Igor Dolgov

Joby Aviation

An experiment was conducted in an austere desert location (entirely lacking artificial light pollution) to evaluate visual observers’ ability to maintain line of sight with a light-sport manned aircraft and a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS; Raven RQ-11B or Wasp III) and predict imminent collisions between them. We investigated the impact of n...

Cooperative gaming is quickly becoming the preferred form of entertainment among children and teens. Although game content is typically violent, often producing negative social outcomes, cooperative game play ameliorates its anti-social impact in future formal instances of cooperation. The present study examined the influence of cooperative and com...

We present concurrent theoretical work from HCI and Education that reveals a convergence of trends focused on the importance of three themes: embodiment, multimodality, and composition. We argue that there is great potential for truly transformative work that aligns HCI and Education research, and posit that there is an important opportunity to adv...

To date, affective computing research has acknowledged individual differences with regard to detecting affect, yet little research has explored how these individual differences may determine the degree to which affective computing is successful in manipulating the affect of specific computer users. The current study used individual difference measu...

Increased automation has shifted the operator control paradigm from a single operator controlling a single vehicle, to multiple operators collaborating to control multiple vehicles; this paradigm is known as m:N. Many questions remain unanswered in this new operational paradigm about the division of assets as workload for individual operators varie...

View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-4002.vid Over time, advances in unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have enabled a shift in the operational paradigm from one operator managing one aircraft to that of multiple operators working together to manage multiple aircraft. This shift has highlighted the need for effective human-autonomy...

View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-2330.vid Advances of early twenty-first century aviation and transportation technologies provide opportunities for enhanced aerial projects, and the overall integration of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS) has applications across a wide range of operations...

In multiplayer collaborative games, players need to coordinate their actions and synchronize their efforts effectively to succeed as a team, thus individual differences have the potential to impact teamwork and gameplay. This paper investigates the effects of cognitive styles on teams engaged in collaborative gaming activities. Fifty-four individua...

Autonomous robotic vehicles (i.e., drones) are potentially transformative for search and rescue (SAR). This paper works toward wearable interfaces, through which humans team with multiple drones. We introduce the Virtual Drone Search Game as a first step in creating a mixed reality simulation for humans to practice drone teaming and SAR techniques....

Search and rescue (SAR), performed to locate and save victims in disaster and other scenarios, primarily involves collective sensemaking and planning. SAR responders learn to search and navigate the environment, process information about buildings, and collaboratively plan with maps. We synthesize data from five sources: (1) first-person experience...

Global investments in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are on the rise, with the results to impact global economies, security, safety, and human well-being. The most heralded advances in this space are more often about the technologies that are capable of disrupting business-as-usual than they are about innovation that advances or supports...

Gesture recognition devices provide a new means for natural human-computer interaction. However, when selecting these devices to be used in games, designers might find it challenging to decide which gesture recognition device will work best. In the present research, we compare three vision-based, hand-gesture devices: Leap Motion, Microsoft’s Kinec...

Composite wearable computers combine multiple wearable devices to form a cohesive whole. Designing these complex systems and integrating devices to effectively leverage their affordances is nontrivial. To inform the design of composite wearable computers, we undertook a grounded theory analysis of 84 wearable input devices drawing from 197 data sou...

Composite wearable computers consist of multiple wear-able devices connected together and working as a cohesive whole. These composite wearable computers are promising for augmenting our interaction with the physical, virtual, and mixed play spaces (e.g., mixed reality games). Yet little research has directly addressed how mixed reality system desi...

Gesture recognition devices provide a new means for natural human-computer interaction. However, when selecting these devices for games, designers might find it challenging to decide which gesture recognition device will work best. In the present research, we compare three vision-based, hand gesture devices: Leap Motion, Microsoft's Kinect, and Int...

In multiplayer games, players need to coordinate action to succeed. This paper investigates the effect of cognitive styles on performance of dyads engaged in collaborative gaming activities. 24 individuals took part in a mixed methods user-study; they were classified as field dependent (FD) or independent (FI) based on a cognitive style elicitation...

Search and rescue (SAR), performed to locate and save victims in disaster and other scenarios, primarily involves collaborative sensemaking and planning. To become a SAR responder, students learn to search within and navigate the environment, make sense of situations, and collaboratively plan operations. In this study, we synthesize data from four...

An Activity Theory framework was applied in investigating the pressing issue of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) integration into the National Airspace System. As stated in the FAA’s UAS Operational Approval policy notice, the UAS pilot and/or crew are collectively responsible for successfully exercising see-and-avoid duties. To describe how this is...

This study looked for evidence of acquiescence bias, a tendency to agree rather than disagree, in human-automation interaction. This bias has not previously been identified in automation use and its existence could help explain operator mistakes made when interacting with automated decision aids. In the first two experiments, it was as beneficial t...

