Inderjit .

• PhD
• Professor (Full) at University of Delhi

Soil biota have strong effects on plants, but we have a poor understanding of how plant chemistry might modify these effects. We examined the effect of soil biota associated with an exotic invasive tree, Prosopis juliflora, versus that associated with native species, from seven sites across India on conspecifics and two other plant species. We then...

Despite the paramount role of plant diversity for ecosystem functioning, biogeochemical cycles, and human welfare, knowledge of its global distribution is still incomplete, hampering basic research and biodiversity conservation. Here, we used machine learning (random forests, extreme gradient boosting, and neural networks) and conventional statisti...

Biotic interactions are known to play an important role in shaping species geographic distributions and diversity patterns. However, the role of mutualistic interactions in shaping global diversity patterns remains poorly quantified, particularly with respect to interactions with invertebrates. Moreover, it is unclear how the nature of different mu...

Despite the paramount role of plant diversity for ecosystem functioning, biogeochemical cycles, and human welfare, knowledge of its global distribution is incomplete, hampering basic research and biodiversity conservation. Here, we used machine learning (random forests, extreme gradient boosting, neural networks) and conventional statistical method...

Vegetation patterning in water-limited and other resource-limited ecosystems highlights spatial self-organization processes as potentially key drivers of community assembly. These processes provide insight into predictable landscape-level relationships between organisms and their abiotic environment in the form of regular and irregular patterns of...

Exotic invasive plant species alter ecosystems and locally extirpate native plant species, and by doing so alter community structure. Changes in community structure may be particularly important if invaders promote species with certain traits. For example, the positive effects of most invaders on soil fertility may promote species with weedy traits...

Developed countries are producing policies to reduce the flow of invasive species and control or eradicate existing invasions, but most developing countries are under-resourced to tackle either aspect without help. Emerging economies, such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS), are responsible for donating many of the world’s in...

Biological invasions are a defining feature of the Anthropocene, but the factors that determine the spatially uneven distribution of alien plant species are still poorly understood. Here, we present the first global analysis of the effects of biogeographic factors, the physical environment and socio-economy on the richness of naturalized and invasi...

Aim We studied the novel weapons hypothesis in the context of the broadly distributed tree species Eucalyptus globulus . We evaluated the hypothesis that this Australian species would produce stronger inhibitory effects on species from its non‐native range than on species from its native range. Location We worked in four countries where this speci...

This dataset provides the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, version 1.2. GloNAF represents a data compendium on the occurrence and identity of naturalized alien vascular plant taxa across geographic regions (e.g. countries, states, provinces, districts, islands) around the globe. The dataset includes 13,939 taxa and covers 1,029 reg...

Although gymnosperms were nearly swept away by the rise of the angiosperms in the Late Cretaceous, conifers, and pines (Pinus species) in particular, survived and regained their dominance in some habitats. Diversification of pines into fire‐avoiding (subgenus Haploxylon) and fire‐adapted (subgenus Diploxylon) species occurred in response to abiotic...

Despite an existing India-wide inventory of alien plant species, an inventory documenting the occurrence of naturalized alien plant species in each of the Indian states (including union territories) was not available yet. We compiled from the literature a list of naturalized alien vascular plant species with data on their occurrence in 33 Indian st...

Using the recently built Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, containing data on the distribution of naturalized alien plants in 482 mainland and 362 island regions of the world, we describe patterns in diversity and geographic distribution of naturalized and invasive plant species, taxonomic, phylogenetic and life-history structure of...

During the initial establishment phase, both biotic and abiotic conditions of the resident community can be important in determining the persistence of invasive plant populations. Invaders may act as passengers by tracking variation in environmental conditions (passenger model), or alternatively, may drive changes in environmental conditions which...

All around the globe, humans have greatly altered the abiotic and biotic environment with ever-increasing speed. One defining feature of the Anthropocene epoch is the erosion of biogeographical barriers by human-mediated dispersal of species into new regions, where they can naturalize and cause ecological, economic and social damage. So far, no com...

Proenca et al. (1) highlight that sown biodiverse pastures (SBP) can provide local solutions that increase production while limiting the risk of new pasture taxa invading natural areas. We agree that in Portugal SBP is an innovative approach for reducing the weed risk. However, SBP does not offer a universal solution to the problems we identify in...

