Ivan Galic

• DDS, Mr.Sc., Ph.D., Specialist in Oral Surgery, CDT
• Professor (Associate) at University of Split

Background Methods for age estimation in children involve measurements of: (1) the projections of open apices and tooth heights (T), (2) the total area of the carpal bones and the epiphyses of the ulna and radius (HW), and (3) a combination of these parameters (THW). This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the original formulae for T, HW, and T...

Objective This study aimed to explore the accuracy of three established approaches for legal age threshold estimation in a Croatian sample. Materials and methods Olze's third molar eruption stages, Haavikko stages, and Demirjian stages were applied in 583 orthopantomograms of Croatian children and adolescents aged 10.00-20.99 years old. The left m...

Background: Tooth wear is a non-pathological loss of hard tissues on the incisal and occlusal tooth surface. In archaeology, the loss of dental tissue through attrition is associated with living opportunities and habits, availability, characteristics and methods of food preparation. In forensics, tooth wear is used to estimate the dental age on cad...

This study explores the reliability of four established legal age threshold estimation approaches in a Croatian sample. We applied Haavikko stages, Demirjian stages, Olze’s third molar eruption stages, and second and third molar maturity indices measurement in 593 orthopantomograms of Croatian children and adolescents aged 11.00–20.99 years old. Th...

Objective To assess thickness variations of thermoformed and 3D-printed clear aligners. Materials and Methods Six different thermoplastic materials with different initial thicknesses were used for aligner thermoforming using Biostar® device (Biostar®, SCHEU-DENTAL GmbH, Iserlohn, Germany). Also, two different dental resins were used to create the...

Aim: To examine whether there is a correlation between blood pressure, heart rate, and pain with the level of preoperative and postoperative anxiety in surgery of impacted third molars under local anesthesia. Subjects and Methods: In the study, which included adult patients of both sexes with an indication for surgical extraction of impacted third...

Fear of intervention in the oral cavity is declared as dental fear and is defined as a specific form of anxiety. The reaction to oral-surgical intervention will also depend on the feeling the patient acquires about the operator, but the positive experience also plays an important role. Aim: The aim is to evaluate differences between the sexes and t...

Background The main objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and type of oral pathological changes, oral subjective symptoms and the knowledge about oral cancer in the population of Croatian military invalids from the Homeland War. Material and Methods A total of 102 Croatian military invalids from the Homeland War participated in...

This review article aims to highlight the current possibilities for applying Artificial Intelligence in modern forensic medicine and forensic dentistry and present the advantages and disadvantages of its use. For this purpose, the relevant academic literature was searched using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. The application of Artificial Intell...

This is the first case report where two patients were under uniform denosumab administration protocol in diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis (DSO) treatment and were closely monitored for 18 months. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the beneficial effects of denosumab in DSO treatment as well as pain relief and the significant lack of long-term...

This paper aims to propose a statistical model to assess pubertal growth spurt using the ratio of the anterior height projection to the posterior (Vba) of the fourth cervical vertebra body (C4) on cephalograms and to calculate the residual proportion of skeletal maturation and the time for the pubertal growth spurt to end for a given Vba. A sample...

Identification of living undocumented individuals highlights the need for accurate, precise, and reproducible age estimation methods, especially in those cases involving minors. However, when their country of origin is unknown, or it can be only roughly estimated, it is extremely difficult to apply assessment policies, procedures, and practices tha...

Objective - Eagle syndrome or styloid process syndrome is a clinical condition of complex aetiology. Since, as a consequence of vascular compression, due to the length of the styloid process and its nearness to the internal carotid artery, it can lead to vertigo. Vertigo may be the only symptom of stylocarotid syndrome and it is extremely difficult...

Dentigerous cysts are rarely reported in young children. They are usually asymptomatic and only identified when becoming significantly large. Treatment by enucleation may damage structures like the inferior alveolar nerve, maxillary sinus, or permanent teeth, thus reducing the child’s quality of life. Therefore, conservative surgical treatment such...

