Iraqi Journal Of Laser IjlUniversity of Baghdad · Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies
Iraqi Journal Of Laser Ijl
Published by: University of Baghdad
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The increased interest in developing new photonic devices that can support high data rates in optical communications, high sensitivity and fast processing capabilities motivates a pre stage pulse compressor research which was based on cascading single mode fiber and polarization maintaining fiber. pulse compression of 1.105. The demand for obtainin...
Photonic Crystal Fiber Interferometers (PCFIs) are widely used for sensing applications. This work presents the fabrication and the characterization of a relative humidity sensor based on a polymer-coated photonic crystal fiber that operates in a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) transmission mode. The fabrication of the sensor involved splicing a...
The prepared nanostructure SiO 2 thin films were densified by two techniques (conventional and Diode Pumped Solid State Laser (DPSS) (532 nm). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) technique were used to analyze the samples. XRD results showed that the structure of SiO 2 thin...
Sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is a very important in high voltage equipment as a spark arrestor medium for switch gear assemblies. Laser-based Photo-Acoustic (PA) technique has been used to monitor the traces of SF6 leaks in the surrounding atmosphere. This technique is based on inducing acoustic waves in the gas which is stimulated by a modulated...
The development of highly sensitive sensors has become an efficient field of research. In this work, an ArF Excimer laser of 193 nm with a maximum pulse energy of 275 mJ, 15 ns pulse duration and a repetition rate of 1 Hz is utilized to form a Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) of three different morphologies (nanochains, contours, g...
Objectives: To investigate the effect of temperature elevation on the bonding strength of resin cement to the zirconia ceramic using fractional CO2 laser. Background: Fractional CO2 laser is an effective surface treatment of zirconia ceramic, as it increases the bonding strength of zirconia to resin cement. Methods: Thirty sintered zirconia discs (...
The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of diode laser (λ=940 nm) in the management of gingival hyperpigmentation compared to the conventional bur method. Materials and methods: Eighteen patients with gingival hyperpigmentation were selected for the study with an age between 12-37 years old. The site of treatment was the upper gingiva usi...
The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of 940 nm diode laser in comparison to Endoactivator in elimination of smear layer in terms of radicular dentin permeability and ultra-structural changes of root canal walls by SEM evaluation. Twenty-eight single-rooted extracted lower premolars were instrumented up to size X4 (protaper Next, Den...
Introduction: It is found that hypersensitive teeth have a larger number and wider patent tubules than those of non-sensitive teeth. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare between the effects of diode laser at different power densities, with and without sodium fluoride on the sealing of exposed dentinal tubules and dentin permeability. Mate...
Background: High percentage of diabetes patients complain from post extraction hemorrhage. Many types of hemostatic materials are used to stop bleeding after teeth extraction: diode lasers are good hemostatic agents owing to their highly absorption by hemoglobin therefore they are used in soft tissue procedures with relatively no effects on dental...
A simple all optical fiber sensor based on multimode interference (MMI) for chemical liquids sensing was designed and fabricated. A segment of coreless fiber (CF) was spliced between two single mode fibers to buildup single mode-coreless-single mode (SCS) structure. Broadband source and optical signal analyzer were connected to the ends of SCS stru...
Background: Diode lasers are becoming popular in periodontal surgery due to their highly absorption by pigments such as melanin and hemoglobin their weak absorption by water and hydroxyapatite makes them safe to be used around dental hard tissues. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of diode laser in performing gi...
Two Prototypes of Transversely Excited at atmospheric pressure (TEA) Nitrogen laser systems (One Stage Blumlein Circuit and Two Stage Blumlein Circuit) were fabricated and operated. High voltage power supply with variable operating voltage (0-20 kv) and operating current (1-3A) was built and tested successfully. The gas flow rate of 15 L/ min and 1...
In this research, annealed nanostructured ZnO catalyst water putrefaction system was builtusing sun light and different wavelength lasers as stimulating light sources to enhance photocatalyticdegradation activity of methylene blue (MB) dye as a model based on interfacial charges transfer. Thestructural, crystallite size, morphological, particle siz...
