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Introduction
Interested in all aspects of the interaction of magma with ice, liquid water and wet sediment
Additional affiliations
January 2012 - February 2017
January 2006 - present
January 2002 - present
Publications
Publications (56)
Austurfjöll is the largest basaltic glaciovolcanic massif at Askja volcano (Central Iceland), and through detailed studies of its volcanological and geochemical characteristics, we provide a detailed account of the sequence and structure of the ice-confined construction of a large Icelandic basaltic volcano. In particular, Austurfjöll represents a...
Kīlauea is the youngest of five basaltic shield volcanoes on the island of Hawai’i. It is located to the south‐east of the much larger Mauna Loa volcano, and rose above sea level about 100 ka ago. Kīlauea is one of the most monitored, and arguably the best understood volcanoes on Earth, providing scientists with a good understanding of its current...
Studies of terrestrial glaciovolcanic deposits have elucidated the utility of these deposits as tools to constrain ice conditions at the time of their emplacement. Very few studies, however, have documented the emplacement of effusion-dominated, basaltic glaciovolcanic eruptions. The Tennena volcanic center (TVC), located at 57° 40′ 57.705″ N 130°...
The surface geology of the Northern Volcanic Zone in Iceland is dominated by volcanic ridges, central volcanoes, shield volcanoes, and tuyas. The largest features are typically ice-confined glaciovolcanic in origin, and are overlain by voluminous Holocene subaerial lavas and glacial outwash deposits. The literature has focused heavily on prominent...
Sequences of basaltic pillow lavas that transition upward with systematic gradation from pillow fragment breccias to fluidal bomb-bearing breccias to bomb-bearing lapilli tuffs are common at Askja volcano, Iceland. Based on the detailed textural investigation of three of these sequences, we argue that they record temporally continuous transitions f...
Coherent-Margined Volcaniclastic Dikes (CMVDs) are described for the first time from Askja (Dyngjufjöll), Iceland. These dikes display continuous, coherent glassy margins 5 cm thick and have a variety of clastic interiors comprising vitric tephra, pillow and pillow-fragment bearing lapilli tuffs. CMVDs are interpreted to form when basaltic dikes in...
Transitional sequences of subaqueous pillow basalt through pillow
breccia to phreatomagmatic lapilli tuff are common at many subaqueous to
emergent volcanic centers. Examples from Askja central volcano
illustrate the many possible fragmentation and emplacement mechanisms
that characterize such transitions. Askja (Dyngjufjöll) is a
predominantly bas...
The Koko fissure craters are aligned and nested basanitic tuff cones and
rings at the SE corner of O'ahu, Hawai'i. There are no published studies
of their stratigraphy, emplacement mechanisms or depositional
paleoenvironments. This study focuses on a tuff cone complex (Koko
Crater) and a younger adjacent nested tuff ring (Hanauma Bay). A
detailed s...
The Icelandic landscape is dominated by basaltic glaciovolcanic and Holocene post-glacial landforms. The lack of chemical diversity has led to significant simplification of regional maps. This includes areas of historic volcanic activity, such as Askja (Dyngjufjöll) in central Iceland. The purpose of this study is to improve the resolution of the r...
The study of ice-confined volcanoes is important for understanding sub-ice volcanic activity and its effects on overlying ice in the past and present. While we have good understanding of the processes and products of single-vent ice-confined eruptions, very little is understood about the processes and products of multi-vent, multi-fissure, ice-conf...
Ice-confined basaltic eruptions produce complex sequences of diverse lava flow types and primary and secondary deposits. While many of these have been described in detail from a variety of centers in Iceland, Canada and Antarctica, the role of intrusions in glaciovolcanic massif construction and evolution is as of yet poorly understood. Dyngjufjöll...
In southwest Iceland, the onshore Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Reykjanes Ridge) forms a series of fissure and central vent (``shield'') volcanic complexes, known as the Western Volcanic Zone (WVZ). Sveifluháls is one of the longest fissure-fed complexes in the WVZ, and was erupted in an ice-confined environment during the Last Glacial Maximum. There are mor...