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the Cameriere European formula, Demirjian, Haavikko and Willems method for estimating dental age in a sample of children with mixed dentition in Croatia. Material and methods: The study consisted of a sample of 1576 panoramic radiographs; a sub-sample of 84 OPGs, in which all first sev...

This study aimed to validate the accuracy of five different formulas based on the Cameriere method for age estimation in Kenyan children. We analyzed panoramic radiographs of 350 Kenyan children (184 males and 166 females) aged between 6 and 13 years. The dental development of each child was estimated by the analysis of the first seven left permane...

Determining the demographic characteristics of a person post-mortem is a fundamental task for forensic experts, and the dental system is a crucial source of those information. Those characteristics, namely age and sex, can reliably be determined. The mandible and individual teeth survive even the harshest conditions, making them a prime target for...

The diagnostic accuracy of the I 3M to assess the legal age of 18 years has already been tested in several specific-population samples. The left lower third molar has been extensively used for discriminating between minors and adults. This research aimed to compare the usefulness of lower third molar maturity indexes, from both left and right side...

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the occurrence of chromo-somal abnormalities through the frequency of micronuclei and other genomic damage markers in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis and without periodontal disease. Micronucleus assay was performed in exfoliated gingival epithelial cells of 35 patients with g...

Age estimation is a key component in forensic analysis, be it in legal proceedings or archaeological research. Current methods in forensic odontology are based on manual measurements of a wide array of morphometric parameters, typically from dental x-ray images, and occasionally from material remains. While those parameters follow a set progression...

Sex assessment is an important step of the forensic process. Dental remains are often the only remains left to examine due to their resistance to decay and external factors. Contemporary forensic odontology literature describes multiple methods for sex assessment from mandibular parameters, all of which require manual measurements and expert traini...

Age estimation is an integral part of forensic medical and dental practice. In many countries, the age threshold of 14 years is set to determine the minimum age for criminal responsibility. In the present study, the authors studied the final maturation of the first (IPM1) and second mandibular premolars (IPM2) by Cameriere maturity index and determ...

In the context of dental age assessment, two significant factors can be studied; tooth mineralisation and tooth emergence. Little is known about the role of a second molar eruption in forensic age estimation. This paper aims to contribute to forensic age estimation using an age threshold of 14 years, studying the eruption stages of permanent mandib...

The new edition of the handbook on age estimation. With new results, new formulas, new methods. useful for anyone who wants to move in this often difficult world. a simple handbook that accompanies you step by step. How old are you? Are you old enough to be held criminally responsible for an act you have committed? Can you legally have sex? Can yo...

This study aimed to test radiographic projections of the posterior and anterior sides of the C4 vertebral body for age estimation in a cross-sectional sample of Turkish children and adolescents from the Baskent University Faculty of Dentistry. A sample of 232 x-rays from individuals aged between 5 and 15 years (101 boys and 131 girls), was analysed...

This study evaluated the accuracy of Cameriere's method based on normalised measurement of open apices of developing permanent teeth (xi) and a number of teeth with closed apices (N0) in a sample of 121 Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans of children (60 males and 61 females), aged between 5 to 13 years from Krakow, Poland. Intra-class corre...

The ratio of the projection of the carpal bones (Bo), and the total area of the carpal bones to the distal ulna and radius epiphyses (Ca), or (Bo/Ca), is a quantitative method for assessing skeletal age in immature subjects. The Cameriere method, based on this ratio, was applied in two samples of 563 South African Black and White subadults (243 boy...

Having a reliable, inexpensive and simple method to estimate 18 years of age would be of help in the forensic field. This study aimed to test the accuracy of the third molar maturity index (I3M) in indicating the legal adult age of 18 years. This retrospective cross-sectional study analysed 450 digital panoramic images of Eastern Chinese children a...

Age estimation in living individuals has attained importance in forensic sciences from legal proceedings and has been a frequent request from concerned authorities to ascertain whether the person in question has reached the age of imputability and legal responsibility. The purpose of age estimation is not just limited to juvenile or sub-adult deli...

