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Introduction
Professor at Vision Research Institute (nonprofit organization) ( USA.2012)
PhD studies, Pharmacology, Semmelweis University (2006-2011)
Chemical and bioengineer,Technical University of Budapest (1993)
Member of Hungarian Biochemical Society
Member of Hungarian Biophysical Society
Member of European Biophysical Societies` Association
Member of the Editorial Board of Activitas Nervosa Superior
Member of the Editorial Board of Current Neuropharmacology
Homepage www.bokkon-brain-imagery.5mp.eu
Additional affiliations
Education
August 1987 - April 1992
Budapest University of Technology, Hungary
Field of study
Publications
Publications (86)
Psychiatric and mood disorders may play an important role in the development and persis- tence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Previously, we hypothesized that stress-induced implicit memories may persist throughout life via epigenetic processes in the enteric nervous system (ENS), independent of the central nervous system (CNS). These epigeneti...
In an innovative experiment, we detected ultraweak photon emission (UPE) from the hippocampus of male rat brains and found significant correlations between Alzheimer’s disease (AD), memory decline, oxidative stress, and UPE intensity. These findings may open up novel methods for screening, detecting, diagnosing, and classifying neurodegenerative di...
The present study takes on an innovative experiment involving detection of ultraweak photon emission (UPE) from the hippocampus of male rat brains and finds significant correlations between Alzheimer’s disease (AD), memory decline, oxidative stress, and the intensity of UPE emitted spontaneously from the hippocampus. These remarkable findings opens...
All living cells, including neurons, generate ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) during biological activity, and in particular, in the brain, it has been shown that UPE is correlated with neuronal activity and associated metabolic processes. Various intracellular factors, as well as external factors, can reduce or increase the intensity of UPE. In th...
The association between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and psychiatric and mood disorders may be more fundamental than was previously believed. Prenatal, perinatal, postnatal, and early-age conditions can have a key role in the development of IBS. Subthreshold mental disorders (SMDs) could also be a significant source of countless diverse diseases...
All living cells, including neurons, generate ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) during biological activity, and in particular, in the brain, it has been shown that UPE is correlated with neuronal activity and associated metabolic processes. Various intracellular factors, as well as external factors, can reduce or increase the intensity of UPE. In th...
Here we present a complex hypothesis about the psychosomatic mechanism of serotonergic psychedelics. Serotonergic psychedelics affect gut microbes that produce a temporary increase of 5-HT by their host enterochromaffin cells (ECs). This increased 5-HT production—which is taken up and distributed by platelets—may work as a hormone-like regulatory s...
In living cells, redox potential is vitally important for normal physiological processes that are closely regulated by antioxidants, free amino acids and proteins that either have reactive oxygen and nitrogen species capture capability or can be compartmentalized. Although hundreds of experiments support the regulatory role of free radicals and the...
We provide a brief review about the significance of hypnosis with respect to applications and physiological processes in hypnotherapy. Our review concludes that hypnosis is a promising method to manage acute and chronic pain. In addition, we discuss indications pointing toward the view that hypnosis can induce changes in neuroplasticity possibly in...
Background:
The gut microbiota plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis. The gut-brain axis - as a bi-directional communication system - provides the flow of information between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. Dysbiosis is associated with countless inflammatory, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative diseases, among others. 5...
We provide a brief review about the significance of platelets, mitochondria, vitamin D, serotonin and the gutmicrobiome in COVID-19. We hypothesize that hyperactive platelets and mitochondrial dysfunction as well as low vitamin D level, gut dysbiosis and increased serum serotonin produced by enterochromaffin cells may all represent important aspect...
Our goal is not to describe a single harmful environmental or lifestyle risk factor in great detail, as most scientific articles do. In contrast, we aim to point out that human beings are continuously and simultaneously exposed to countless kinds of harmful environmental and lifestyle risk factors. First, we briefly review and evaluate several envi...
We provide a brief review of the significance of platelets, mitochondria, vitamin D, serotonin and the gutmicrobiome in COVID-19. We hypothesize that hyperactive platelets and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as low vitamin D level, gut dysbiosis and increased serum serotonin produced by enterochromaffin cells, may all represent important aspects...
The microbiota and microbiome and disruption of the gut-brain axis were linked to various metabolic, immunological, physiological, neurodevelopmental, and neuropsychiatric diseases. After a brief review of the relevant literature, we present our hypothesis that intestinal serotonin, produced by intestinal enterochromaffin cells, picked up and store...
