Ivan čuk

• Ph.D.
• Retired at University of Ljubljana

Ph.D. Anton Gajdoš born on 1.6.1940 in Dubriniči (today Ukraine) lives most of his life in Bratislava (ex TCH, nowadays SVK). He comes from a gymnastics family (his brother Pavel has world championship medals) and he devoted his life to gymnastics. His last achievement is establishment of Narodna encyklopedia športu Slovenska (www.sportency.sk). Am...

The aim of the study was to determine whether football players of different age groups who use their dominant leg more frequently when playing football exhibit greater functional asymmetries between the right and left leg. The study included 116 football players (age groups from U12 to U19). The number of touches of the ball with the right and left...

The trampoline is a popular piece of sports equipment both for recreational use and for Olympic trampolining as a competitive sport. Maintaining body position during jumps is influenced by sensory inputs (visual, auditory, and somatosensory) and symmetrical muscle activity that help athletes to perform consecutive jumps as vertically as possible. T...

Ph.D. Anton Gajdoš, born on 1 June1940 in Dubriniči (now Ukraine) has lived most of his life in Bratislava (ex TCH, now SVK). He comes from family of gymnasts (his brother Pavel has world championship medals) and has dedicated his life to gymnastics. His latest achievement is the founding of the Narodna encyklopedia športu Slovenska (www.sportency....

(1) Background: The advancement of technologies has made morphological assessment rapid and reliable. A combination of 3D body scanning (3D-BS) and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) could be essential in monitoring the morphological status of athletes and the general population and their symmetries for coaches, researchers and medical professionals. (2...

The aim of the study was to determine if body symmetry influences establishing stand balance after drop jump. Thirty-two healthy sports students participated in this study, with an average age 19.8 ± 1.4 years, height of 182.9 ± 6.8 cm and weight of 79.1 ± 8.1 kg. Morphological characteristics were assessed by measuring the differences between the...

Ph.D. Anton Gajdoš born on 1.6.1940 in Dubriniči (today Ukraine) lives most of his life in Bratislava (ex TCH, nowadays SVK). He comes from gymnastics family (his brother Pavel have world championship medals) and he devoted his life to gymnastics. His last achievement is establishment of Narodna encyklopedia športu Slovenska (www.sportency.sk). Amo...

Statutory and by-law regulations determine the functioning of the primary school, and within this also define the way these premises are used. Within the framework of the project Designing guidelines for the quality design of modern school architecture with the aim of supporting a comprehensive sustainable way of living and working in school, an im...

In sports and exercise science, thermography is used extensively to evaluate athletic performance, to study exercise-induced superficial vascular changes, and to monitor injuries. There is a lack of research and literature on palm temperatures after different loads and our question was how palm temperature differs after static and dynamic loading o...

The temperature of palms and their differences after different loading have not been well studied. Our research question was how palm temperature differs in human hands after different 30-second loads (handstand and swinging in handstand) on low parallel bars. A high-quality thermal imaging camera was used to measure 38 students from the University...

The International Olympic Committee sets the direction for the development of sport, and international sports federations are responsible for incorporating that direction into their rules to maintain their presence at the Olympics. At the 2021 Tokyo Olympic Games, 33 international sports federations represented with their sports. We have analyzed t...

SUMMARY: An anthropometric and body composition analysis was conducted on 123 competitive young male football players of different age groups (U13; U15; U17 & U19) with at least 4 years of training load. 3D anthropometric measurement were performed by the NX-16 ([TC]2 , 3D body scanner Cary, North Carolina). Body composition was measured by the bio...

An anthropometric and body composition analysis was conducted on 123 competitive young male football players of different age groups (U13; U15; U17 & U19) with at least 4 years of training load. 3D anthropometric measurement were performed by the NX-16 ([TC]2, 3D body scanner Cary, North Carolina). Body composition was measured by the bioelectrical...

Thermal imaging is used in various fields of industry and research to measure temperature and its possible differences. Since there is a lack of research and literature on palm temperatures and prevention of blisters on hands, our question was how palm temperature differs in human hands after different loads (Hang and Swing in Hang) for 30 s on a h...