Identifying the gender of a person is one of the fundamental tasks in forensic medicine. One possible application is right after a catastrophic event such as a mass disaster with a high victim count. In such cases it is necessary to identify the people involved which can require a high number of forensic experts, depending on the scale of the event...

Providing appropriate legal mechanisms, that evaluate the progression of development from the age of childhood innocence to maturity and full responsibility, considered one of the difficult areas of criminal justice policy. The minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) in children varies among countries and differs widely owing to history and c...

Objective To compare and analyse the accuracy of four age estimation methods using the mineralisation stages of the permanent teeth (Cameriere et al. [16] [CAM], Liliequist and Lundberg [LLH] and Nolla without third molars [NOL7] or with them [NOL8]) in a mixed population of Brazilians and a homogeneous population of Croatians. Methods Orthopantom...

The aims of the present study were to validate the discriminatory potential of Cameriere’s third molar maturity index (I3M) cut-off value of I3M < 1.1 and whether closed apices of permanent second mandibular molar (I2M = 0.0) and I3M < 1.1 indicate the legal age of 14 years and older. A digital orthopantomograms of 804 healthy South Indian children...

The estimation of age in living subjects is today a significant issue because of the increase in the situations in which it arises and its legal consequences. In line with the Study Group on Forensic Age Diagnostics of the German Association of Legal Medicine’s recommendations, it is based on the concomitant use of physical examination and methods...

The third molar tooth, known as the 'wisdom tooth' is the only tooth that can be used to determine legal adult age. This study aimed to test the accuracy of Cameriere's third molar maturity index (I3M) in assessing the legal adult age of 18 years in the Kosovar population. Orthopantomographs (OPTs) of 1221 healthy living Kosovar individuals, aged b...

Aim: From a medico-legal and penalty point of view, it is essential to conclude if an individual is a minor or an adult (18years of age). Methods based on the third molar development have been used for this purpose. The present article aims to verify the Nolla’s stages of mineralization of the third molars and a third molar maturity index (I⁠3M) wh...

ABSTRACT Background:Tooth formation was recognized as useful body system to assess maturity and predict age. Toothmineralization is much less affected by the endocrine and different nutritional status than bone mineralization,and teeth formation provides a more reliable indication of chronological age. Demirjian et al. in 1973 presenteda scoring sy...

Background: Congenitally missing permanent teeth (CMPT), excluding third molars, was recognized as a clinical and public health problem in pediatric dentistry. Aim: To determine the prevalence of CMPT among orthodontic patients in Southern Croatia. Materials and Methods: In a retrospective study, we analyzed CMPT in patients from three different re...

Introduction: A method for age estimation, based on measurements of projections of open apices and heights of developing permanent teeth on orthopantomograms (OPTs), was presented by Cameriere in 2006 and adopted European formula was presented in 2007. Aim: This cross-sectional study tested the accuracy of Cameriere’s European formula on a sample f...

Deliberate falsification of age was considered to be one of the main reasons for forensic age estimation of the living individuals. This posed to be a challenging task during criminal and legal proceedings, and ultimate care must be taken not to classify juveniles as adults. Third molars are the only developing teeth during late adolescence and ear...

Dental age estimation was recognized as an imperative issue in clinical and medico-legal practice. However, very few studies on dental age estimation in children have been published in Colombia. This study evaluated the accuracy of Cameriere's method of measurement of open apices on tooth roots in a sample of 526 digital panoramic radiographs (OPTs...

In this study Cameriere’s normalized measurements (CNM) of a single mandibular tooth were evaluated for age estimation on a sample of ortopantomographies (OPTs) of 2223 Italian children aged between 4–15 years. Dental maturity was radiographically evaluated by CNM of the seven left permanent mandibular teeth (CNMi=Ai/Li, i=1,…,7); in monoradicular...

Objective . To evaluate the difference between chronological and dental age, calculated by Willems and Cameriere methods, in various skeletal patterns according to Steiner’s ANB Classification. Methods . This retrospective cross-sectional study comprised the sample of 776 participants aged between 7 and 15 years (368 males and 408 females). For eac...