The microbiota and microbiome and disruption of the gut-brain axis have been linked to various metabolic, immunological, physiological, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases. After a brief review of the relevant literature we present our hypothesis that intestinal serotonin, produced by intestinal enterochromaffin cells picked up and sto...
Abstract Neurons like other living cells may have ultraweak photon emission (UPE) during neuronal activity. This study is aimed to evaluate UPE from neural stem cells (NSC) during their serial passaging and differentiation. We also investigate whether the addition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) or enhancement of UPE (by AgNPs or mirror) affect the...
Spontaneous loss of a twin most often occurs in the first trimester. This phenomenon is called vanishing twin. Foetuses are especially vulnerable to various stress-related factors. As a result, twin loss in the uterus can produce deep and long-lasting consequences on mental health and may increase the risk of a variety of disease states in the surv...
Here, we briefly overview the various aspects of classic serotonergic hallucinogens reported by a number of studies. One of the key hypotheses of our paper is that the visual effects of psychedelics might play a key role in resetting fears. Namely, we especially focus on visual processes, since they are among the most prominent features of hallucin...
When a couple cannot conceive, it is commonly assumed that an underlying medical problem can be identified. However, emotional and psychological issues may play an important role in the development of infertility. In addition, assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) themselves may add to this stress in susceptible individuals. Infertile couples may...
Based on a brief overview of the various aspects of schizophrenia reported by numerous studies, here we hypothesize that schizophrenia may originate (and in part be performed) from visual areas. In other words, it seems that a normal visual system or at least an evanescent visual perception may be an essential prerequisite for the development of sc...
Cellular luminescence is the emission of photons by living cells due to various biophysical and biochemical processes, mostly associated with cellular metabolism. In this review paper we summarize today's understanding of four luminescence-dependent phenomena in the eye, i.e., phosphenes, retinal discrete dark noise, negative afterimages and the de...
In the 20th century, mother-infant separation shortly after birth in hospitals became routine and unique to humans. However, this hospital birth practice is different from the practice in our evolutionary history, where newborn survival depended on close and essentially continuous maternal contact. This time shortly after birth represents a psychop...
Despite enormous efforts, any correlation between “intelligence” and cognitive or physiological/anatomical properties of animal brains is still poorly understood because intelligence depends on multiple factors in parallel and not a single determinant (1). The study by Wang et al. (2) is both novel and intriguing, but we believe that the experiment...
The question of how to define and explain hypnosis is still not completely answered. Most of the theories of hypnosis are based on describing it as an altered state of consciousness; others focus on intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects, sociopsychological, neurocognitive or sociocognitive processes. More detailed explanation of hypnosis requires...
![Table 1. The pigments given in the Luo et al’s work [2] have been...](profile/Istvan-Bokkon/publication/297593318/figure/fig4/AS:341174545076234@1458353758220/The-pigments-given-in-the-Luo-et-als-work-2-have-been-revised-based-on-the-apparent_Q320.jpg)
For several decades the physical mechanism underlying discrete dark noise of photoreceptors in the eye has remained highly controversial and poorly understood. It is known that the Arrhenius equation, which is based on the Boltzmann distribution for thermal activation, can model only a part (e.g. half of the activation energy) of the retinal dark n...
Abstract:
Sleep is an essential physiological process, which has been divided into rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-REMS (NREMS) in higher animals. REMS is a unique phenomenon that unlike other sleep-waking states is not under voluntary control. Directly or indirectly it influences or gets influenced by most of the physiological processes co...
Today, there is an increased interest in research on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) because it may offer new opportunities in psychotherapy under controlled settings. The more we know about how a drug works in the brain, the more opportunities there will be to exploit it in medicine. Here, based on our previously published papers and investigatio...
Háttér és célkitûzés – Magyar nyelven elôször mutatjuk be
a képi reprezentációs modellrôl folytatott sokéves kutatási
sorozatunk eredményeit, egyszerûsített formában és több új
gondolattal. Célunk, hogy minél szélesebb tudományos kör
számára elérhetôvé tegyük ezt az új modellt, és ennek vélhetô
jövôbeli fontosságát.
Módszer – Saját tudományos publi...
In 1963, it was suggested [Sperry, R.W. (1963). Chemoaffinity in the orderly growth of nerve fiber patterns and connections. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 50, 703-710.] that molecular cues can direct the development of orderly connections between the eye and the brain (the “chemoaffinity hypothesis”). In the same year, the amazing degree of functional...