The photodynamic inactivation against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using two different lasers, 532 nm diode pumped solid state laser (DPSS) in combination with safranin O and 650 nm diode laser in combination with methylene blue was investigated in the present work. A hundred swab samples were collected from patients with burn and wo...
Background: The Bartholin gland cyst is a condition that occurs in approximately 2% of women, most of whom are of reproductive age. Although benign pathology, it is associated with significant patient discomfort. This disorder is caused by the obstruction and consequent dilation of the cyst duct. Definitive treatment involves the surgical removal o...
In this work, the effect of different particle size on the nonlinear optical properties of silver nanoparticles in de-ionized water was studied. The experimental observation of the far field diffraction patterns by CCD camera in two and three dimensions. The maximum change of nonlinear refractive index and the relative phase shift were calculated....
Photonic crystal fiber interferometers (PCFIs) are widely used for sensing applications. This work presented solid core-PCFs based on Mach-Zehnder modal interferometer for sensing refractive index. The general structure of sensor was applied by splicing short lengths of PCF in both sides with conventional single mode fiber (SMF-28).To apply modal i...
Hyperpigmentation is the increase in the natural color of the skin.
Low-intensity laser irradiation has been explored as an alternative, non-invasive method to encourage chronic wounds to heal. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low level laser therapy (biostimulation) using semiconductor diode laser with wavelength (785 nm) on the enhancement of chronic wound healing. Fifty patients with chronic wounds we...
In this work, nanostructure zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin films at temperature of substrate 450 o C and thickness (120) nm have been produced by chemical spray pyrolysis method. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements of the film showed that they have a polycrystalline structure and possessed a hexagonal phase with strong crystalline orientation of (103...
This work studied the electrical and thermal surface conductivity enhancement of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) clouded by double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) by using pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Variable input factors are considered as the laser energy (or the relevant power), pulse duration and pulse repetiti...
Background: Acne scars are one of the most common problems following acne vulgaris. Despite the extensive list of available treatment modalities, their effectiveness depends upon the nature of the scar. Ablative lasers had been used to treat acne scars; one of them is the fractional CO2 laser. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of fra...
Background: An ingrowing toenail is a common problem affecting mainly adolescents and young adults, with a male predominance of 3:1. The disorder generally occurs in big toes. It is painful and often chronic and it affects work and social activities. Most patients initially complain of pain and later discharge, infection and difficulty in walking o...
Background: Cervical ectropion is considered to be a physiologic condition caused by columnar epithelium migration from the cervical canal into the vaginal portion of the cervix and usually there is no treatement for clinically asymptomatic cervical ectropion. Treatment can be achieved by thermal cauterization (Electrocautery), Cryosurgery or laser...
In this paper, SiO 2 nanoparticles thin films were synthesised at different PH values of solution by sol gel method at fixed temperature (25 o C) and molar ratio (R =H 2 O/precursor) of (Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate) TEOS as precursor at (R=1). The structure and optical properties of the thin films have been investigated. All thin films were tested b...
Nonlinear diffraction patterns can be obtained by focusing a laser beam through a thin slice of the material. Here, we investigated experimentally the formation of the far field nonlinear diffraction patterns of cw laser beam at 532 nm passing through a quartz cuvette containing multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT's) suspended in acetone and in DI w...
Background: Laser etching may be an alternative to acid etching of enamel and dentin. Several characteristics of irradiated dental hard tissues have been considered advantageous, microscopically rough surfaces without demineralization, open dentinal tubules without smear layer production and dentin surface sterilization. The aim of this study is to...
In the present work, heterojunction diode detectors will be prepared using germanium wafers as a substrate material and 200 nm tin sulfide thickness will be evaporated by using thermal evaporation method as thin film on the substrate. Nd:YAG laser (λ=532 nm) with different energy densities (5.66 J/cm 2 and 11.32 J/cm 2) is used to diffuse the SnS i...
Background: The current standard for treating pilonidal sinus (PNS) is surgical intervention with excision of the sinus. Recurrence of PNS can be controlled with good hygiene and regular shaving of the natal cleft, laser treatment is a useful adjunct to prevent recurrence. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) laser is a gold standard of soft tissue surgical laser...
