Ibrahim Oreagba

University of Lagos | Unilag · Department of Pharmacology Therapeutics and Toxicology

The global trend toward increased acceptability and use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), across all age groups, is well documented in the literature. Consequently, further systematic evaluation and meta-analysis are necessary to evaluate the quality, efficacy, safety, and regulation of these range of therapies by combining all the...

Advances in technological development are ever increasing at all times; consequently, a rapid increase and changes in digital technology have revolutionized healthcare delivery globally. Digital technologies, which are electronic tools, systems, devices, and resources that generate, store or process data, are known to have impacted health care. The...

The emergence of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emanated from Wuhan in China in 2019 has become a global concern. The current situation warrants ethnomedicinal drug discovery and development for delivery of phytomedicines with potential for the treatment of COVID-19. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed evaluation of available i...

PurposeAtazanavir-ritonavir (ATVr)-based antiretroviral therapy and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) are commonly used drugs for the treatment of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection and malaria respectively. However, interaction of both drugs, with Cytochrome P 3A4 (CYP 3A4) isoenzyme, may spawn clinically significant pharmacokinetic interact...

Introduction: The burden of HIV and tuberculosis co-infection is a global public health challenge. Despite the benefit of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) in reducing the rate of co-infection, the uptake is generally limited in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of IPT use and the factors affecting the uptake among...

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection caused by a newly discovered coronavirus which was identified in Wuhan, China. The race is on globally to repurpose drugs for COVID-19 and develop a safe and effective vaccine against the disease. There is an urgent need to search for effective remedies against COVID-19 from the rich and extensive...

Patients living with HIV in malarial endemic regions may experience clinically significant drug interaction between antiretroviral and antimalarial drugs. Effects of nevirapine (NVP), efavirenz (EFV) and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPVr) on lumefantrine (LM) therapeutic concentrations and toxicity were evaluated. In a four-arm parallel study design, the b...

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection caused by a newly discovered coronavirus which was identified in Wuhan, China. The race is on globally to repurpose drugs for COVID-19 and develop a safe and effective vaccine against the disease. There is an urgent need to search for effective remedies against COVID-19 from the rich and extensive...

Background Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). There is scant literature on the characteristics and causes of these conditions among the Nigerian population. Here, we describe the epidemiology, associated morbidity and mortality, and culpable drugs in SJS and TEN cases...

Background Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a source of concern in healthcare as they negatively affect patients. Serious adverse drug reactions (SADRs) have an even greater impact on patients and the system in terms of morbidity and financial burden. The establishment of National Pharmacovigilance Centers (NPCs) has enhanced ADR reporting in Afri...

Background: An important cause of treatment failure to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the potential interaction between the antiretroviral (ARV) drugs and co-prescribed drugs used concomitantly for the treatment of opportunistic infections and co-morbid ailments in HIV-infected patients. Objectives: The study evaluated potential clinically signifi...

Diabetes mellitus has been a menace to mankind from time immemorial. However, a natural product such as U. chamae P. Beauv (Annonaceae) offers alternative treatment for diabetes mellitus. The study aimed at evaluating antidiabetic activity of the ethanolic root extract of U. chamae in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in Sprague D...

ABSTRACT Background: There is an increasing use of herbal products and herbal medicines globally with the belief that herbal medicines are always 'safe' and carry no risk because they are from natural sources. However, there are concerns regarding medicinal plants and their ability to produce adverse effects. The World Health Organization (WHO) dir...

Background: Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill (Euphorbiaceae) leaves are used in traditional African medicine for treatment of stomach aches, tapeworms, diarrhea and headaches. Objective: This study investigates the anti-nociceptive property of ethanol leaf extract of Bridelia micrantha (EBM) in mice. Methods: The ethanol leaf extract of Bridelia...

Background and aims: Prescribing medicines in an off-label manner for children with chronic conditions is sparsely documented, even more so among developing countries. This needs addressing. The objective was to investigate the extent of this prescribing among children with epilepsy, asthma, and sickle cell anaemia in Nigeria. Methods: Prescript...