Abstract
Phosphenes are experienced sensations of light, when there is no light causing them. The physiological processes underlying this phenomenon are still not well understood. Previously, we proposed a novel biopsychophysical approach concerning the cause of phosphenes based on the assumption that cellular endogenous ultra-weak photon emission...
Besides the low-frequency electromagnetic body-processes measurable through the electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), etc. there are processes that do not need external excitation, emitting light within or close to the visible spectra. Such ultraweak photon emission (UPE), also named biophoton emission, reflects the cellular (and...
It is known that the Arrhenius equation, based on the Boltzmann distribution,
can model only a part (e.g. half of the activation energy) for retinal discrete
dark noise observed for vertebrate rod and cone pigments. Luo et al (Science,
332, 1307-312, 2011) presented a new approach to explain this discrepancy by
showing that applying the Hinshelwood...
In our prior work, we reported: (i) the effects of transgenerational epigenetic information on unconscious cognitive abilities, behavioral and emotional patterns, as well as (ii) the essential role of unconscious mechanisms in human decision processes; (iii) the least problematic five component extended dual-aspect monism framework (eDAM) for exper...
Background and objectives: This paper presents some latest scientific results and ideas concerning epigenetics and unconscious processes, and suggests that we should reconsider our conventional notions about human free will. Methods: The present study is a selective review. Results: The described scientific results and ideas relating to epigenetics...
Invitation for Special Issue for CURRENT NEUROPHARMACOLOGY
Guest Editor: István Bókkon
EPIGENETICS, DRUGS AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEMSpecial Issue for CURRENT NEUROPHARMACOLOGY
Guest Editor: István Bókkon
EPIGENETICS, DRUGS AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
http://benthamscience.com/journal/special-issues.php?journalID=cn
A phenomenon characterized by the experience of seeing light without any light actually entering the eye is called phosphenes or photopsias. Phosphenes can occur spontaneously or via induction by external stimuli. Previous reports regarding phosphenes have primarily focused on externally induced phosphenes such as by applying alternating or direct...
Abstract Here, we present various research results and thoughts with the intention of challenging notions about free choice. Namely, we describe the concept of transgenerational transmission of epigenetic information and discuss its non-conscious effects on cognitive abilities, behavioral and emotional patterns, and responses with regard to one's l...
Explanations by step by step about biophysical picture representation (also called intrinsic biophysical virtual visual reality) during visual perception and imagery 2013 by Bókkon My idea of biophysical visual virtual reality in retinotopic areas can be the first possible biophysical basis of Kosslyn's reality simulation principle in the cases of...
Recently, we proposed a novel biophysical concept regarding on the appearance of brilliant lights during near death experiences (NDEs) (Bókkon and Salari, 2012). Specifically, perceiving brilliant light in NDEs has been proposed to arise due to the reperfusion that produces unregulated overproduction of free radicals and energetically excited molec...
Recently, we proposed a novel biophysical concept regarding on the appearance of brilliant lights during near death experiences (NDEs) (Bókkon and Salari, 2012). Specifically, perceiving brilliant light in NDEs has been proposed to arise due to the reperfusion that produces unregulated overproduction of free radicals and energetically excited molec...
Abstract Previously, we reported about the effectiveness of the EMOST (Electro-Magnetic-Own-Signal-Treatment) treatments in reduction of phantom limb pain as well as improvement of the quality of sleep and mood in subjects under clinical circumstances. We also presented the successful application of EMOST for mental stress management of humans unde...
It seems that neurotypical individuals (people without autism) have a hidden ability for savant-like skills, and these special abilities can be accessible via top-down cortical disinhibition of the left fronto-temporal lobe by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). It is well known that enhanced visual function in striate and extrastr...
The rich concentration of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs in the V1 (striate) primate visual cortex has never been explained. Although the distribution of CO blobs provided a persuasive example of columnar structure in the V1, there are contradictions about the existence of hypercolumns. Since photoreceptors and other retinal cells proc...
Recently, we published our results (Bókkon et al., 2011. Electromagn Biol Med.) regarding the effectiveness of the EMOST (Electro-Magnetic-Own-Signal-Treatment) method for the reduction of phantom limb pain under clinical circumstances. However, EMOST treatments not only significantly reduced phantom pain, but that most of the patients also reporte...
In near death experiences (NDEs), seeing a brilliant light may arise in the recovery period following cardiac arrest, but the subjects can think that these experiences had happened during the actual period itself. Here we hypothesize a biophysical explanation about the encounter with a brilliant light in NDEs. Accordingly, meeting brilliant light i...