Palladium nanoparticles are produced by Polyol method. The characterization of the Pd nanoparticle has been conducted by various techniques such as SEM and AFM. The results of Pd powder showed that the particle size is directly proportional to the temperature and the reaction time. The optimum conditions for obtaining minimum nanoparticles size are...
Laser cleaning of materials' surfaces implies the removal of deposited pollutants without affecting the material. Nanosecond Nd:YAG pulsed laser, operating at 1064 nm and 532nm, was utilized. Different laser intensities and number of pulses were used on metallic and non-metallic surfaces under O 2 and Ar environments to remove metal oxide and crust...
Background: Laser skin wound soldering offers many distinct advantages over conventional closure and laser welding techniques. Objective : to compare the histological effects of human skin wound soldering using 50 % human albumin solder and compound charcoal photosensitiser with 980 nm diode laser acting in various modes of action and parameters. S...
The effect of 532nm Diode Pumped Solid State (DPSS) laser at power density of 5.234 W/cm 2 on the growth of Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. These bacteria were isolated from samples taken from burn and infected wound areas of 55 patients admitted to the burn-wound unit in Al-Kindy teaching...
Among the different passive techniques heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHE) seems to be the most effective one for energy saving in heating ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC). The applications for nanofluids with high conductivity are favorable to increase the thermal performance in HPHE. Even though the nanofluid has the higher heat conduct...
Background: The current standard for treating pilonidal sinus (PNS) is surgical intervention with excision of the sinus. Recurrence of PNS can be controlled with good hygiene and regular shaving of the natal cleft, laser treatment is a useful adjunct to prevent recurrence. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) laser is a gold standard of soft tissue surgical laser...
Background: Joining tissue is a growing problem in surgery with the advancement of the technology and more precise and difficult surgeries are done. Tissue welding using laser is a promising technique that might help in more advancement of the surgical practice. Objectives: To study the ability of laser in joining tissues and the optimum parameters...
Hemorrhoids are one of the most common surgical conditions. The hemorrhoid may cause symptoms that are: bleeding, pain, prolapse, itching, spoilage of feces, and psychologic discomfort. There are many methods for treatment of hemorrhoid like, medical therapy, rubber band ligation, electerocoagulation, stapled hemorrhoidpexy, photocoagulation, scler...
In this paper the experimentally obtained conditions for the fusion splicing with photonic crystal fibers (PCF) having large mode areas were reported. The physical mechanism of the splice loss and the microhole collapse property of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) were studied. By controlling the arc-power and the arc-time of a conventional electric ar...
In this work, ZnS thin films have been deposited by developed laser deposition technique on glass substrates at room temperature. After deposition process, the films were annealed at different temperatures (200ºC , 300 ºC and 400ºC) using thermal furnace.The developed technique was used to obtain homogeneous thin films of ZnS depending on vaporizat...
Photoacoustic is a unique imaging method that combines the absorption contrast of light or radio frequency waves with ultrasound resolution. When the deposition of this energy is sufficiently short, a thermo-elastic expansion takes place whereby acoustic waves are generated. These waves can be recorded and stored to construct an image. This work pr...
In this study, a mathematical model is presented to study the chemisorption of two interacting atoms on solid surface in the presence of laser field. Our mathematical model is based on the occupation numbers formula that depends on the laser field which we derived according to Anderson model for single atom adsorbed on solid surface. Occupation num...
One of the most popular causes for implant infection is dental plaque bacteria. Previous studies have shown the bactericidal effect of CO 2 laser irradiation on bacteria associated with soft tissue surrounding the implant materials. No published studies have examined the effect of irradiation by CO 2 laser on Streptococcus oralis and Staphylococcus...
There are many causes for epistaxis but it is mainly idiopathic in type. In Management of epistaxis there are different modality either medical or cautery(chemical or galvanic) recently laser is used in management of epistaxis. The type of laser used in current study was 810 nm diode laser. The aim of the study is to evaluate its efficiency in cont...