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) recorded in national pharmacovigilance databases in developed countries have been analyzed. However, adverse reactions to fluoroquinolones were observed globally despite their wide use and safety concerns. We provided information on the pattern of adverse reactions to fluoroquinolones reported spontaneously to the Nati...

Background Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterised by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a global epidemic ravaging both developed and developing countries. The situation will worsen if nothing is done urgently. In fact, the need to identify natural products...

Background: Information regarding incidence of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and adverse drug events (ADEs) among paediatric patients in Nigeria is limited. Methods: Prospective clinical audit among paediatric outpatients in four general hospitals in Nigeria over a 3-month period. ADEs documented in case files extracted. Results: Among 1233 el...

Background: Medication errors are preventable causes of patient harm with significant contributions to adverse drug events but they remain understudied in Nigeria. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of self-reported medication errors among health professionals and examine their knowledge of medication errors with the hope of identifying appr...

The leaves of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth (Rutaceae) is used in Traditional African medicine for the treatment of various ailments including arthritis. The present study sought to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-arthritic properties of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Clausena anisata (HeCA). HeCA (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o....

Background. Optimal pain management in children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) begins with accurate and thorough pain assessment. However, little or no evidence of this practice exists among SCA patients in developing countries. Objectives. To evaluate pain management in children with SCA during emergency admission. Methods. Children with SCA who w...

Purpose: Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of glaucoma, cataract, and many degenerative diseases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the systemic oxidative stress in black.African patients diagnosed with primary glaucoma or age.related cataract. (ARC) and compare these indices to normal control patients and between t...

Background: We have earlier reported the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Alafia barteri Oliver (Apocynaceae) in rodents but its mechanism of actionsare yet to be elucidated. Objective: This study sought toinvestigate the involvement of monoaminergic, nitric oxide-cyclic GMP-K+ channel and opioidergic pathways in its mechanism of...

The licensing process of medicines aims at ensuring their safety, efficacy and quality. Although many medicines are not licenced for paediatric use, they are nevertheless prescribed for children outside the terms of their product license (off-label). Our main objective was to assess off-label prescribing and to document the level of this practice i...

Complementary medicine (CM) use is common among children with chronic illnesses such as epilepsy and asthma. Lack of data on the profile of CM use among children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection necessitated this study. Parents or caregivers of HIV-infected children attending the paediatric HIV-clinic in a teaching hospital in Lago...

Multi-therapy is common in HIV-infected children, and the risk for clinically significant drug interactions (CSDIs) is high. We investigated the prevalence of CSDIs between antiretroviral (ARV) and co-prescribed drugs for children attending a large HIV clinic in Lagos, Nigeria. The case files of pediatric patients receiving treatment at the HIV cli...

Background: Different decoctions of Alchornea cordifolia leaves are used by Yoruba herbalists (Southwest Nigeria) for the local treatment of ulcers, rheumatic pains, febrile convulsions, and for enhancing physical performance. Materials and methods: In this study, the anti-arthritic effect of 100 – 400 mg/kg/day of the hydroethanolic leaf extract o...

Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug related problem.. The effectiveness of this system revolves on the active participation of the healthcare practitioners. Poor knowledge and practice of pharmacovigilance has necessitated t...

Background: The use of herbal medicines is on the increase globally and they are usually supplied in pharmacies as non-prescription medicines. Pharmacists are, therefore, responsible for educating and informing the consumers about rational use of herbal medicines. Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge of pharmacists in Lagos, Nigeria with regards t...

The use of herbal medicines is on the increase globally and they are usually supplied in pharmacies as non-prescription medicines. Pharmacists are, therefore, responsible for educating and informing the consumers about rational use of herbal medicines. To evaluate the knowledge of pharmacists in Lagos, Nigeria with regards to the herbal medicines t...

There is paucity of data on paediatric medicine administration error (MAE) in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the experience of MAEs among paediatric nurses working in public hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. A confidential, self-reporting questionnaire was the instrument for the study. Public hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria with estab...