Glaciovolcanic deposits are critical for documenting the presence and thickness of terrestrial ice-sheets, and for testing hypotheses about inferred terrestrial ice volumes based on the marine record. Deposits formed by the coincidence of volcanism and ice at the Mount Edziza volcanic complex (MEVC) in northern British Columbia, Canada, preserve an...
Hlöðufell is a familiar 1186 m high landmark, located about 80 km northeast of Reykjavík, and 9 km south of the Langkjökull ice-cap in south-west Iceland. This is the first detailed study of this well-exposed and easily accessible subglacial to emergent basaltic volcano. Eight coherent and eleven volcaniclastic lithofacies are described and interpr...
Ice-confined fissure-fed basaltic eruptions were common in Iceland during the Pleistocene. Most of these generated complexes consisting of closely spaced, sub-parallel, multi-vent ridges. Individual ridges are constructed mostly of numerous linked steep-sided mounds (point-source vents) and short ridges (fissure vents) of subaqueous lavas, most of...
Textural characteristics of recently emplaced volcanic materials provide
information on the degassing history, volatile content, and future
explosive activity of volcanoes. Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing
has been used to derive the micron-scale roughness (i.e., surface
vesicularity) of lavas using a two-component (glass plus blackbody)
spect...
Bezymianny is a very active stratovolcano located on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. It is andesitic in magma composition and typically erupts one to two times per year. The aim of this study was to ascertain background thermal conditions, attempt to locate any thermal precursory signals, and investigate the deposition and cooling of pyroclastic f...
The evolution of Suswa, a Quaternary volcano in the Kenya Rift, was dominated by the eruption of two rock suites, separated by a caldera event. Suswa is part of the Central Kenya Peralkaline Province (CKPP), which includes the Greater Olkaria Volcanic Complex (GOVC) and inter-center mafic fields, e.g. Tandamara and Elmenteita, whose compositions ra...
The Sterkspruit Complex, exposed at the base of the Karoo flood basalts in South Africa, is a complex of mostly massive volcaniclastic rocks, dikes and lava that fills a crater N 45 km 2 cut into country rock and is surrounded by a blanket of more-distal bedded volcaniclastic rocks. The moderately to steeply inward-dipping margins of the crater are...
Tertiary strata of the central Sierra Nevada are dominated by widespread, voluminous volcanic breccias that are largely undivided and undated, the origin of which is poorly understood. These dominantly andesitic strata are interpreted to be eruptive products of the ancestral Cascades arc, deposited and preserved within paleocanyons that crossed the...
We integrate new stratigraphic, structural, geochemical, geochronological, and magnetostratigraphic data on Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the central Sierra Nevada to arrive at closely inter-related new models for: (1) the paleogeography of the ancestral Cascades arc, (2) the stratigraphic record of uplift events in the Sierra Nevada, (3) the tectonic...
The Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex (MEVC) comprises ~775 km3 of basalt, trachyte and rhyolite erupted in a variety of subaerial, sub-ice and subaqueous environments from about 8Ma to
We present detailed descriptions and preliminary interpretations of two basaltic, glaciovolcanic ridges, Tsekone Ridge and Pillow Ridge, that were erupted onto the northwestern side of a basaltic subaerial lava plateau at the MEVC, in northwestern British Columbia. Souther (1992) provided basic descriptions of both ridges and interpreted them as gl...
The Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex (MEVC) of the northern cordillieran volcanic province (NCVP) erupted basaltic, trachytic and rhyolitic effusive and explosive products in a wide variety of subaerial and subaqueous environments from about 8Ma to about 2000yrs BP. Souther (1992) suggested that several eruptive products were emplaced in a sub-ice or...
The Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex (MEVC) is a northeast trending, 75km long volcanic edifice in Northern British Columbia. Erupting cyclically over the last 7.5 ma, volcanic centers along the complex have erupted alkalic basalts to rhyolites and a range of intermediate alkalic lavas. Several episodes of sub-ice or ice- contact volcanism are recorde...
Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex (MEVC) lies within the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province (NCVP), in northwest British Columbia, Canada. The eruption products include basalt, trachyte, and rhyolite that have been emplaced in a variety of subaerial, sub-ice and subaqueous environments from about 8Ma to less than 2000 y.b.p. The Ice Peak Formation...
Satellite data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and
Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) can be processed using a nadir- and
backward-viewing band at the same wavelength to generate a Digital
Elevation Model (DEM) at a maximum spatial resolution of 15 metres.
Bezymianny Volcano (Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia) was chosen as a test
target for mul...
Basaltic lava bodies emplaced in a sub-ice (wet or dry) environment are little studied, though they can preserve critical evidence for the presence of former ice. Ice contact of associated subaerial lavas is clearly less significant (or absent) and phreatomagmatic basaltic volcanic products in an ice-confined setting are often difficult to distingu...
Volcano-Ice Interaction on Earth and MarsEditor J.L. Smellie Geological Society of London Special Publication, 2002 ISBN 1-86239-121-1. 384 pages, £90/$150 (members£45/$75). - - Volume 17 Issue 3 - I.P. SKILLING
Flood volcanic provinces are assumed generally to consist exclusively of thick lavas and shallow intrusive rocks (mostly sills), with any pyroclastic rocks limited to silicic compositions. However, mafic volcaniclastic deposits (MVDs) exist in many provinces, and the eruptions that formed such deposits are potentially meaningful in terms of potenti...
Volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Miocene Mehrten Formation in the Carson Pass- Kirkwood Valley-Silver Lake area of Sierra Nevada (California) occupy a paleocanyon cut into Mesozoic granitic rocks. Nine unconformities were recognized within the sequence during recent fieldwork, demonstrating that the canyon was repeatedly incised. The lowest 5...
The Miocene Mehrten Formation is a voluminous predominantly andesitic suite of volcanic rocks erupted along the crest of the Sierra Nevada mountains in northern California. At Kirkwood, California, the Mehrten Formation comprises a sequence of primary volcanic andesitic debris flow deposits, debris avalanche deposits, block-and-ash flow deposits an...
Hlodufell is a subglacial to emergent basaltic volcano located 9km south of the Langjokull ice-cap in SW Iceland. This study is the first detailed facies analysis of this well-known volcano. The vertical facies architecture of the basal half of the volcano is typical of many basaltic subaqueous (including submarine) to emergent volcanoes, comprisin...
Introduction. Many Valles Marineris chasmata contain mounds and mesas of interior layered deposits (ILDs). Although the origin of the layered interior deposits remains controversial, mapping indicates that the ILDs formed at different times [1] and adjacent deposits have distinct edifice morphologies and se-quences of deposits, suggesting different...
The Sterkspruit Complex, is a well-exposed example of a recently recognized type of volcanic landform common at the base of continental flood basalt sequences. The complex is a suite of volcaniclastic rocks and lavas filling a broad crater (>40 km2) cut into country rock and surrounded by a blanket of distal bedded volcaniclastic rocks. The complex...
Hlodufell is a 1186m high, 12km2, basaltic tuya volcano, located about 9km south of the Langkjokull ice-cap in south-west Iceland, that preserves a 650m-thick sub-ice to emergent succession. The basal exposures of the main edifice and peripheral areas provide important evidence for sub-ice processes at basaltic tuya volcanoes. This includes at leas...
Several blocky flow deposits occur on the flanks of ILD mounds and on
the floor of Valles Marineris in the East Ius/West Melas and Candor
Chasmata area of Mars. The deposits are interpreted as debris avalanche
deposits, and the blocks may represent wind-eroded debris avalanche
hummocks.
The study of peperite is important for understanding magma–water interaction and explosive hydrovolcanic hazards. This paper reviews the processes and products of peperite genesis. Peperite is common in arc-related and other volcano-sedimentary sequences, where it can be voluminous and dispersed widely from the parent intrusions. It also occurs in...