CO 2 laser (10.6 µm) is the most often used laser in the oral surgery due to its high absorption by water of the oral tissues. Several benefits of the use of CO 2 laser have been reported for oral surgical procedures. This study aims to evaluate the effect of CO 2 laser on soft and hard oral tissues (in vitro study). This study was done on fresh ti...
In this paper we report the use of supersonic jet laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy to facilitate the study of the spectra of some organometallic sandwich compounds particularly the metallocenes. The charge-transfer processes within these compounds, especially ligand to metal charge transfer within decamethylrhenocene ( -C 5 Me 5) 2 R...
Fiber Bragg Grating has many advantages where it can be used as a temperature sensor, pressure sensor or even as a refractive index sensor. Designing each of this fiber Bragg grating sensors should include some requirements. Fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensor is a very important application. In order to increase the sensing ability of fibe...
Urinary stones are one of the most common painful disorders of the urinary system. Four new technologies have transformed the treatment of urinary stones: Electrohydraulic lithotripsy, ultrasonic lithotripsy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, and laser lithotripsy.The purpose of this study is to determine whether pulsed holmium laser energy is...
A simple setup of random number generator is proposed. The random number generation is based on the shot-noise fluctuations in a p-in photodiode. These fluctuations that are defined as shot noise are based on a stationary random process whose statistical properties reflect Poisson statistics associated with photon streams. It has its origin in the...
Twenty five samples out of sixty wound swabs taken from burn patients were identified as P. aeruginosabacteria by conventional methods. Antibiotics susceptibility tests were performed against thirteen antibiotics. P. aeruginosa samples were treated with 0.5 mg/ml of Safranin O solution then irradiated with 532nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at four ener...
To show the impact of 790-805 nm diode laser irradiations on wound healing as a supplementary treatment in women underwent episiotomies, and to assess the laser parameters that were used .Material and methods: Eighteen female patients were included in this study; all of them underwent mediolateral episiotomy. Ten patients received laser therapy-dio...
In this paper, simulation study of the frequency shift of photonic bandgaps due to refractive index scaling using liquids filled hollow-core photonic crystal fibers is presented. Different liquids (distilled water, n-hexane, methanol, ethanol and acetone) are used to fill the cladding of 2 types of hollow core photonic crystal fibers (HC19-1060, HC...
The nonlinear refractive index and the nonlinear absorption coefficient of unmodified and functional poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA films were studied before and after the addition of the filler by the z-scan technique, using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at two wavelengths: 532 nm and 1064 nm, and at three input energies (13, 33 and 53) mJ. Both linea...
Spider veins are a common aesthetic problem mainly in females , the conventional method of treatment is by microsclerotherapy (injections) but laser therapy has become increasingly efficacious and a convenient method for treatment. The present study was performed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of pulsed diode laser (810nm) by doing the...
The electro-optic coefficient r 63 and r 41 are determined in congruent KDP crystals, using an experimental method based upon the direct measurement of material. Sénarmont system for electro-optic coefficient measurement and characterization of crystals was modified. This modification allowed us to obtain on the frequency dispersion dependence of t...
The objective of this study is to demonstrate the corrosion behavior of dental alloys Co-Cr-Mo, Ni-Cr-Mo and Ti-Al-V in artificial saliva at pH=4 and 37 o C enriched with ethyl alcohol at 8% percentage. The linear and cyclic polarizations were investigated by electrochemical measurements. Laser surface modification was achieved for the three dental...
In this work a chemical sensor was built by using Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) modeling technique by filling the core of 1550 hollow core photonic crystal fiber with chloroform that has different concentrations after being diluted with distilled water. The minimum photonic bandgap width is.0003 and .0005 rad/sec with 19 and 7 cells respectively and a...
Laser assisted skin wound closure offers many distinct advantages over conventional closure techniques. The objective of this in vitro experimental study, carried out at the Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies/Baghdad University, was to determine the effectiveness of 980 nm diode laser in welding of human skin wounds. Multiple 3-4 cm long f...