Occupational diseases are diseases or health disorders that are caused by the work or working conditions. There are also work related diseases which usually have multifactorial origin. Occupational health hazard can be defined as a risk to a person usually arising out of employment in sense of the nature or working conditions of a particular job. O...

Objective. To compare the development of permanent teeth in a group of children with the congenitally missing permanent teeth (CMPT) and corresponding nonaffected group. Methods. The formation stages of all developing permanent teeth were determined on 345 panoramic radiographs (OPTs) by the method of Haavikko (1970), and dental age was calculated....

Objective: To compare the accuracy of Demirjian’s stages (DS) and Cameriere’s third molar maturity index cut-off value (I3M < 0.08) to estimate the age of majority on panoramic radiographs (OPTs) from the dental clinic of the Scientific University of the South (UCSUR), Lima, Peru. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on the...

Aim: To assess the health status among dentists in Croatia regarding the symptoms of musculoskeletal, dermatological, sight, hearing and neurological disorders. Methods: The anonymous online survey was conducted among 506 Croatian dentists. Results: It was found that over 78.18 % of the surveyed dentists experienced work related pain in upper back,...

Assessment of legal age, also known as age of majority is a controversial issue as there are few body biomarkers or evidence during late adolescence differentiating a subject from being a minor or adult. The third molar was recognized as a suitable site for age examination in late adolescence. We analyzed the development of the left mandibular thir...

Introduction: Occupational diseases are diseases caused by occupational exposures at the workplace, while diseases related to work are diseases caused by many factors, wherein the harmful work conditions are one of the possible causes. Dental medicine is a profession with a high risk of developing occupational diseases. The aim of this paper was t...

Important aspects of forensic practice are age estimation and discrimination of individuals of unknown age as adults and minors. The developing knee joint was recognized as a potential site for age examination in late adolescence. We analyzed a sample of anteroposterior x-rays of the knee joints from 446 living individuals from Umbria, Italy (234 m...

The goal of this study is to identify and compare palatal rugae patterns in males and females of average age of 35 in the Bosnia and Herzegovina population sample (Sarajevo Canton), as an additional method for sex differentiation in various situations. The research did not determine any statistically significant difference in the total number of pa...

The mineralization sequence of permanent dentition can be used to assess the development and age of individuals. The most commonly used methods are based on the assessment of developmental stages of target groups of teeth on the one side of the lower jaw. When compared with the rest of the world, fewer studies have been done on dental age in Sub-Sa...

Oralna kirurgija je grana dentalne medicine, koja je kao zasebna specijalizacija postigla svoju afirmaciju sedamdesetih godina dvadesetog stoljeća. Od 1975. godine, kada je osnovano i Hrvatsko društvo za oralnu kirurgiju pri Hrvatskom liječničkom zboru, ova specijalizacija se permanentno razvija i prilagođava potrebama koju pred nju stavlja ne samo...

Los objetivos principales de este trabajo son los siguientes: 1) presentar los resultados, obtenidos en muestras procedentes de varios países (Italia, Albania, Croacia, Turquía, Libia y Colombia), de un método de estimación de la edad legal de 18 años basado en el análisis del índice de madurez del tercer molar mediante radiografías panorámicas dig...

Permanent teeth hypodontia (PTH) is the most common anomaly of the permanent dentition. PTH prevalence in Croatia is within the range reported in literature. It is more frequent in females. Bilateral PTH of the upper lateral incisors presents a challenge due to the demanding aesthetics and high endurance expectancy, after a long-term treatment. Re-...

The age estimation of living or dead individuals is an important part of forensic science because it can be used in various situations, including mass disasters, or for civil or criminal reasons, such as adoption or asylum. Teeth play a major role in this context because they are more resistant than bones in extreme environmental conditions and the...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of using the growth of the body of C4 vertebra for the estimation of age in children and young adolescents. We used the fact that the proportion between the radiologic projections of the posterior and anterior sides of the C4 vertebral body, which forms a trapezoidal shape, differ with age: in...

Due to the real need for careful staff training in age assessment, in order to improve capacity, consistency and competence, new research on the reliability and repeatability of methods frequently used in age assessment are required. The aim of this study was two-fold: first, to test the accuracy of this method for age estimation; second, to obtain...