Artistic gymnastics is a sport with the primary requirement to adopt the technique of a variety of specific exercises. This means that learning new, more complex and challenging elements is a daily principle of the training process. The new element must first imagine, and then implemented in practice. The goal of the new element is to introduce gym...

Body composition (BC), training volume/pattern, and injury status are a few important factors affecting training quality and sport performance in female artistic gymnastics. We aimed to examine BC status, training volume/pattern, and injury status during the first competition period. Our cross-sectional study included 17 female gymnasts (age: 17.4...

Bioelectric impedance devices have become a standard of care not only for peritoneal dialysis but also for hemodialysis patients. We compared the most important body composition variables (extracellular water, intracellular water, total body water and fat mass) measured with the multifrequency bioelectric impedance device InBody 720 (MF-BIA) and bi...

Objective: Nutritional status is important for health and competitive achievement. This area remains understudied among elite-level female athletes and is appropriate for research. We examined nutritional status and cardiovascular health markers of two groups of female athletes of the same age and competition period, involved in weight-bearing and...

This study aimed to compare the bone-mineral-density (BMD), vitamin-D (25(OH)D), serum-calcium and serum-phosphorus levels between female athletes engaged in weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing-sport, and to evaluate possible associations among studied variables. Study involved top-level female athletes (age: 16.9 ± 4.4 years) involved in non-wei...

MIROSLAV CERAR (October, 28 1939 Ljubljana, Slovenia)

The purpose of the study was to determine whether take-off asymmetry affects landing asymmetry. Eleven male gymnasts performed forward and backward somersaults with 1/2, 1/1, and 3/2 twists. The leading leg for each participant was defined according to the twisting direction. Ground reaction forces under each foot were measured with Parotec insoles...

The focus of this paper is a comparative analysis of student teachers’ beliefs about inclusive practices, i.e. how teachers should support vulnerable pupils. The study explores the differences between the beliefs of Serbian and Slovenian student teachers in the first and fourth years of their studies and the differences between first-year and fourt...

The aim of the study was to determine whether maintaining the standing balance position is influenced by athlete’s symmetric morphological characteristics. Thirty-two healthy sports students participated in this study (age 19.8±1.4 years, body height 182.9±6.8 cm, body weight 79.1±8.1 kg). Morphological characteristics are represented with differen...

At Olympic Games (OG) 1896 in Athens all-around competition in gymnastics was not a discipline. First time all-around title in gymnastics at OG was awarded in Paris in the year of 1900, however there were no apparatus awards given until OG 1924 in Paris. The article shows a historical research and follows development of OG all-around medallists and...

Dear friends, SCOPUS announced results of 2017 journals evaluation. I was pleasantly surprised as Science of Gymnastics Journal Cite Score reached 0.65, SNIP 0.787 and SJR 0.28. By Cite score our journal is ranked into third quarter of journals. We have to be glad our fellow researchers cited our work in their work. Hope this trend continues in fut...

Purpose: The purpose of research was to determine important kinematic variables, which determine result in shot put of international level athlete. Athlete used rotational technique of shot put, which is very demanding from movement coordination point of view. Methods: With MVN Xsens dress with 17 accelerometers (data acquisition 120 Hz) we measure...

With the New Year we are celebrating 10 years of Science of Gymnastics Journal’s existence. When we started our journal, we had no idea how long we would be able to publish articles about gymnastics. It seems that the seeds have been well nurtured and today we are proud that we can be of assistance in the international exchange of knowledge, betwee...

Execution scores of men's individual trampoline routines at the European Championships (EC) 2014 in Guimarães, Portugal were analysed. In total, 66 men competed in the qualifying round. The old, classic format of scoring, by which the execution score is the sum of the scores of individual judges (discarding the lowest and highest scores), was compa...

Execution scores of men’s individual trampoline routines at the European Championships (EC) 2014 in Guimarães, Portugal were analysed. In total, 66 men competed in the qualifying round. The old, classic format of scoring, by which the execution score is the sum of the scores of individual judges (discarding the lowest and highest scores), was compa...