The purpose of this work was to study the effects of the Nd:YAG laser on exposed dentinal tubules of human extracted teeth using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Eighty 2.5mm-thick slices were cut at the cementoenamel junction from 20 extracted human teeth with an electric saw. A diamond bur was used to remove the cementum layer to expose the...
The aim of this research work is to evaluate the use of 980 nm diode laser in clotting the blood in the bone socket after tooth extraction. The objective is to prevent possible clot dislodgement which is a defect that may lead to possible infection. A number of rabbits were irradiated using 980nm CW mode diode laser, 0.86W power output for 9s and 1...
Linear and nonlinear optical properties of epoxy/ Al 2 O 3 nanocomposites system were studied for epoxy neat and (0.5, 1.5, 3, and 5) % Al 2 O 3 nanocomposites.The band gap of epoxy and its nanocomposites was obtained at these weight ratios. Nonlinear optical properties experiments were performed using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser z-scan system.These ex...
In this work, the finite element analysis of moving coordinates has been used to study the thermal behavior of the tissue subjected to both continuous wave and pulsed CO 2 laser. The results are compared with previously published data, and a good agreement has been found, which verifies the implemented theory. Some conclusions are obtained; As puls...
Leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle tumor) is a rare type of a malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle. It is a resistant cancer, generally not very responsive to chemotherapy, radiationand surgery.The aim of this study was to evaluate photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a possible basis for treatment using (650 nm)diode laser with methyleneblue (MB) as a photosen...
An assembled pulsed Nd:YAG laser-robot system for spot welding similar and dissimilar metals is presented in this paper. The study evaluates the performance of this system through investigating the possibility and accuracy of executing laser spot welding of 0.2 mm in thickness stainless steel grade AISI302 to 0.5 mm in thickness low carbon steel gr...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the biostimulation effect of 532 nm CW laser on the metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Cells were irradiated by 532 nm Nd:YAG laser using 0.153 W/cm2 power density at 30, 45, 60,180 and 300 seconds exposure times in their respective orders. Intrafluorescence parameters were measured by detectio...
The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of class V Er:YAG laser (2940 nm) cavity preparation and conventional bur cavity preparation regarding Intrapulpal temperature rise during cavity preparation in extracted human premolar teeth. Twenty non carious premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic purposes were used and class V cavity pr...
we studied the effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) using diode laser with wavelength of (790-805) nm in promotion and enhancement of wound healing of episiotomy and to evaluate the analgesic effect of LLLT in reducing the pain sensation caused by the episiotomy wounds. Nineteen women with episiotomy wound were selected and divided into three g...
In this study, the effect of Nd: YAG laser on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and alcoholdehydrogenase (ADH) was investigated. The Saccharomyces cells were irradiated using 532nm Q-Switched Nd: YAG laser with (1Hz) frequency. Different fluences 11.3, 22.6 and 33.9mJ/cm 2 and different number of pulses 15, 30 and 60 pulse were used. The i...
In this work a model of a source generating truly random quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signal constellation required for quantum key distribution (QKD) system based on BB84 protocol using phase coding is implemented by using the software package OPTISYSTEM9. The randomness of the sequence generated is achieved by building an optical setup ba...
The relation between the output power and wavelengths for a 532nm 3W frequency doubled diode pumped solid state laser pumped Ti:Sapphire crystal is investigated. A 20 femtosecond pulse at 800 nm is obtained. A 320 mW is found to be the highest power at 800nm. Below this wavelength value and above the power was found to deviate from highest output v...
In present work an investigation for precise hole drilling via continuous wave (CW) CO2 laser at 150 W maximum output pow er and w avelength 10.6 µ m w as achieved w ith the assistance of computerized numerical controlled (CNC) machine and assist gases. The drilling process was done for thin sheets (0.1-0.3 mm) of two types of metals; stainless ste...
In the present work, silver nanoparticles were prepared. Nonlinear optical properties and optical limiting of silver nanoparticles were investigated.Standard chemical synthesis method was used at diffrent weight ratio(0.038, 0.058 and 0.078) of silver nitrate. Several testing were done to obtain the characteristics of the sample. Z-Scan experiments...