We argue that making accept/reject decisions on scientific hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level from p = .05 to .005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable alpha levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significance tes...

We argue that making accept/reject decisions on scientific hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level from p = .05 to .005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable alpha levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significance tes...

We argue that making accept/reject decisions on scientific hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level from p = 0.05 to p = 0.005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable alpha levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significan...

We argue that making accept/reject decisions on scientific hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level from p = 0.05 to p = 0.005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable alpha levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significan...

In distributed multiplayer games, it can be difficult to communicate strategic information for planning game moves and player interactions. Often, players spend extra time communicating, reducing their engagement in the game. Visual annotations in game maps and in the gameworld can address this problem and result in more efficient player communicat...

We argue that making accept/reject decisions on scientific hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level from p = .05 to .005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable alpha levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significance tes...

Safe integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into airspace generally occupied by manned aircraft and other aviation stakeholders is a pressing global challenge. In the United States, efforts are being made to integrate small and large UAS into the National Airspace System (NAS). Whereas regulations for the civil operation of small UAS (25 kg...

Wearable computers are poised to impact disaster response, so there is a need to determine the best interfaces to support situation awareness, decision support, and communication. We present a disaster response wearable design created for a mixed reality live-action role playing design competition, the Icehouse Challenge. The challenge, an independ...

We argue that depending on p-values to reject null hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level for statistical significance from .05 to .005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable criterion levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense...

Studies of mixed reality systems, especially games and play, have proliferated in the human-computer interaction literature, yet little research has directly addressed how designers select physical spaces to make places. A space is a physical area, while a place is a space infused with meaning. Mixed reality games that make use of physical space ma...

In drone racing, pilots compete on 3D race courses with quadcopter drones. A first-person view camera feed displayed through an immersive head-mounted display, gives them the sense of directly piloting the remote vehicle. The Drone Racing League (DRL) operates standardized competitions from which it produces professional video. In the present resea...

Prior literature has found that increasing system reliability and transparency can positively impact operators’ trust of automated systems; however, these factors are typically confounded. In the present study, we separated these factors by manipulating different stages of automation. Participants engaged in a simulated coffee manufacturing task us...

There are numerous ways to measure trust in automation and each has its advantages and disadvantages. The current experiment evaluated and compared the trust in automated systems scale (TASS) and the human-computer trust scale (HCTS). Both the HCTS and TASS showed high internal consistency. While participants’ scores on the HCTS and TASS were highl...

We examined effects of customizability technology (also known as tailoring or personalization) on political selective exposure and political attitude polarization. Our experiment showed that selective exposure mediated the relationship between customizability technology presence and political attitude polarization. We also found that user-driven cu...

We investigated whether there is a causal relationship between the presence of customizability technology (i.e., technology that allows individuals/websites to tailor the information environment according to user's preferences) and political selective exposure. We found that various forms of customizability technology (especially, system-driven cus...

We design and study a mixed reality game, PhotoNav, to investigate wearable computing display modalities. We study game play, varying display modality: head-mounted, handheld, and wrist-worn. PhotoNav requires the player to split attention between the physical world and display by using geotagged photographs as clues for navigation. Our results sho...

A considerable amount of research has been performed to determine the strategies people use to intercept moving objects. Much of this research has been done using target objects such as baseballs and Frisbees that are launched to people from distances ranging from 10 m to 50 m. This research has qualified the range of domains in which each strategy...

We introduce a theory of how game mechanics are signaled through interfaces. Game mechanics may be signaled through player-perceived affordances, player-interpreted signifiers, avatar-perceived affordances, avatar-interpreted signifiers, arbitrary signifiers, or metagame signifiers, and may be obscured with hidden affordances and false signifiers....

In visual search, observers make decisions about the presence or absence of a target based on their perception of a target during search. The present study investigated whether decisions can be based on observers' expectation rather than perception of a target. In Experiment 1, participants were allowed to make target-present responses by clicking...

In the present work we test how well two interceptive strategies, which have been proposed for catching balls hit high in the air in baseball and cricket, account for receivers in American football catching footballs. This is an important test of the domain generality of these strategies as this is the first study examining a situation where the pu...

Certain aspects of a visual search task, such as the location where a target often appears, are learned over time and can serve as a source of attentional guidance. An example of this implicit learning, spatial probability cuing speeds detection of targets that appear in probable locations. The current study investigated target feature probability...

Three theories of the informational basis for object interception strategies were tested in an experiment where participants pursued toy helicopters. Helicopters were used as targets because their unpredictable trajectories have different effects on the optical variables that have been proposed as the basis of object interception, providing a basis...