Soil microbial communities and processes have repeatedly been shown to impact plant community assembly and population growth. Soil-driven effects may be particularly pronounced with the introduction of plants to non-native ranges, as introduced plants are not typically accompanied by transference of local soil communities. Here we describe how the...

Significance Governments spend billions of dollars each year managing invasive plant species. Many invasive plants have escaped from pastures and now degrade natural areas and transform ecosystems. New pasture taxa are promoted to help achieve sustainable intensification of agriculture by increasing production without using more land. However, plan...

Allelopathy may contribute to the formation of mono-dominant stands of exotic species, but the effects of allelochemicals can be highly conditional. We explored variation in the production of phenolics in leaves, accumulation of phenolics in soils, and the inhibitory effects of soils under an aggressive invader Prosopis juliflora across a range of...

We coordinated biogeographical comparisons of the impacts of an exotic invasive tree in its native and non-native ranges with a congeneric comparison in the non-native range. Prosopis juliflora is taxonomically complicated and with P. pallida forms the P. juliflora complex. Thus we sampled P. juliflora in its native Venezuela, and also located two...

Summary of statistical analysis of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), phosphate-P and total organic N (TON) of soil treated with no leachate (control, C), P. cineraria (PC) or P. juliflora (PJ) leaf leachate (one-way ANOVA and posthoc Tukey’s test at p<0.05). (DOCX)

Summary of statistical analysis of total phenolic content of soil treated with no litter (control, C), P. cineraria (PC) or P. juliflora (PJ) leaf litter at rate of 12 mg/g soil, and incubated for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 14 days. (DOCX)

Upon their introduction to new environments, plants may become invasive and suppress native plant species (Gurevitch et al., 2011). Plant-herbivore interactions play an important role in invasion success of an exotic plant. In the introduced ranges, exotic plants are believed to be largely free from specialist herbivore pressure, a hypothesis known...

Plants can release chemicals into the environment that suppress the growth and establishment of other plants in their vicinity: a process known as 'allelopathy'. However, chemicals with allelopathic functions have other ecological roles, such as plant defense, nutrient chelation, and regulation of soil biota in ways that affect decomposition and so...

1. Many studies testing the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis have focused on whether plants from invasive populations of a species show reduced allocation to defence and increased allocation to growth than plants from native populations. But few have attempted to understand ecophysiological mechanisms by which decreased allocat...

Mikania micrantha, a creeper and climber, has invaded forests and agricultural areas in the Western Ghats. A quantification of the effect of Mikania on species richness and factors that contribute to its success would help to understand the invasion success of Mikania in the Western Ghats of India. This study investigated its impact on species rich...

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 407–418 A general understanding of biological invasions will provide insights into fundamental ecological and evolutionary problems and contribute to more efficient and effective prediction, prevention and control of invasions. We review recent papers that have proposed conceptual frameworks for invasion biology. These pa...

The nature of interference potential of Kalmiaangustifolia L., a boreal forest understorey shrub, was investigated in laboratory experiments. Organic and mineral soils, not previously associated with Kalmia, were amended with different quantities of its leaf litter and leaf litter leachates. The objectives of the study were (i) to determine changes...

Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. F. ex. A. Gray (Asteraceae) is a perennial weed that interferes with the growth and establishment of crop species in semiarid regions of India. The present research was designed to understand the probable involvement of allelopathy in its interference mechanism. We studied the effect of soils amended with...

The allelopathic potential of soils from four sites infested with the weed Pluchea lanceolate (DC.) C.B. Clarke (Asteraceae) was investigated. All sites had similar precipitation, similar crops, and weeds in addition to P. lanceolata. The objectives of this study were threefold: first, variations in the allelopathic effects of P. lanceolata infeste...

Allelopathic effects of cyanobacterial inoculum on soil characteristics and cereal growth were investigated. Research established the alteration of chemical characteristics of the soils inoculated with different concentrations of cyanobacterial inoculum. Inoculated soils, compared with uninoculated soils, sometimes had significantly different value...