The aim of research was to analysis development and age structure of male and female participants at the Olympic Games (OG) and World Championships (WC) from 2003 until 2016. The total number of analyzed WC participants in men's artistic gymnastics (MAG) was 2678 and the women's artistic gymnastics (WAG) was 1981; while at the OG in MAG 391 and in...

The aim of research was to analysis development and age structure of male and female participants at the Olympic Games (OG) and World Championships (WC) from 2003 until 2016. The total number of analyzed WC participants in men's artistic gymnastics (MAG) was 2678 and the women's artistic gymnastics (WAG) was 1981; while at the OG in MAG 391 and in...

Dear friends, In Montreal, the World Championships in artistic gymnastics have just ended. We saw some excellent gymnastics and, unfortunately, also some injuries of most decorated gymnasts (Uchimura, Japan, and Iordache, Romania). We are still looking forward to an upgrade in the quality of gymnastics and improvements in the health status of our a...

The aim of this study is to determine the differences between the medallists and non-medallists in male and female artistic gymnastics at the Olympic Games from 1996 to 2016. Basic procedures: Data concerning the athletes were obtained from the “Official documents of the International Olympic Committee” which include the athlete’s date of birth and...

The Olympic Games (OG) and World Championships (WC) represent the crown of each athlete's career, so it is the same with gymnasts. The aims of this study it was investigate the historical analysis of the chronological age trend of all participants of women's artistic gymnastics who have won medals in the period between 1928 and 2016 has been made....

Aims: Vitamin D stores in dialysis patients may be associated with their muscle function and physical performance. We analyzed associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with functional test results in prevalent hemodialysis patients and healthy controls. Methods: Study sample included 54 dialysis patients and 81 healthy controls who performed a...

Dear friends, Competitions under FIG and Continental Unions flag this spring have already brought about new heights of development. Especially in artistic gymnastics we have been surprised by presentations of the triple salto backward tucked on floor and the triple salto backward piked from rings (which MTC FIG recognises as a new element with H di...

Over the years gymnastics is changing, difficulty of the routines is improving, the technology and the equipment are developing, Code of Points (COP) is getting new aspects. In 15 years, from the year of 2000 to 2015 COP changed a lot. Two measurements of morphological characteristics of top level male gymnasts were taken and compared, one from the...

Dear friends, I hope you started 2017 healthy, happy and with a lot of new gymnastics-related plans. For us, our work on the Journal continues. Last year we published 20 articles and for this year we plan to do the same. We are proud that our articles are referred to by others journals. For even more streamlined appearance we will prepare a templat...

Gymnastics ring is very old that remained unchanged by shape (there were more changes in material and diameter) for more than 100 years. We made two new ring designs - one with the straight part to handle and one with the anatomic part to handle. New ring designs were compared with the classic ones during long swings in hang. All rings were of the...

Gymnastics ring is very old that remained unchanged by shape (there were more changes in material and diameter) for more than 100 years. We made two new ring designs - one with the straight part to handle and one with the anatomic part to handle. New ring designs were compared with the classic ones during long swings in hang. All rings were of the...

Over the years gymnastics is changing, difficulty of the routines is improving, the technology and the equipment are developing, Code of Points (COP) is getting new aspects. In 15 years, from the year of 2000 to 2015 COP changed a lot. Two measurements of morphological characteristics of top level male gymnasts were taken and compared, one from the...

3D body scanning technology is nowadays widely available and used in various research on body morphology and anatomical structure. The present study investigated the reliability and validity of NX-16 (TC2) 3D body scanner with a method of classical anthropometry. Research was carried out on 31 participants (17 males and 14 females) with their age 2...

The purpose of the study was to estimate the level of effort during the simulation of 9-pin bowling competition. The study included 12 subjects (6 women and 6 men) all of which were from the 9-pin bowling national team of Slovenia. The study was divided into two parts. The first part of the study included Astrand’s indirect method of determining th...

The purpose of the study was to present the peak torques and bilateral asymmetries of quadriceps and hamstring muscles in 9-pin bowlers. The study included 30 subjects (age: 23.43 ± 6.73 years, height: 173.85 ± 8.10 and weight: 71.47 ± 9.13 kg), which are all training 9-pin bowling for competition purposes (17 women and 13 men). From the sample 2 s...