Our ability to detect a target in visual search relates to the prevalence of the target, whereby rare targets are missed more than common targets. The current study sought to identify operator characteristics that could account for the higher miss rates associated with rare targets. The results found that working-memory capacity, which is strongly...

Previous work investigating the strategies that observers use to intercept moving targets has shown that observers maintain a constant target-heading angle (CTHA) to achieve interception. Most of this work has concluded or indirectly assumed that vision is necessary to do this. We investigated whether blindfolded pursuers chasing a ball carrier hol...

Our ability to detect a target in visual search relates to the prevalence of the target, whereby rare targets are missed more than common targets. The current study sought to identify operator characteristics that could account for the higher miss rates associated with rare targets. The results found that working-memory capacity, which is strongly...

E-mail communication is fraught with problems of inaccurate encoding and decoding of information due to the relative lack of emotional cues. In our experiment, we investigated whether having e-mail senders rate the intended friendliness levels of their own messages before they write them would make them generate replies that were indeed friendlier....

Many critical search tasks, such as airport and medical screening, involve searching for targets that are rarely present. These low-prevalence targets are associated with extremely high miss rates Wolfe, Horowitz, & Kenner (Nature, 435, 439-440, 2005). The inflated miss rates are caused by a criterion shift, likely due to observers attempting to eq...

Across four studies, the current paper demonstrates that smiles are associated with lower social status. Moreover, the association between smiles and lower status appears in the psychology of observers and generalizes across two forms of status: prestige and dominance. In the first study, faces of fashion models representing less prestigious appare...

Automation use can be analyzed by looking at compliance rates (agreeing with automated alerts) and reliance rates (agreeing with automated nonalerts). The authors investigated how compliance and reliance rates in a target detection task depend on the perceived difficulty and importance of the trials and on the feedback given after each trial. Resul...

Toolbars in computer graphical user interfaces are usually placed at the top of the program window. Yet our study showed that people typically responded fastest when toolbars are placed on the left or right side, despite the four sides being of equal distance from the center of the screen. Furthermore, responses were slowest when toolbars were plac...

Anatomical specialization suggests that useful behavioral neural pathway models should have distinct, measurable psychophysical correlates. In this work, we developed objective psychophysical measures that target information-processing associated with dorsal and ventral neural system areas. We predicted that an objective psychophysical measure of t...

Past research supports that humans, animals, and robots navigate to intercept moving airborne or ground-based targets by using a small set of simple, angular control heuristics. Pursuers navigate to keep the target image moving at a constant optical speed and direction. For fly balls the tangent of the vertical optical angle increases at a constant...

Work by Morikawa (1999) and Dolgov, et al. (2005) confirmed that stationary observers reliably misjudge projected destination of axis-misaligned figures in the direction the axis is tilted, a phenomenon we named “Axis-Aligned Motion” (AAM) bias. The current study evaluates whether or not the AAM bias is diminished if observers can respond with a na...

It is common for fans at basketball games to try to hinder opposing free throw shooters by moving or behaving provocatively within their view. Distraction ideas that have been informally tested at college and professional games include presenting uniform motion by having fans move in concert, and showing provocative pictures near the endline. Yet,...

Pigeons responded to intermittently reinforced classical conditioning trials with erratic bouts of responding to the conditioned stimulus. Responding depended on whether the prior trial contained a peck, food, or both. A linear persistence-learning model moved pigeons into and out of a response state, and a Weibull distribution for number of within...

Recent research confirms that observers' judgments of projected final destinations of axis-trajectory misaligned moving figures are biased in the direction of primary axis deviation from trajectory, a phenomenon we named the axis-aligned motion (AAM) bias. The present study tests whether this bias occurs in a large, immersive mixed-reality environm...

Perception of floor-projected moving geometric shapes was examined in the context of the Situated Multimedia Arts Learning Laboratory (SMALLab), an immersive, mixed-reality learning environment. As predicted, the projected destinations of shapes which retreated in depth (proximal origin) were judged significantly less accurately than those that app...

The axis-aligned motion (AAM) bias is the tendency of observers to assume that symmetric moving objects maintain axis-trajectory alignment and to bias their judgments of trajectory toward the axis when they are misaligned. We tested whether humans exhibit an AAM bias in a realistic, cue-rich, 3-D setting by examining the impact of axis-trajectory m...

Collerton et al.'s Perception and Attention Deficit (PAD) model argues that all recurrent complex visual hallucinations (RCVH) result from maladaptive, deficient sensory and attentional processing. We outline a constructivist-based representation of perception using signal detection theory, in which hallucinations are modeled as false alarms when c...

This study examines the influence of the axis of an American football on its perceived direction of motion. Experiment 1 was of a web survey examining beliefs of the behavior of an American football in flight. The results confirm that most people believe the ball travels with its axis essentially aligned with its trajectory both horizontally and ve...