The question whether or not annual weeds are allelopathic under field conditions is important in assessing the interference potential of annual weed species. Research was conducted to investigate the probable involvement of allelopathy in the interference potential of chickweed, Stellaria media, a polycarpic winter annual weed. Chickweed maintains...

Some invasive plant species appear to strongly suppress neighbors in their nonnative ranges but much less so in their native range. We found that in the field in its native range in Mexico, the presence of Ageratina adenophora, an aggressive Neotropical invader, was correlated with higher plant species richness than found in surrounding plant commu...

Allelopathic functions of plant-released chemicals are often studied through growth bioassays assuming that these chemicals will directly impact plant growth. This overlooks the role of soil factors in mediating allelopathic activities of chemicals, particularly non-volatiles. Here we examined the allelopathic potential of 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ),...

Cyanobacteria are important components of the lowland rice ecosystem. Therefore, it is important to examine the effect of herbicides (commonly used against weeds of rice crop) on the performance of cyanobacteria. We studied the toxic effects of three herbicides often used in rice field, viz. propanil, pretilachlor and glyphosate, on the performance...

Soil communities can have profound effects on invasions of ecosystems by exotic plant species. We propose that there are three main pathways by which this can happen. First, plant-soil feedback interactions in the invaded range are neutral to positive, whereas native plants predominantly suffer from negative soil feedback effects. Second, exotic pl...

Allelopathy has been suggested as a mechanism of interference in several weed species. Allelochemicals released from certain weed species influence the growth and yield of crop species. Several laboratory studies present circumstantial evidence of the occurrence of allelopathy as a causative agent in weed-crop agroecosystems. Field evidence, howeve...

The interaction between wheat and perennial ryegrass seed density and seedlings of different ages was studied under controlled conditions. Root length of perennial ryegrass, after sowing, was suppressed by wheat and was dependent on the density of wheat seeds. Shoot growth of perennial ryegrass, however, was unaffected by the presence of wheat. Per...

Catechin is a highly studied but controversial allelochemical reported as a component of the root exudates of Centaurea maculosa. Initial reports of high and consistent exudation rates and soil concentrations have been shown to be highly inaccurate, but the chemical has been found in root exudates at and much less frequently in soil but sporadicall...

Many studies have shown that individuals from invasive populations of many different plant species grow larger than individuals from native populations and that this difference has a genetic basis. This increased vigor in invasive populations is thought to be due to life history tradeoffs, in which selection favors the loss of costly defense traits...

Allelopathy (negative, plant-plant chemical interactions) has been largely studied as an autecological process, often assuming simplistic associations between pairs of isolated species. The growth inhibition of a species in filter paper bioassay enriched with a single chemical is commonly interpreted as evidence of an allelopathic interaction, but...

Phalaris minor is a troublesome nonnative weed, particularly in wheat fields of northwestern India. In spite of protracted efforts to manage this weed with herbicides, it is still a significant challenge. Here, we discuss some agroecological practices that could influence establishment and survival of P. minor. Although this chapter deals with a sp...

Volatile phytohormones or other chemicals can affect processes in distal plant parts but may also influence neighboring plants, and thereby function allelopathically. While this hypothesis has been widely discussed, rigorous tests are lacking. Transgenic plants, silenced in the production of an emitted chemical, are ideal tools to test the hypothes...

A relatively small subset of exotic plant species competitively exclude their neighbors in invaded “recipient” communities but coexist with neighbors in their native habitat. Allelopathy has been argued as one of the mechanisms by which such exotics may become successful invaders. Three approaches have been used to examine allelopathy as a mechanis...

Exploring the residence time of allelochemicals released by plants into different soils, episodic exposure of plants to allelochemicals, and the effects of allelochemicals in the field has the potential to improve our understanding of interactions among plants. We conducted experiments in India and the USA to understand the dynamics of soil concent...

Unharvested stubbles or harvested straw of rice (Oryza sativa L.) gets incorporated into soil and interferes with the seedling growth of crop plants. In this paper, we investigated whether rice straw, either through releasing allelochemicals and/or through manipulating soil properties, influences seedling growth of Phalaris minor Retz., a non-nativ...

Ecologists have long searched for an explanation as to why some plant invaders become much more dominant in their naturalized range than in their native range, and, accordingly, several non-exclusive ecological hypotheses have been proposed. Recently, a biochemical explanation was proposed--the "novel weapons hypothesis"--based on findings that Cen...