The spectral characteristics and the nonlinear optical properties of the mixed donor (C-480) acceptor (Rh-6G) have been determined. The spectral characteristics are studied by recording their absorption and fluorescence spectra. The nonlinear optical properties were measured by z-scan technique, using Q-switched Nd: YAG laser with 1064 nm wavelengt...
The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of malachite green (MG) combined with 650nm diode laser to kill Candida albicans and to spectrally study the MG photodegradation after photodynamic therapy (PDT) spectrally. Cultures of Candida albicans were exposed to 40mW, 650 nm diode laser in the absence of MG. In PDT group, the MG was added t...
This work is a trial to ensure the absolute security in any quantum cryptography (QC) protocol via building an effective hardware for satisfying the single-photon must requirement by controlling the value of mean photon number. This was approximately achieved by building a driving circuit that provide very short pulses (≈ 10 ns) for laser diode-LD-...
The objective of the present study is to verify the actual carious lesion depth by laser fluorescence technique using 650 nm CW diode laser in comparison with the histopathological investigation. Five permanent molar teeth were extracted from adult individuals for different reasons (tooth impaction, periodontal diseases, and pulp infections); their...
In this work Laser wireless video communication system using intensity modualtion direct detection IM/DD over a 1 km range between transmitter and receiver is experimentally investigated and demonstrated. Beam expander and beam collimeter were implemented to collimete laser beam at the transmitter and focus this beam at the receiver respectively. T...
Background: When laser light incident on biological tissue, it is either reflected from the surface of the tissue (e.g. the skin) or scattered inside the tissue or absorbed .The laser light will be absorbed by water, hemoglobin and melanin. Absorption is also highly dependent on wavelength of laser radiation. The absorbed light is converted into ki...
The long healing time of bone after tooth extraction in order to construct artificial teeth is uncomfortable to the patient because of aesthetic or masticatory problems in addition to the daily visit to dental clinic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 805 nm diode laser with long time intervals on repair of bone and skin inc...
This work aimed to investigate the effect of Diode laser 805 nm on plasmid DNA and RNA contents of some Gram negative bacteria represented by Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis isolates .Plasmid extraction was done using two methods (Salting out and CTAB method).Different powers and pulse repetition rates for 805 nm Diode Laser were used to stu...
This prospective study investigates the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) in burn unit of Al-Kindy Iraqi hospital, their susceptibility to antibiotics and bactericidal effect of near infrared light from high powered 1064nm Nd: YAG laser and green light 532nm from SHG Nd: YAG laser using various energy densities on these bacteria....
In this work a Nd:YVO 4 thin disc laser setup is designed and fabricated. The disk laser system is designed to be compact. The laser crystal was pumped by a 808 nm diode laser. The effect of input current and pulse frequency on the output energy at pulse operation mode, and the effect of the input current on the output power at CW mode operation ar...
A characteristic study of a passively Q-switched diode pumped solid state laser system is presented in this work. For laser a comparison study for the theoretically calculated results with a simulation results using a software which calculates the Q-switched solid state laser parameters was such as energy, peak power and pulse width were performed....
Dental caries (tooth decay) is one of the most prevalent infectious disease and although of multifactorial origin, Streptococcus mutans is considered the principal pathogen in its development (i.e. bacterial processes damage hard tooth structure (enamel, dentine and cementum), producing dental cavities (holes in the teeth). The bactericidal propert...
This research investigates new glasses which are best suitable for design of optical systems working in the infrared region between 1.
This paper describes the gain and noise performances of discrete Raman amplifier as a function of fiber lengths and the signal input powers for different pump configurations. Simulation has been done by using optisystem 7.0 software simulation at signal wavelength of 1550 nm and a pump wavelength of 1450nm. The results showed that the gain is highe...
Diabetic retinopathy is one of most important complications of diabetes mellitus that can be treated by Nd:YAG laser. Laser is used in ophthalmic practice for photocoagulation and photodisruption. The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in immunological ,hematological and biochemical values after treatment of diabetic retinopathy by laser....