Osvrt: Obostrana hipodoncija lateralnih sjekutića predstavlja izazov s obzirom na važnost konačnog estetskog rezultata postupka i očekivane dugotrajne uspješnosti rehabilitacije. Postupak rehabilitacije tre-ba uzeti u obzir cjelovito djelovanje stomatognatnog sustava, što uključuje pored žvačnih pokreta i djelo-vanje mišića usana.Prikaz slučaja: Mu...

Evaluation of cervical vertebrae on lateral cephalograms is used for growth assessment and skeletal age evaluation. Most of skeletal age methods are based on assessment of maturation and shape of the third cervical vertebra (C3). On the other hand, morphological analyses of first and second cervical vertebrae indicate their association with mandibu...

Children’s ages can be estimated by evaluating dental maturation of tooth growth and mineralization. Most commonly this is done by evaluating maturation of selected permanent teeth on dental pantomograms (DPTs). The aim of this research was to test the French-Canadian standards of dental maturation developed by Demirjian and Goldstein (1976) on chi...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of components leached from two conventional self-curing glass-ionomer cements (Fuji IX and Ketac Molar), and light-curing, resin modified glass-ionomer cements (Vitrebond, Fuji II LC). Evaluation was performed on human lymphocytes using alkaline and hOGG1 modified comet, and micronuc...

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of eruptive stages of third molars between right and left side in upper and lower jaws. Material and methods: The sample for this study consisted of 529 OPGs of 264 (49.9%) male and 265 (50.1%) female subjects, aged 8 to 25 years, divided into six groups, with known chronological age, by Olze...

To evaluate applicability of Demirjian and Willems methods for calculating dental age of children in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia we analyzed panoramic radiographs of 966 children (485 female and 481 male, aged 6-13 years) treated at the University and Community Dental Clinics in Skopje using four Demirjian methods and a Willems method...

The purpose of this study was to compare dental age of hypodontic children with dental age of age- and sex-matched healthy children from general Croatian population. Methods: Dental maturity of 125 children (70 girls and 55 boys) with hypodontia, aged 7.1 to 14.6 years, was evaluated from panoramic radiographs, and compared to the number-matched, a...

Due to the migration aspect, frequently the age of an unaccompanied young fugitive with a particular geographical and biologic origin was estimated using methods or models developed on a reference sample, including subjects with unlike origins. Since dental age estimations in the sub-adult group are based on third molar development, it has to be in...

The purpose of this study was to estimate the chronological age of children with various skeletal sagittal malocclusions, using dental and cervical age estimation methods, and to investigate if in skeletal Class I , II and III, dental and cervical age assessment methods produce comparable estimates of chronological age. Methods: The sample consiste...

Examination and comparison of the morphological features of tooth crown in archaeological and recent samples can be difficult due to the different levels of tooth wear seen both within and between populations. These differences make the comparison of frequency data for Carabelli trait problematic. The aim of the present study is to detect the frequ...

Background: French-Canadian standards by Demirjian for dental age estimation in children show lower accuracy when allied in other populations. The international maturity standards were calculated and maturity curves were created by evaluation of maturity standards from eight different populations, in order to predict the dental age with more confid...

Background: Dental age estimation in children plays an important role in forensic dentistry. The most commonly used method for age estimation was developed by Demirjian in 1973 on a French-Canadian sample. It generally overestimates dental age in many populations. International maturity standards were formed to obtain a predicted age with more con...

Background: The purpose of this study was to estimate chronological age of children with skeletal sagittal malocclusions, using dental age estimation methods, and to investigate whether dental age assessment methods produce comparable estimates of chronological age in skeletal Class I, II and III. Methods: The sample consisted of panoramic dental...

Tooth wear caused by attrition, abrasion and erosion is assessed by numerous methods and indices that have been developed for diagnosing, grading and monitoring loss of dental hard tissues. Methods for assessment of tooth wear can be divided into qualitative and quantitative. Usually they use grading or scoring systems which can be very subjective....