The significance of marine algal invasion is undisputed in the global context; however, this topic has not received as much attention as it deserves. Although substantial evidence supports the fact of marine algal introduction and invasion, the underlying ecological principles need more attention to better explain such invasions. Marine algal invas...

Soil is the major player in deciding allelopathic activities. A study was designed to examine experimental complexities in determining the allelopathic behavior of soil amended with water-soluble leachates from Chenopodium murale. Chenopodium murale interferes with the growth and establishment of crop seedlings. The present study examined the role...

Mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) is grown after harvest of wheat during the fallow period. Herbicides such as metsulfuron, atrazine and isoxaflutole are recommended to control weeds in wheat–rice cropping system including weeds of fallow crop. The effects of three herbicides with different modes of action—atrazine, photosystem II inhibitor; metsu...

Phalaris minorRetz. is a major exotic annual weed in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. Unharvested rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw, unburned and burned, is often incorporated in the field prior to cultivating wheat. Isoxaflutole (Balance), a pre-emergent systemic soil applied herbicide, has potential to control P. minor. Glasshouse experiments we...

Without Abstract

Current evidence illustrates the significance of soil microbes in influencing the bioavailability of allelochemicals. This review discusses (i) the significance of soil microorganisms in influencing allelopathic expression, (ii) different ways of avoiding microbial degradation of putative allelochemicals, and (iii) the need of incorporating experim...

Careful attention should be paid to bioassay experiments to examine the comparative phytotoxicity of chemicals with different modes of actions. Experimental complexities in examining comparative phytotoxicity of chemicals with differing modes of action are determined and discussed to appreciate the importance of relevant secondary effects that can...

Cellular changes in the roots of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) grown in soil treated with 1.09, 1.46 and 1.83 mg benzoic acid per g soil, a known allelochemical, were analyzed after 7 days. The recoverable concentration of 1.09, 1.46 and 1.8 mg benzoic acid per g soil (measured by high performance liquid chromatography) was 68, 150 and 250 microg be...

P. minor is an alien weed with serious environmental and economic consequences. Although there is appreciable progress in the area of P. minor management through herbicides, its ecology still needs to be explored. Vilà et al. [57] suggested that there is a need to assess and quantify the impact of alien species at several levels of ecological compl...

In this essay, we have provided a brief review of the rapidly expanding literature on biological invasions. Many of the hypotheses explored above are not mutually exclusive, and the processes that underlie them may act simultaneously, in concert or in opposition, to determine the ultimate success or failure of an invader at each invasion stage. Tho...

There are many agronomic variables and management strategies other than herbicides that can be manipulated to discourage weed invasion. Combining several management strategies rather than relying on one will increase the likelihood of successful weed management. Encouraging optimal crop canopy health can guide decision-making and render agricultura...

The relative importance of mechanisms explaining the invasiveness and dominance of alien plant species remains a subject of active debate. Diffuse knapweed has been identified as a strong competitor capable of using allelopathic chemicals to achieve dominance in plant communities that have not coevolved with this species. Positive feedbacks with so...

The fate of allelochemicals in the soil environment largely determines the expression of allelopathy in the natural environment. In allelopathy research, the sorption of allelochemicals onto soil particles has been less well studied than their degradation. A study was carried out to evaluate the growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus var Marketmore 76...

Littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.) is a major weed in wheat fields, and has developed resistance to the commonly used herbicide isoproturon. This study explores the potential use of isoxaflutole, a pre-emergence herbicide, to control littleseed canarygrass. Greenhouse studies were carried out to determine the phytotoxicity of isoxaflutol...

The management of pests in crop production is a key component among all farming practices. Weed management is one of the components of pest management. The practice of integrated pest management (IPM) is old in its use of cultural strategies or other control methods that served as the basis for pest control before the advent of pesticides. However,...

Allelochemicals play an important role in explaining plant growth inhibition in interspecies interactions and in structuring the plant community. Five aspects of allelochemicals are discussed from an ecophysiological perspective: (i) biosynthesis, (ii) mode of release, (iii) mode of action, (iv) detoxification and prevention of autotoxicity, and (v...

