across all cultures. The importance of cultural competence training has been considered in several pharmacy education statements as part of the Pharmacists’ Patient...

Trump administration view on drug prices

Trump administration rolls over for Pharma industry

Now approaching 20% of gross domestic product (GDP), healthcare is a crucial economic concern, while it remains politically tenuous. Americans are troubled as to what lies ahead under Trump, matched by despair as the Republicans seek to dismantle most of Obama’s healthcare achievements. U.S. healthcare faces major uncertainties in the near future....

Literature review of Obamacare's Accountable Care Organization's development with various aspects highlighted. Following an updating and consideration of what Trump administration may redirect, a chapter will be written in Salmon and Thompson's Health Care Corporatization: Loss of Physician Hegemony & The Medical Malpractice Crisis forthcoming Spri...

PAYERS: Rolled out in 2006, the Medicare Part D program greatly increased access to outpatient pharmaceuticals for the then 36 million seniors and disabled Medicare beneficiaries. This structure departed from the traditional Medicare program by relying exclusively on the private sector, including many new prescription drug plans (PDPs) that sought...

Haiti's 2010 earthquake led to tremendous loss of life and human suffering. Since 2010, many NGO’s, humanitarian and medical mission groups rushed to aid and rescue disaster victoms. Several clinics and hospitals began to hire and train Haitian doctors and nurses. However, pharmacists in Haiti remain elusive. Pharmacy as a profession is not well re...

Trade in health services via health tourism or medical outsourcing has increased significantly in the past decade. Today, many Americans, Europeans and patients from the Middle East travel to India for health services and procedures, ranging from cosmetic enhancements to complicated cardiac bypass surgeries. Amidst the poverty and disease facing In...

Background: Social disparities in the use of prescription medication may be an important, yet overlooked, contributor to persistent social disparities in health. The majority of existing data sources for which prescription medication use measures are derived, however, are not population-based and therefore disproportionately exclude data on the mos...

Throughout medical history, physicians have rarely formed unions and/or carried out strikes. In a profession faced with the turmoil of health reform and increasing pressure to change their practices and lifestyles, will physicians resort to unionization for collective bargaining, and will a strike weapon be used to fight back against the array of c...

Changing world conditions impact health and health services across nations. The design of a specific country's national health system historically evolved, but many times cannot cope with pressures of new social epidemics, growth in aging cohorts, and the spiraling access, cost, and quality problematic, which all nations face to varying degrees. An...

Abstract Objective: To evaluate psychometric,properties of the SF-12 health survey as a generic health-related quality of life (HQL) measure,in osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patient populations in clinical trials. Method: Data were aggregated from three clinical trials, evaluating efficacy of different NSAIDs in OA (N=651) and R...

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS), a progressive autoimmune disease is characterized by episodes of inflammation and degradation of the fatty myelin sheath surrounding the axons of the brain and spinal cord. Attacks of MS may lead to inflammation and injury to the myelin sheath resulting in blocked or slowed nerve signals that may lead to diffi...

Background: Pharmaceuticals are often improperly disposed, leaching active ingredients into our soil, water and air. Environmental consequences may include risks to aquatic and soil environments, food supplies, along with growth and resistance of microorganisms in sewage treatment. Drugs for humans end up in the sewage system that lessens plant eff...

Introduction: Medical Mission Trips operating health facilities in remote, underserved areas are dependent on healthcare professional teams to deliver care and medical supplies. Lack of resources, supplies, qualified personnel etc. create formidable logistical challenges in coordinating the supply and maintenance of necessary drugs, laboratory supp...

Background: Medicare Part D, the senior prescription drug benefit plan, was introduced through the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003. Medicare beneficiaries receive information about plan options through multiple sources, and it is often assumed by consumer health plans and healthcare providers that beneficiaries can understand and compare plan i...

Commentary/Review on Lovett Medicare Part D and the Federal Employees Health Benefit Program in same issue

Review and commentary of Lovett paper by same name in same journal issue .

Electronic-Prescribing, Computerized Prescribing, or E-RX has increased dramatically of late in the American health care system, a long overdue alternative to the written form for the almost five billion drug treatments annually. This paper examines the history and selected issues in the rise of E-RX by a review of salient literature, interviews, a...