Drug-drug interactions are an important therapeutic challenge among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Early recognition of drug-drug interactions is important, but conflicts do exist among drug compendia on drug interaction information. We aimed to evaluate the consistencies of two drug information resources with regards to the severi...

Background: Strophanthus hispidus DC (Apocynaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional African medicine in the treatment of rheumatic afflictions, ulcer, conjunctivitis, leprosy and skin diseases. This study sought to investigate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiulcer properties of the ethanol root extract of S. hispidus....

Free radical production from oxidative stress induced by malaria infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of malaria. However, the use of agents with antioxidant activity may interfere with malaria progression. The study involves an in vivo evaluation of the role of some antioxidant micronutrients in the modulation of malaria infection. Rod...

Background Complementary medicine (CM) use is common among children with chronic illnesses such as epilepsy and asthma. Lack of data on the profile of CM use among children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection necessitated this study. Methods Parents or caregivers of HIV-infected children attending the paediatric HIV- clinic in a teac...

Malaria infection has been associated with a decrease in hematological parameters. This is linked to micronutrient deficiency which is associated with increasing severity of infection. The present study involves an in vivo evaluation of the role of some selected anti oxidant micronutrients in the modulation of hematological profile in malaria infec...

Malaria parasitemia enhances replication of human immunodeficiency virus. Antiretroviral drug that possess antiplasmodial activity may reverse such an effect. Activity of the antiretroviral dugs lamivudine (L), zidovudine (Z), nevirapine (N), and stavudine (S) against Plasmodium berghei inoculated into 70 adult albino mice was investigated. Eight g...

Objective Multiple therapies are common in HIV‐infected children on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). These children are at risk for clinically significant drug interactions (CSDIs). While CSDIs are under‐recognized in developed countries, data are lacking for developing African countries. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of CSDIs...

Objective: Pharmacotherapy during pregnancy, childbirth and lactation is very challenging because only a few medicines have been specifically tested for safety and efficacy during pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate the pattern of medicines prescribed and their risk categories during pregnancy, childbirth and lactation. Methods: We performed a...

Micronutrients are known to have antioxidant activity; however, its role in plasmodial infection is still not clearly defined. The present study involves an in vivo evaluation of the role of some selected antioxidant micronutrients in the therapeutics of malaria. In this study, rodent malaria model using Plasmodium berghei NK-65 strain (chloroquine...

Mice are considered a comparable genetic model to humans and it is well established that mice also exhibit natural differences in susceptibility to malarial infection. The study aimed to determine and compare the effects of artesunate, artesunate+amodiaquine combination, amodiaquine and quinine on biochemical parameters such as liver catalase, plas...

The study involves an in vivo evaluation of the role of some antioxidant micronutrients in the therapeutics of malaria. Rodent malaria model using Plasmodium berghei NK-65 strain (chloroquine sensitive) was used. In the first stage of the experiment, a 4 day suppressive test was conducted using 40 mice of either sex weighing 20.05± 0.02 g which wer...

The rapid increase in consumption of herbal remedies worldwide has been stimulated by several factors, including the notion that all herbal products are safe and effective. However, over the past decade, several news-catching episodes in developed communities indicated adverse effects, sometimes life-threatening, allegedly arising as a consequence...

Over three-quarter of the world's population is using herbal medicines with an increasing trend globally. Herbal medicines may be beneficial but are not completely harmless.This study aimed to assess the extent of use and the general knowledge of the benefits and safety of herbal medicines among urban residents in Lagos, Nigeria. The study involved...

Pharmaceutical drug promotion is a means of informing health professionals about new drugs. The approach is often times unethical and inappropriate and may promote irrational prescribing. Dearth of information on impact of pharmaceutical drug promotion on prescribing behaviour of doctors in developing African countries has necessitated this study....

To investigate the antiplasmodial activity of the extracts of Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) on Plasmodium yoelii (P. yoelii) (a resistant malaria parasite strain used in animal studies) infection in mice. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of the whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus was administered to Swiss albino mice at doses of 200 mg/kg/day, 400 m...