1,1,2-Trichloroethylene (TCE), a chlorinated organic contaminant, poses serious environmental concerns. A study was conducted to evaluate the phytotoxicity of TCE to a crop species and its fate in vermiculite. Growth bioassays were carried out using carrot (Daucus carota L.) as the test species. Three different concentrations, 0.25, 0.50, and 1 ppm...

Plants may favorably or adversely affect other plants through allelochemicals, which may be released directly or indirectly from live or dead plants (including microorganisms). Due to increase in the number of herbicide-resistant weeds and environmental concerns in the use of synthetic herbicides, there have been considerable efforts in designing a...

The primary aim of this paper is to discuss the methodological approaches that may best develop studies of allelopathy in the future. Laboratory studies on the functions of isolated chemicals, no matter how mechanistically detailed, cannot demonstrate the significance of allelopathy in communities. Evidence for allelopathy in natural plant communit...

Roots of many weed and crop species contribute biologically active chemicals into the environment known as root exudates. Root exudates are known to influence growth and establishment of crop and weed species, and these are released from living root systems. Many perennial woody and herbaceous plants have deep and extensive root/rhizome subterranea...

Allelopathic interference of Kalmia angustifolia (Ericaceae) to the growth and establishment of black spruce (Picea mariana) has been suggested by several authors. The greenhouse studies suggested that Kalmia has potential for nutrient interference. However, these studies do not eliminate probable involvement of allelopathy. Field studies indicate...

Allelochemicals play a great role in managed and natural ecosystems. Apart from plant growth, allelochemicals also may influence nutrient dynamics, mycorrhizae, soil chemical characteristics, and microbial ecology. Synergistic action of various factors may better explain plant growth and distribution in natural systems. The book emphasizes the role...

Allelopathy is defined as the effect of one plant (including microorganisms) on the growth of another plant through the release of chemical compounds into the environment [1]. This definition includes both stimulatory and inhibitory effects. However, some ecologists prefer to include only inhibitory activities [2]. Any discussion on the definition...

A series of simplistic experiments followed by a broad and bold generalization by Hans Molisch in the late 1930s regarding the influence of one plant on another through release of chemicals into the environment initiated the foundation of allelopathy [1]. However, the phenomenon of a plant’s growth suppression by chemicals released from plants in i...

“The plant world is not colored green; it is colored morphine, caffeine, tannin, phenol, terpene, canavanine, latex, phytohaem-agglutinin, oxalic acid, saponin, L-dopa, etc.”Janzen [1].Plants synthesize a variety of secondary metabolites playing various roles in plant defense, plant interference (allelopathy), nutrient dynamics, waste elimination,...

In recent years, two major developments have spurred a rapid increase in cyanobacteria chemical and ecological research. Traditionally, the interest in isolating compounds from cyanobacteria has focused on identifying their anti-fungal, antiviral, antibacterial, antimitotic, antihelminthic, anticoagulating, hemagglutinating, and toxic metabolites [...

While allelopathy has been defined as plant-plant chemical interference, there has been much confusion about what the concept encompasses and how important it is in nature. We distinguish between (1) direct plant-plant interference mediated by allelochemicals, and (2) the effects of secondary compounds released by plants on abiotic and biotic soil...

One concern often voiced by researchers of allelopathic interactions is that many laboratory bioassays do not adequately predict the responses observed in field situations. The questions that arise are: (1) What criteria should be implemented to design ecologically relevant bioassays? (2) What species (crops or weeds) are involved in the interactio...

A study was conducted to determine soil chemistry in an uncut black spruce (Picea mariana) forest with and without the ericaceous understory shrub Kalmia angustifolia, as well as on a cut black spruce forest currently dominated by Kalmia. The organic (humus) and mineral (Ae, upper and lower B horizons) soils associated with Kalmia from uncut and cu...

Mugwort is a noxious perennial weed that interferes with the growth and establishment of crop species. The present study was designed to understand the role of allelopathy as a potential mechanism of interference by mugwort. Soils amended with mugwort plant material and leachates were analyzed for their chemical characteristics. The effect of amend...