The World Health Organization/Pan-American Health Organization have acclaimed Cuba as a model for achieving full access to primary care and developing pharmaceutical solutions from research into neglected diseases which plague developing nations (Revista Panamericana de Salud, 2007). Moreover, Cuba has made great strides toward integrating Western...

The Medicaid program was primarily designed to assist social welfare populations in receiving needed health care, but it has increasingly faced challenges that render its services costly and often ineffective. Low-income and disabled Medicaid enrollees in Illinois face systemic issues in access to health care, in part due to low and often delayed p...

Background: Indoor tanning is controversial due to its associated melanoma and basal-cell carcinoma risks. In the past two years, studies have established conclusive evidence that frequent indoor tanning triples melanoma risk and increases basal-cell carcinoma risk in young adults. WHO has issued warnings over indoor tanning use. Methods: This stud...

As with many countries across the globe, professional Pharmacy is moving from a product orientation (dispensing medications) to a focus on patient care in Cuba. Such transformations are most difficult, especially for developing nations (Coville, 1994). To alter the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists, Cuba is beginning to enhance existing pra...

Introduction: Medicare Part D, a prescription drug benefit was introduced through the MMA 2003. It is assumed that beneficiaries can understand and compare plan information. Medicare beneficiaries are older, have cognitive problems and may not have a true understanding of managed care . They are more likely to have inadequate health literacy, there...

Introduction: Clinical trials are increasingly outsourced to developing countries. Cost-effectiveness, manpower availability, and a large population make developing countries amenable to trials. Issues related to ethical integrity of such trials are well documented. Little has been done to ensure that particpants are protected from undue harm or ar...

In 1993, the Colombian government sought to reform its health care system under the guidance of international financial institutions (the World Bank and International Monetary Fund). These institutions maintain that individual private health insurance systems are more appropriate than previously established national public health structures for ove...

Herbal medicines are an important part of most primary health care systems around the world. As herbal use increases, adverse effects and herb-drug interactions occur more frequently, which results in more legislative controls. Laws regulating the sale and manufacture of herbal products differ worldwide. China integrates traditional herbal medicine...

The definition of herbal medicines differs among different cultures and the terms used for defining herbal medicines are very heterogeneous. According to World Health Organization (WHO), herbal medicine include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal products, that contain active ingredients, parts of plants, or other plant...

India, China and Brazil all emerging economies (and the world's fastest growing ones)- have been challenged with their HIV/AIDS epidemic. All three have rapidly growing pharmaceutical industries that together comprise more than 50% of the world's generic drug supply. Facing respective HIV/AIDS epidemics during the 1990's, each differed in its natio...

Background: Older Americans receive healthcare benefits through the federal Medicare program. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services provides comprehensive information to Medicare beneficiaries regarding benefits, plan options, and enrollment policies primarily through the annual Medicare & You handbook and the Medicare website. Few studies h...

Background: Older Americans receive healthcare benefits through the federal Medicare program. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services provides comprehensive information to Medicare beneficiaries regarding benefits, plan options, and enrollment policies primarily through the annual Medicare & You handbook and the Medicare website. Few studies...

Medicare Part D, the senior prescription drug benefit plan, was introduced through the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003. Medicare beneficiaries receive information about plan options through multiple sources, and it is often assumed by consumer health plans and healthcare providers that beneficiaries can understand and compare plan information. M...

To explain rural-urban differences in mammography screening by supply of health care services. Logistic regression models were used to assess whether variation in the supply of health care services related to mammography screening explained rural-urban differences in mammography screening rates. Women living in small (thinly populated) rural areas...

When consumers seek health enhancement by traveling to another country, the behavior has been labeled as Health/medical tourism, usually for cheaper care than can be obtained in one’s own country. It appears enticing to travel to an exotic land, though many go by necessity, though with exceptions (i.e., cosmetic surgery, wellness spas). As a market...

To examine medication adherence and persistence among COPD patients during their last year of life. National VA databases were used to identify patients who had COPD and died between 1999 and 2003. We examined use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), long acting beta(2) agonists (LABA), methylxanthines (MTX), and anticholinergics (AC), alone and in co...