Here, we suggest the existence and possible roles of evanescent nonconscious afterimages in visual saccades and color illusions during normal vision. These suggested functions of subliminal afterimages are based on our previous papers (i) (Bókkon, Vimal et al. 2011, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B) related to visible light induced ocular delayed biolumi...
The latest experimental results support that multiple retinotopic visual systems play a central role not only in the processing of visual signals but also in the integration and processing of internally represented auditory and tactile information. These retinotopic maps have access to higher levels of cognitive processing, performed by the frontal...
The subject of Ultraweak Photon Emission (UPE) by biological systems is very fascinating, and both evidence of its effects and applications are growing rapidly due to improvements in experimental techniques. Since the relevant equipment should be ultrasensitive with high quantum efficiencies and very low noise levels, the subject of UPE is still ho...
Although various treatments have been presented for phantom pain, there is little proof supporting the benefits of pharmacological treatments, surgery or interventional techniques, electroconvulsive therapy, electrical nerve stimulation, far infrared ray therapy, psychological therapies, etc. Here, we report the preliminary results for phantom pain...
Previously, we have pointed out that biophoton production can be a controlled process that originates from regulated redox/radical reactions. Our biophoton experiments support the notion that various visual related phenomena such as discrete retinal noise, retinal phosphenes as well as negative afterimages are due to biophotons. We have also sugges...
Here, we show that volume neurotransmission and the redox property of dopamine, as well as redox-regulated processes at glutamate receptors, can contribute significantly to our understanding of schizophrenia. Namely, volume neurotransmission may play a key role in the development of dysconnectivity between brain regions in schizophrenic patients, w...
Recently, we put forward a redox molecular hypothesis involving the natural biophysical substrate of visual perception and imagery. Here, we explicitly propose that the feedback and feedforward iterative operation processes can be interpreted in terms of a homunculus looking at the biophysical picture in our brain during visual imagery. We further...
In this paper we argue that, in addition to electrical and chemical signals propagating in the neurons of the brain, signal propagation takes place in the form of biophoton production. This statement is supported by recent experimental confirmation of photon guiding properties of a single neuron. We have investigated the interaction of mitochondria...
The delayed luminescence of biological tissues is an ultraweak reemission of absorbed photons after exposure to external monochromatic or white light illumination. Recently, Wang, Bókkon, Dai and Antal (2011) [10] presented the first experimental proof of the existence of spontaneous ultraweak biophoton emission and visible light induced delayed ul...
Recently, we have proposed a redox molecular hypothesis about the natural biophysical substrate of visual perception and imagery (B\'okkon, 2009. BioSystems; B\'okkon and D'Angiulli, 2009. Bioscience Hypotheses). Namely, the retina transforms external photon signals into electrical signals that are carried to the V1 (striate cortex). Then, V1 retin...
Recently, we put forwarded a redox molecular hypothesis involving the natural biophysical substrate of visual perception and imagery. Here, we explicitly propose that the feedback and feedforward iterative operation processes can be interpreted in terms of a homunculus looking at the biophysical picture in our brain during visual imagery. We furthe...
Since the discovery of the presence of biogenic magnetites in living organisms, there have been speculations on the role that these biomagnetites play in cellular processes. It seems that the formation of biomagnetite crystals is a universal phenomenon and not an exception in living cells. Many experimental facts show that features of organic and i...
In this paper we argue that, in addition to electrical and chemical signals propagating in the neurons of the brain, signal propagation takes place in the form of biophoton production. This statement is supported by recent experimental confirmation of photon guiding properties of a single neuron. We have investigated the interaction of mitochondria...
Based on our years of experience testing a technique called non-ionizing Electromagnetic-Own-Signal-Treatment (EMOST), here, we present our preliminary results for phantom pain reduction by this method under clinical circumstances. Our preliminary results showed not only a reduction in phantom pain in patients but also a marked improvement in their...
Here, we present the first experimental in vitro evidence of the existence of spontaneous and visible light-induced ultraweak photon emission from freshly isolated whole eye, lens, vitreous humor, and retina samples from rats. These results suggest that the photochemical source of retinal discrete noise, as well as retinal phosphenes, may originate...
Recently, we have proposed a redox molecular hypothesis about the natural biophysical substrate of visual perception and imagery [1,6]. Namely, the retina transforms external photon signals into electrical signals that are carried to the V1 (striatecortex). Then, V1 retinotopic electrical signals (spike-related electrical signals along classical ax...