AIM: Aim of this study was to evaluate Demirjian's method for dental age calculation for children based on estimation of mineralization stages of permanent teeth when applied on children in Macedonia. METHOD: The sample of panoramic radiographs was selected from children aged 5-13 who were attending faculty dental clinics at the University of Skop...

Estimation of age at death is an essential part of reconstructing information from skeletal material. The aim of the investigation was to reconstruct the chronological age of an archaeological sample from Croatia using cranial skeletal remains as well as to make an evaluation of the methods used for age estimation. For this purpose, four age calcul...

Malocclusions are relative infrequently analysed in bioarchaeological investigations and if investigated the samples are very small. This research provides analysis of orthodontic anomalies of even 1118 individuals from the Late Antique (LA) and Early Mediaeval (EM) period. Aims were to describe the prevalence of orthodontic anomalies in this histo...

Background: Dental age estimation in children plays an important role in forensic dentistry. The most wide used method for age estimation developed by Demirjian in 1973 on French-Canadian sample generally overestimates dental age in many population. Chaillet's international maturity scores were formed to obtain a predicted age with more confidence...

The aims of this study were to test the applicability of the two Demirjian’s self-weighted scores (1976) based on four teeth from left side of mandible in children in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) and to expand age prediction models for observed population. Materials and methods: In cross-sectional, retrospective study, the panoramic radiographs (OPG...

Salivary gland inclusions in the mandible are relatively uncommon in recent as well as archaeological populations. This condition is well known to oral surgeons, but less so to anthropologists, osteologists and skeletal biologists. At present a limited number of reports pertaining to this condition in ancient populations are available in anthropolo...

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare the accuracy of the Cameriere European formula (Cameriere), adopted Haavikko method from 1974 (Haavikko), and revisited Demirjian method by Willems (Willems) for age estimation on orthopantomograms (OPGs) of Bosnian-Herzegovian (BH) children age groups 6-13 years. The accuracy was determined as d...

Dental age estimation plays an important role in orthodontics and forensic dentistry. The method employed to assess dental age in this study was developed by Demirjian and his colleagues in 1973 based upon French-Canadian samples. This method is one of the most widely used methods in the world today. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate...

Dental age assessment in developing children has importance in pediatric dentistry, orthodontics and forensic science. Demirjian method, based on French-Canadian children, described in 1973 and based on Tanner-Whitehouse (TW) skeletal maturity technique, was mostly used. Aim: To evaluate the validity of Demirjian’s method for dental age estimation...

Bolesti čeljusnog zgloba obično semanifestiraju pojavom različitih poremećaja funkcije zgloba sa ili bez simptoma boli. Disfunkcija čeljusnog zgloba se može javiti u bilo kojoj životnoj dobi, ali je češće nalazimo kod žena u starijim dobnim skupinama. Glavni razlog zbog kojeg ove osobe traže liječničku pomoć je nespecifična bolnost u području zglob...

Dijagnostika parodontnih bolesti u prvom redu zasniva se na kliničkom stomatološkom pregledu, a važna je još i dob bolesnika te anamnestički podatci. Radiološke tehnike pregleda su komplementarne, a stomatologu pružaju dodatne informacije o vrsti i težini bolesti te mogu utjecati na izbor i/ili promjenu terapijskog postupka i prognozu bolesti. U pr...

Nalaz stranih tijela u orofacijalnom području ima svoje medicinsko, ali često (sve više) i medicinsko-pravno značenje. Radiološke metode pregleda imaju uz kliničko- anamnestičke podatke najveće značenje u otkrivanju i dokumentiranju prisustva različitih stranih tijela, bez obzira na njihovu lokalizaciju i razloge izvođenja pretraga. Pri tome valja...

Radiološki postupci neophodni su u svim fazama implanto-protetske rehabilitacije: pri planiranju, praćenju uspješnosti osteointegracije tepovremene provjere terapijske uspješnosti završenog implanto-protetskog liječenja. Većina konvencionalnih dentalnih radioloških tehnika ima primjenu u implantologiji. Odabir vrste snimanja ovisi o vrsti bezubosti...