Two statistical methods were compared to identify key factors associated with long-stay nursing home (LSNH) admission among the U.S. elderly population. Social Work's interest in services to the elderly makes this research critical to the profession. Effectively transitioning the "baby boomer" population into appropriate long-term care will be a gr...

To determine the availability of experiential learning opportunities in culturally diverse areas and to identify opportunities and barriers to attract and sustain sites for the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy. Utilizing variables of census tract income, racial/ethnicity composition and crime index, data analyses included descr...

The worldwide pharmaceutical market is undergoing very profound adjustments across this century. Multinational drug firms that have dominated the production of Western pharmaceuticals for the past three decades now face formidable new challenges. Their R&D has not been well sustained with breakthrough entities, and scores of branded drugs have been...

Compulsory licensing is a means of validly circumventing patents to provide affordable medications. Under the DOHA round of the Trade Related Intellectual and Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO), compulsory licensing is legal and admissible under certain conditions (Article 31). However, compulsory licensing appe...

Globalization of business is driving many firms to search for skilled labor and innovative low-cost, locations. India, with all of these, is one of the most attractive outsourcing destinations with significant outsourcing in the IT and telecommunications sector over recent years. Armed with a fairly successful pharmaceutical and biotech industry, c...

he terms "health tourism," "medical tourism," or "health services outsourcing" are often inter - changeably used to describe health service pro - vision in another country. The more encompassing concept—"health tourism"—includes all health-seek - ing behaviors by consumers into another country. This definition includes getting health services, tour...

Disease Management (DM) programs have advanced to address costly chronic disease patterns in populations. This is in part due to the programs' significant clinical and economical value, coupled with interest by pharmaceutical manufacturers, managed care organizations, and pharmacy benefit management firms. While cost containment realizations for ma...

Clinical trials are regulated through a system of Institutional Review Boards. The World Medical Association developed the Declaration of Helsinki as a statement of ethical principles to provide guidance to physicians and other participants in medical research involving human subjects. In 1970s, the field of medical ethics evolved into a more philo...

Globalization of Business is driving many firms to search for skilled labor and innovative low-cost, locations. India, with all of these, is one of the most attractive outsourcing destinations.

The overall provision of National Health Insurance (NHI) in Taiwan, amidst the nation's changing chronic disease patterns and an increasing awareness of health-related matters, have induced Taiwanese to more actively pursue higher quality health care. Pharmacists have to ideally seek to eliminate human errors and provide optimal pharmaceutical care...

Current conditions surrounding the house of medicine-including corporate and government cost-containment strategies, increasing market-penetration schemes in health care, along with clinical scrutiny and the administrative control imposed under privatization by managed care firms, insurance companies, and governments-have spurred an upsurge in phys...

Limited resources, amidst increasing demand for services, are leading to significant change in the implementation of health care worldwide, especially manifested lately in the pricing and reimbursement of pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical expenditures can exceed 30% of total health expenditures i some poorer nations, so greater scrutiny and control o...

To investigate the impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on health-related quality of life (QOL), as measured by the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) and to compare UI and non-UI elderly Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in managed care plans on the prevalence of depression and self-rated health. After excluding beneficiaries younger than 6...

The area configuration of healthcare resources, such as the number of hospitals per hundred thousand population, has often been used in healthcare planning and policy making to estimate the global access (potential access) of health services to a local population. However, the actual utilization of the “available” healthcare resources (revealed acc...

Faced with high drug expenditures in an environment of cost containment, drug formulary systems, particularly in managed care, have become more dependent on pharmacoeconomic evaluations to assess the value of new products. Within pharmacoeconomics (PE), cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is the most commonly used method. However, current methodologi...

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate psychometric properties of SF-12 as a generic health-related quality of life (HQL) measure in a patient population with osteoarthritis (OA) in clinical trials.METHODS: Data were aggregated from three clinical trials, evaluating efficacy of different NSAIDs in OA patients (n = 651). Patient assessments were made using SF-36 and...

OBJECTIVE:To develop and validate SF-12 osteoarthritis-specific health index (SF-12 OASHI).METHODS:Patient data on SF-12 and six osteoarthritis (OP) clinical variables (physician and patient global assessments, pain intensity, knee pain on weight bearing and motion, time to walk 50 feet) at baseline and week, 6, from two placebo-controlled clinical...