Soil amended with plant debris and (or) residues has often been used in bioassays for allelopathy. The objective of the present study was to determine if washed test material could be used as a control for keeping organic matter constant when testing for the presence of allelochemicals in suspected allelopathic plants. Leaves of an allelopathic per...

Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) C. B. Clarke # PLULA is an aggressive, pernicious, rhizomatous evergreen weed in the Asteraceae. In other literature, P. lanceolata Oliv. & Hiern has also been mentioned (Anonymous 1992, pp. 731 and 1147). With heavy root branches and dense subterranean parts, P. lanceolata is a common weed of sandy and saline tracts of the...

The effects of leaves and litter of the boreal forest understory shrub, Ledum groenlandicum, on soil characteristics and black spruce (Picea mariana) seedling growth were investigated. Organic and mineral soils, not previously associated with L. groenlandicum, were amended with leaves and litter of this species. The objectives of the present study...

Allelopathy and resource competition have often been suggested to explain plant-plant interference. Many studies have attempted to separate these two mechanisms of interference to demonstrate either as a probable cause of an observed growth pattern. We, however, are of the opinion that separating allelopathy from resource competition is essentially...

The effects of five phenolic compounds, catechol, protocatechuic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic acids and their mixture were studied on pH, organic matter, organic-nitrogen, total phenolic content and certain inorganic ions of forest mineral soils (Ae and B horizons). The Ae- and B-horizon soils, were amended with 10−4 M concentration of ea...

The nature of interference potential of Kalmia angustifolia L., a boreal forest understorey shrub, was investigated in laboratory experiments. Organic and mineral soils, not previously associated with Kalmia, were amended with different quantities of its leaf litter and leaf litter leachates. The objectives of the study were (i) to determine change...

Pluchea lanceolata, an allelopathic perennial weed, has an extensive deep root and rhizome system. The objective of the present study was to determine the allelopathic potential of well water collected from weed-infested cultivated fields. Results indicate that well water recovered fromP. lanceolata-infested cultivated fields inhibited the shoot gr...

Phenolics are one of the many secondary metabolites implicated in allelopathy. To establish that allelopathy functions in a natural ecosystem, the allelopathic bioassay must be ecologically realistic so that responses of appropriate bioassay species are determined at relevant concentrations. It is important to isolate, identify, and characterize ph...

Growth and physiological parameters of black spruce planted eight years previously were compared at sites with and withoutLedum groenlandicum to quantify the adverse effects on black spruce inLedum sites. Tree height, crown diameter, and dry weights of stems, branches, and needles of black spruce were significantly less at theLedum-dominated sites....

The question of whether annual weeds are allelopathic under natural conditions still remains to be critically answered. Investigations were carried out to understand the involvement and mode of operation of allelopathy in an annual weed, Polypogon monspeliensis. Comparative studies of soils associated with and without the weed under field condition...

Allelopathy involves the complex chain of chemical communications among plants, including microbes. Laboratory bioassays constitute a significant part of allelopathic research, and various bioassays have been proposed to demonstrate allelopathy under controlled lab conditions. However, many lab bioassays have little or no correspondence to field in...

Aqueous leachates of roots of the perennial weed Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) C. B. Clarke, its root-incorporated soil and rhizosphere soil, interfered with the seedling growth of certain plant species. The soils from the rhizosphere zone of this plant had significantly higher total phenolics and HPLC analysis revealed that phenolic fractions represent...

The effect of the leachate of the noxious weed Pluchea lanceolata was explored using mustard and tomato seedling growth bioassays of four soil types (sandy loam, day loam, silty loam, and sand). The objectives of the present study were: 1) to determine how soil chemistry changes after addition of leachate and leaves of the weed; 2) to determine wha...

The effect of the leachate of the noxious weed Pluchea lanceolata was explored using mustard and tomato seedling growth bioassays of four soil types (sandy loam, clay loam, silty loam, and sand). The objectives of the present study were: 1) to determine how soil chemistry changes after addition of leachate and leaves of the weed; 2) to determine wh...

Pluchea lanceolata, a perennial noxious weed, is rapidly spreading into cultivated fields in semiarid regions of India. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cultivation on the interference success ofPluchea lanceolata by comparing chemical characteristics of the weed and its associated topsoil and subsoil in cultivated a...