Community Pharmacists both have an important responsibility in monitoring the ongoing safety of medicines and are widely accessible to do it. This study aims to investigate the knowledge, perceptions and practice of Pharmacovigilance amongst community pharmacists in Lagos State, South West Nigeria A cross-sectional observational survey was used in...

Immunization remains one of the most important public health interventions and a cost effective strategy to reduce both the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases. Over two million deaths are delayed through immunization each year worldwide. Childhood immunization is an act of inducing immunity to a child by applying a vaccine...

Objective To describe and assess home and facility-based management of malaria in children in a Nigerian community. Method Data on malaria treatment of children at home and the referral health facility were generated. Key findings Chloroquine was the most frequently administered drug at home (72.2%), and at the health facility (72.6%). The doses...

Community based participation has been advocated by a number of international health organisations including the World Health Organization (WHO) as a solution to the problems of poor patient adherence and default from Directly Observed Treatment Short course [DOTs] programmes for tuberculosis control. To determine the impact of a health educational...

Breast Cancer has been known to be the most common cancer and second principal cause of cancer death in women. However, the adherence to recommended breast cancer screening guidelines is low especially in Africa. It may be necessary to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of breast cancer screening among nurses who are in good position to ed...

The objectives of the study were to assess the prescription pattern of Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs) in uncomplicated malaria and the knowledge, attitude and practice of physicians as regards use of ACTs in the outpatient clinics of public secondary health facilities in Lagos State. All the ten General Hospitals under the Lagos State Hea...

One of the control measures proposed in fighting malaria is the use of insecticide treated nets including treated bed nets and curtains. The study assessed the knowledge and practice and utilization of the insecticide treated nets among 190 mothers of children less than five years of age. Structured questionnaire seeking information on socio-demog...

Grapefruit juice was assessed for chemoprophylactic activity against Chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice. A standard inoculum of 1x106 infected erythrocytes was used to assess the prophylactic effect of grapefruit juice (15 mL kg^-1) and this was compared with the prophylactic effect of high dose Ascorbic ac...

Purpose: To compare the awareness and treatment knowledge of malaria amongst caregivers of young children in urban and rural areas of Ado-Odo/Ota Local Government Area in Ogun State. Method: Structured questionnaires were administered to caregivers of children under the age of five years in 1472 households using a multistage random sampling techn...

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of retinol on the efficacy of chloroquine and dihydroartemisinin against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infected mice. Sixty Swiss albino mice of either sex and average weight of 18-25 g were inoculated with Plasmodium yoelii and divided into 5 treatment groups: retinol alone, chloroquine alone,...

Assessment of quality from the patient's perspective could be a method of aiding improvement of services to achieve total quality management. This study set out to determine the level of knowledge of radiotherapy among patients and assess their attitude to the radiotherapy services provided at the Oncology clinic of the Department of Radiotherapy,...

This study determined the effect of comprehensive health education programme on the home management of malaria in under fives by caregivers in Ede North Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. The study design was a quasi-experimental Pre and Post study, which was carried out in three phases. Samples were selected by multistage random sampling...

Health care received in health facilities depends on adequate consultation, correct prescription and dispensing with relevant information given to the patient. These are some of the indicators for rational drug use. The objective of the study was to determine the pattern of prescription among prescribers in twenty Primary Health Care Centers of Lag...

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of retinol on chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice. Albino mice weighing 18-25 g where treated with retinol (50-200 mg kg-1) in a set of experiments to investigate chemotherapeutic and prophylactic effect against Plasmodium berghei berghei infectio...

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of retinol on chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice. Albino mice weighing 18-25 g where treated with retinol (50-200 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>) in a set of experiments to investigate chemotherapeutic and prophylactic effect against Plasmodium berghei bergh...

Purpose: To improve the awareness and treatment knowledge of malaria among careers of young children using a face-to-face intervention approach in a rural community in Ado-Odo/Ota Local Government area, South west Nigeria. Method: Ten health workers were recruited to train caregivers of young children on appropriate case management of malaria using...