Tennis is a sport that requires asymmetric movements of dominat limbs and may lead to an asymmetric distribution of muscle mass. The main aim of the presented study was to determine the volume and degree of lateral asymmetry of the upper and lower limbs in youth tennis players using a bioelectrical impedance analysis. T-test was applied to find dif...

Performing dives with multiple somersaults is an inherent component of competitive diving. In individual international competitions, dives are performed from a 1- or 3-m springboard as well as from a 10-m platform, and divers use different technique variations in accelerating and decelerating rotation about the somersault axis. Therefore, the first...

A decrement of upper extremity motor performance is a concern with vascular access creation. We analyzed differences in handgrip strength, tapping test and anthropometric indices of arms with and without vascular access (N = 87) and compared them to bilateral differences in control subjects (N = 140). Fistula harboring arms had weaker grip strength...

To reduce the need for a large number of executed physical function tests we examined inter-relations and determined predictive power for daily physical activity of the following tests: 6-min walk, 10 repetition sit-to-stand, time up-and-go, Storke balance, handgrip strength, upper limb tapping and sitting forward bend tests. In 90 dialysis and 140...

Objectives: Six-minute walk test in dialysis population hasn't been consistently evaluated for the isolated impact of renal failure and other predictive factors. We measured six-minute walk distance in patients representative for low level of comorbidity and searched for potentially modifiable predictive factors of performance and dyspnea. Method...

Raw study data file. (XLS)

Adjusted analysis for prediction of 6MWT in control subjects. (DOCX)

Logistic regression model for the probability of having a rise in dyspnea grade above the median rise of 2 scores. (DOCX)

Adjusted analysis for prediction of 6MWT in the subsample of dialysis patients. (DOCX)

Logistic regression model of the probability of having a more than mild shortness of breath (dyspnea Borg scale grade 3 or more) excluding the lowest quartile of dialysis patients with hemoglobin below 110 g/l. (DOCX)

Abstract The purpose of research was to determine whether Code of Point (COP) in Men Artistic Gymnastics (MAG) and Women Artistic Gymnastics (WAG) favor asymmetric elements in order to build gymnast’s competition exercise. All elements which are described in MAG (N = 993) and WAG (N = 713) COP were included and defined if they are symmetric at star...

The asymmetry of use of lower limbs may influence balance beam results and injury risk. This research was performed to study how many elements which asymmetrically load lower extremities are included in balance beam routines of professional female gymnasts. We video-recorded all exercises of qualification round on balance beam at an international c...

The asymmetry of use of lower limbs may influence balance beam results and injury risk. This research was performed to study how many elements which asymmetrically load lower extremities are included in balance beam routines of professional female gymnasts. We videorecorded all exercises of qualification round on balance beam at an international co...

Teacher educators need to have a clear picture of student teachers' attitudes towards diversity, disability, learning and teaching, because this knowledge can be helpful in designing teacher education programmes which can prepare future teachers better for work in inclusive settings. Therefore, the study presented in this paper was designed to expl...

The aim of research was to test the quality of spectator’s execution evaluation of gymnast’s performance compared to official judges. For the purpose 91 participants (spectators) evaluated 26 exercises on parallel bars on a scale from 0-10.0 points like it is used in diving (0-Completely failed, 0.5-2.0 – unsatisfactory, 2.5-4.5 – deficient, 5.0-6....

The aim of research was to test the quality of spectator’s execution evaluation of gymnast’s performance compared to official judges. For the purpose 91 participants (spectators) evaluated 26 exercises on parallel bars on a scale from 0-10.0 points like it is used in diving (0- Completely failed, 0.5-2.0 – unsatisfactory, 2.5-4.5 – deficient, 5.0-6...

An investigation of metric characteristic of a device for measuring vault characteristics during the jump on and take-off from the springboard using a miniature Micro-Electro-Mechanical (MEMS) type accelerometer(s) attached onto the springboard is presented. The measured acceleration is integrated once to obtain the velocity of the springboard duri...