In a study to investigate the factors that would drive attending physicians employed in a public hospital to seek collective bargaining with their employer, the authors developed an instrument to determine which variables and which hypotheses were predictive of union proneness. The findings reveal that a desire for voice was the number one reason f...

The introduction of new technologies in health care, especially for pharmaceuticals, has been insufficiently investigated. Furthermore, the literature may be incomplete or misleading due to the absence of adequate databases to mine, along with the use of outmoded methodologies. This study on the Illinois Triplicate Prescription Control Program data...

Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) have greatly shaped China's pharmaceutical industry since the early 1990s. To study the M&As' causal factors and impact, a literature review and interviews were used to examine this rapidly changing era in the nation's development. The Chinese government made M&A a strategic choice to revive the thousands of state-ow...

Little documentation exists in the scientific literature on the introduction of new technologies in health care, especially for pharmaceuticals. Few adequate databases are available to be mined, and the methodologies are often outmoded. Thus, the past literature may be incomplete or misleading since important changes have occurred in the pharmaceut...

ndia has been newsworthy as a result of its indigenous phar- maceutical industry selling low-cost AIDS cocktails to South Africa in direct competition with drugs manufactured by multinationals. These triple combination antiretroviral entities were thought to be protected by product patents through mul- tilateral trade negotiations (TRIPS). Impoveri...

The psychometric properties of the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12), a subset of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), have been tested in the general population and certain disease states. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the SF-12 as a generic measure of health-related...

ncreasingly, the explosion in scien- tific knowledge is overwhelming both researchers and practitioners in the health professions. The man- aged care pharmacist today needs a con - stant and current sense of the basic phar- maceutical sciences, clinical pharmacy, pharmacy management systems, health policy and ethics, new drug introductions, pharmac...

This paper reviews the various organizations in the United States that perform accreditation and establish standards for healthcare delivery. These agencies include the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), the American Medical Accreditation Program (AMAP), the Am...

OBJECTIVE: To make health care researchers, clinicians, and managers who are relatively new to outcomes research using administrative databases more aware of issues to consider when planning or conducting studies, and to encourage improvement in the data quality and structure of administrative databases. CONCLUSION: Administrative databases are bei...

The birth of the McCaughey septuplets in Iowa in November 1997 brought issues of fertility assistance and their potential outcomes to worldwide attention. This Pergonal-stimulated multiple pregnancy ended successfully, but not without health hurdles and economic consequences for the new siblings and their family. This article reviews the general si...

Since 1970 thejapanese pharmaceutical industry has grown 30-fold,1 mainly due to the favorable market created by japan's national health insurance, but also because of the independent research and development of innovative new drugs begun after the introduction of Western technologies from abroad. The industry's annual output totaled 5,059,500 mill...

This multi-site, cross-sectional, observational study sought to identify attitudinal and social normative factors associated with the prescribing of oral antibiotics to ambulatory patients in a managed care setting. Participants were 25 physicians specializing in internal medicine, family practice or pediatrics from five ambulatory care clinics wit...

A Report on the February 1995 Conference On the Underserved in the Urban Healthcare Marketplace

OBJECTIVE: To assess perceived importance of drug use review (OUR), pharmacoeconomic analyses, formulary design, and patient-oriented pharmacy services for future academic initiatives in managed care pharmacy. DESIGN: Mailed survey. SETTING: Not applicable. PARTICIPANTS: 405 managed care pharmacy directors. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCO...

The ever-increasing ownership of health service providers, suppliers, and insurers by investor-owned enterprises presents an unforeseen complexity and diversity to health care delivery. This article reviews the history of the for-profit invasion of the health sector, linking corporate purchaser directions to the now dominant mode of delivery in man...

Increasing pressures on private and public hospitals have necessitated a reassessment of urban health care delivery. Patients left unserved by stressed private hospitals have placed a greater burden on public institutions, which themselves are often old, underfunded, and in danger of closure. As policy analysts consider remedies, primary care in co...

Policy-oriented investigations into public health care delivery have been limited, especially during the Reagan era of competition and profit-based health care, when the inner city was essentially forgotten. In this study, policymakers toured five urban public health care systems in different parts of the country to promote consideration of a new g...