Peperite study is important for understanding magma-water interaction and explosive hydrovolcanic hazards. This paper reviews the processes and products of peperite genesis. Peperite is common in arc-related volcano-sedimentary sequences, where it can be voluminous and dispersed widely from the parent intrusions. It also occurs in vent-filling depo...
Information in this AGU abstract is expanded upon in McClintock, M., White, J.D.L., Houghton, B.F. and Skilling, I.P., 2008. Physical volcanology of a large crater-complex formed during the initial stages of Karoo flood basalt volcanism, Sterkspruit, Eastern Cape, South Africa. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 172(1-2): 93-111.
Basaltic pahoehoe lava-fed deltas are important coastal constructions of many oceanic islands and continental flood basalt provinces. Whilst littoral processes associated with their formation have been described, little is known about subaqueous processes and products. This study is primarily focused on field studies of lava-fed deltas from the Jam...
Sub-ice basaltic volcanism on Earth produces distinctive edifices
including flat-topped volcanoes (tuyas) and fissure-fed cone-and-ridge
structures (tindars). These edifices mostly represent subaqueous to
emergent sequences constructed within ice-bound lakes, but some deposits
from eruptions beneath thin ice are deposited by meltwater streams.
Tuya...
Observations of recent volcanic eruptions in Iceland and detailed studies of sub-glacially erupted deposits and the interaction of lava and pyroclastic flows with snow and ice have provided important new data that should lead to significant advances in the understanding of volcano/ice interaction on Earth and Mars. A conference on this subject, the...
When volcanoes and ice interact, many unique types of eruptions and geomorphic features result. Volcanism appears to occur on all planetary bodies, but of the inner solar system planets, ice is limited to Earth and Mars. Earth, the water planet, is covered by ice wherever the temperature is cold enough to freeze water for extended periods of time....
The Quaternary volcanoes Longonot and Suswa, located in the south Kenya Rift, each have a caldera formed by incremental collapse accompanied by airfall, pyroclastic flow and pyroclastic surge activity. To constrain the relative ages of caldera formation at these two closely spaced centres, syn-caldera deposits are correlated using tephrachronology....
Marine shallow-water to emergent volcanoes have been described in detail, but comparable englacial centres are not well documented. Brown Bluff is a Pleistocene, shallow water, alkali basaltic volcano whose deposits were ponded within an englacial lake, enclosed by ice >400 m thick. Its evolution is divided chronologically into pillow volcano, hyal...
Marine shallow-water to emergent volcanoes have been described in detail, but comparable englacial centres are not well documented. Brown Bluff is a Pleistocene, shallow water, alkali basaltic volcano whose deposits were ponded within an englacial lake, enclosed by ice >400 m thick. Its evolution is divided chronologically into pillow volcano, hyal...
Late Cenozoic, subglacially erupted volcanic sequences are scattered throughout the Antarctic Peninsula. Two of the best preserved examples, at Mount Pinafore (Alexander Island; c. 5.5–6 Ma) and Brown Bluff (Graham Land; c. 1 Ma), are complete enough to be regarded as sequence holotypes for this uncommonly preserved eruptive/depositional setting. D...
Suswa volcano, located at 1°10′S, 36°20′E, is Quaternary in age (<0.4 Ma), dominantly trachytic-phonolitic in composition, and has two calderas. Regional extension was a fundamental control on caldera collapse, providing pathways for the siting, drainage and recharge of magma chambers. Caldera I collapse was associated with magmatic overpressure fr...
Three thin, syn-caldera ash flow tuffs of the Suswa volcano, Kenya, contain pumiceous clasts and globules of trachytic glass, and clasts rich in carbonate globules, in a carbonate ash matrix. Petrographic and textural evidence indicates that the carbonate was magmatic. The trachyte is metaluminous to mildly peralkaline and varies from nepheline- to...