Global Naavigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are, in addition to being most widely used vehicle navigation method, becoming popular in sport-related tests. There is a lack of knowledge regarding tracking speed using GNSS, therefore the aims of this study were to examine under dynamic conditions: (1) how accurate technologically different GNSS measur...

When looking for answers to the question of academic (non)achievement of regular pupils and pupils with special needs, it is necessary to take into account the extraordinary complexity of factors, ranging from psychological across instructional to home environment variables. The academic achievement is not only a reflection of the pupil’s knowledge...

The article describes investigation of effectiveness of magnesium carbonate in simple gymnastics. Students at the faculty of sports performed a simple element (one leg circle forward) while temperature of the bar and palms was measured with a thermal imager. In the first attempt they were using magnesium carbonate while in the second attempt they p...

Predmet teorija i metodika sportske gimnastike je sastavni dio predmeta univerzitetskog visokoškolskog studija na Fakultetu za tjelesni odgoj i sport Univerziteta u Tuzli. Predmet je sastavljen iz teoretskog i praktičnog dijela. Studenti bi trebali sa slušanjem predavanja i izvođenjem vježbi pri predmetu dobiti sljedeće opće i specifične kompetenci...

In the present study, the reliability and validity of judging at the European championship in Berlin 2011 were analysed and the results were compared to a different level gymnastic competition - Universiade 2009 in Belgrade. For reliability and consistency assessment, mean absolute judge deviation from final execution score, Cronbach's alpha coeffi...

Dear friends, In October 2013 we will celebrate 150 years since the first gymnastics club was established in Slovenia. As the weather in October is already cold and school and sport programs start in September after summer holidays, the main part of celebrations was set for June. A Big Sokol Zlet was held in Ljubljana with over 1000 participants an...

The aim of this research was to determine if additional twists in the forward and backward somersaults increase landing asymmetries. Twelve gymnasts from the Slovenian national artistic gymnastics team took part in the research. Each gymnast performed various stretched forward and backward somersaults with or without a twist. We used several dynami...

In gymnastics every exercise finishes with a landing. The quality of landing depends on subjective (e.g. biomechanical) and objective (e.g. mechanical characteristics of landing area) factors. The aim of our research was to determine which biomechanical (temporal, kinematic and dynamic) characteristics of landing best predict the quality of landing...

The aim of the study was to investigate the trends in execution and difficulty scores of routines on all apparatus and in both qualification and final rounds of male European championships just before and during a 5-year period after the introduction of new “open-ended” Code of Points (CoP) in 2006. It was found that the new CoP solved the problem...

The aim of the study was to investigate the trends in execution and difficulty scores of routines on all apparatus and in both qualification and final rounds of male European championships just before and during a 5-year period after the introduction of new "open-ended" Code of Points (CoP) in 2006. It was found that the new CoP solved the problem...

Landing in artistic gymnastics occurs during the execution of several gymnastics elements during training and competition. It is the final act of the competition routine. The quality of landing can be decisive fact to win or not to win. Authors analysed floor exercises landings (as there are most landings) at Men Europeans in 2004 and found the mos...

Aim of the research was to determine changes in technique parameters while performing handspring double salto forward tucked (Roche) on old horse and new vaulting table. On a sample of 9 vaults performed in 2000 World Cup in Ljubljana on horse and 9 vaults performed at World championship in Debrecen on vaulting table we made a series of t-tests for...

The aim of our research was to analyse the reliability and validity of judging on all women's apparatuses and all sessions (qualification, all round finals and apparatus finals) at the World University Games-Universiade 2009 in Belgrade. For validity assessment, mean absolute and rank deviations of judges’ execution scores were calculated. For cons...

The purpose of this study was to establish the validity (unbiasedness) and reliability of E-panel judges officiating execution of exercises in men's artistic gymnastics at the European Championship 2011 (EC 2011) in Berlin. Overall bias was established in terms of average over-scoring or under-scoring of each judge compared to the final E score of...

Gymnastics is a basic sport, which was developed under a philosophic idea "Mens sana in corpore sano". Such an idea supposes harmonized body and soul. We can also understand under such a terminus the symmetricity of the athletic body. Aim of our investigation was to determine whether gymnast's body is symmetric. On the sample of 40 top level gymnas...