Although primary visual cortex (V1 or striate) activity per se is not sufficient for visual apperception (normal conscious visual experiences and conscious functions such as detection, discrimination, and recognition), the same is also true for extrastriate visual areas (such as V2, V3, V4/V8/VO, V5/M5/MST, IT, and GF). In the lack of V1 area, visu...
A novel molecular hypothesis about visual perception and imagery has recently been proposed (Bókkon, 2009; BioSystems). Namely, external electromagnetic visible photons are converted into electrical signals in the retina and are then conveyed to V1. Next, these retinotopic electrical signals (spike-related electrical signals along classical axonal-...
In this paper, we argue that, in addition to electrical and chemical signals
propagating in the neurons of the brain, signal propagation takes place in the
form of biophoton production. This statement is supported by recent
experimental confirmation of photon guiding properties of a single neuron. We
have reviewed the mechanism of biophoton product...
Does the primary visual cortex mediate consciousness for higher-level stages of information processing by providing an outlet for mental imagery? Evidence based on neural electrical activity is inconclusive as reflected in the ''imagery debate'' in cognitive science. Neural information and activity, however, also depend on regulated biophoton (opti...
Since the discovery of the presence of biogenic magnetites in living organisms, there have been speculations on the role that these biomagnetites play in cellular processes. It seems that the formation of biomagnetite crystals is a universal phenomenon and not an exception in living cells. Many experimental facts show that features of organic and i...
Despite theoretical and experimental efforts to model neuronal networks, the origin of cerebral cognitive functions and memory formation are still unknown. Recently, we have proposed that in addition to chemical and electrical signals, the cellular components of the neocortex (especially neurons and astrocytes) may communicate with each other throu...
Spontaneous rhodopsin activation produces discrete noises indistinguishable from single-photon responses. However, there is a serious discrepancy between the apparent energy barrier of thermal events compared with that of the photon-driven process. Current estimates of the activation energies of discrete dark noises in vertebrate rod and cone pigme...
Here, we put forward a redox molecular hypothesis about the natural biophysical substrate of visual perception and visual imagery. This hypothesis is based on the redox and bioluminescent processes of neuronal cells in retinotopically organized cytochrome oxidase-rich visual areas. Our hypothesis is in line with the functional roles of reactive oxy...
We reviewed the existing research linking visual mental imagery and phosphenes induced by TMS. We examined and contrasted conditions (and parameters) under which intensity and amplitude of TMS application at various cortical sites along the ventral and dorsal visual pathways: 1) induces the experience of visual images during perception and mental i...
This paper proposes a new biopsychophysical concept of phosphene phenomenon. Namely, visual sensation of phosphenes is due to the intrinsic perception of ultraweak bioluminescent photon emission of cells in the visual system. In other words, phosphenes are bioluminescent biophotons in the visual system induced by various stimuli (mechanical, electr...
Homeotherm state can bear a relationship to development of self-cognitive consciousness in evolution. Both explicit memory and consciousness could arise from sleep and dreams. In evolution several biomolecular and biophysical mechanisms have been developed, which made possible the formation of strong coherence of the information system in the brain...
Summary
The formation of various biocrystals appears to be
a universal phenomenon. Biocrystals may play a
possible role not only in the pathological events of
cells, but also in their functional operation.
Unusual features of the nanoscale word indicate
that cells are able to connect organic and inorganic regulational processes. Living cells can be...
There are thousands of experiments in the world of science, but we do not have a uniform system, in which different results from the divergent development of science, as well as from our entire world can be connected to each other in a wholistic way. If divergence predominated over convergence, it would favor destructive and self-disastrous process...
Questions
Questions (5)
It is not a joke!!!!! Now, here is political dictatorship in Hungary, Prime Minister Viktor Orban is a "neo-fascist dictator". http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30318898
Thousands of companies go bankrupt and scientists also. Unfortunately, my company was also bankrupt, and I am unemployed, but I belong to some places, but I do not get paid from anywhere. I seek some quick support, because in the next month there will be nothing to eat. My some papers will be published as coauthor, but I have not time for writing papers now.
Sincerely,
István
Why do we see colors with our eyes closed?
Those mysterious blobs and patterns that bedazzle the backs of your eyelids are no illusion. What you see is real light — and it’s coming from inside your eyes.
Scienceline. Content created by science, health and environmental journalism students from New York University. Here is an interview with me about phosphenes as biophotons. http://scienceline.org/2014/12/why-do-we-see-colors-with-our-eyes-closed/#more-23703
I am seeking collaboration with someone who can perform tDCS or TMS experiments.