Gymnastics is a basic sport, which was developed under a philosophic idea "Mens sana in corpore sano". Such an idea supposes harmonized body and soul. We can also understand under such a terminus the symmetricity of the athletic body. Aim of our investigation was to determine whether gymnast's body is symmetric. On the sample of 40 top level gymnas...

The aim of this research is to investigate how different calculations of the final score may change the ranking orders among gymnasts. Fourteen different calculations were taken into consideration and then compared with official results from the 2011 Men's European Championships in Berlin. The proportion between difficulty and execution scores, acc...

The aim of this research is to investigate how different calculations of the final score may change the ranking orders among gymnasts. Fourteen different calculations were taken into consideration and then compared with official results from the 2011 Men's European Championships in Berlin. The proportion between difficulty and execution scores, acc...

The research study presented in this paper focuses on teachers 'perceptions of pupils 'behaviour in the classroom by taking into account that such perceptions are the result of transactions between the teacher and the pupil. The study is set out from the position that teachers recognise higher levels of unacceptable behaviour in the groups of pupil...

Sport and health are often discussed as being related to each other. The Slovenian Olympic Committee, Department of Sport for All, wanted to determine whether the proportion of population engaged in organised sport activities in the region is correlated to the level of sickness in different disease categories. Municipal authorities provided the inf...

Sport i zdravlje se često smatraju povezanim. Olimpijski komitet Slovenije, Odeljenje Sport za sve, željelo je da utvrdi da li je broj ljudi uključenih u organizovane sportske aktivnosti u regionu u korelaciji sa stepenom pojave različitih oblika bolesti. Opštinske vlasti obezbijedile su informacije o broju klubova i broju njihovih članova u 2009....

The aim of this study was to determine how children in Tuzla Canton travel to school and from school to home, what do children think about how much walking to school and from school to home is good for them. The sample consisted of randomly selected of children N=169 (school girls 90 girls and 79 boys) from elementary school in Tuzla canton, chrono...

The aim of our research was to analyse the implementation of a Real Time Judging System (RTJS) . In this research, 6 volunteer international level judges evaluated male parallel bars routines from Šalamun’s memorial 2009 (World cup series B artistic gymnastics competition). The computer assisted system with a keyboard interface was used to record a...

On a sample of 49all-around male gymnasts at the 2009 European Championships the implications of the difficulty scores were tested in relation to the success in all-around competition. After the regression, cluster and ANOVA analysis, three groups of quality all-around gymnasts were determined, while only one group had a chance to win an all-around...

In physical education curriculum for the basic school, gymnastics is one of the most important contents. In the first and the second three-year cycle of basic school, physical education can be taught by the class teacher or a PE teacher, while in the third cycle only specialised PE teachers are qualified to teach. The aim of our study was to find o...

Landing errors on men’s floor exercises are caused by the flight parameters. Depending of the flight phase is determined the magnitude of the landing mistake. On the sample of all gymnasts (n=97) who were competing in the qualifications of the senior Men’s European Championships 2004 in Ljubljana, we analyzed saltos which were performed by them. Va...

Ensuring reliability and validity of judging at artistic gymnastics competitions is difficult. Despite the FIG Men’s Code of Points being changed, there is little evidence to show that these changes have had an effect on judging standards. After the last change to the Code of Points (2008) the second biggest men’s artistic gymnastics competition to...

The authors of this paper present their findings about academic results of pupils with special needs and other pupils in respect of their gender and school level (first cycle and second cycle of elementary school) and about the relationship between the academic achievement of children included in the project and the pupils' traits as perceived by t...

With the new FIG Code of Points for men (2006) based on the philosophy of open ended difficulty score, point advantages have been given, again, to those who are in search for and willing to perform new elements. Each element in the Code of Points can be developed by changing its start and its final position, the start and the final grip with the ap...

With new FIG Code of points for men (2006), with philosophy of open ended difficulty score, were given again point advantages to those who were in search and to perform new elements. Each element in Code of points can be developed by changing start or final position, start or final grip with the apparatus, body position during the element, by addin...