
Ian M. MorrisonScottish Crop Research Institute (retired)
Ian M. Morrison
About
88
Publications
4,612
Reads
How we measure 'reads'
A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. Learn more
3,935
Citations
Introduction
Publications
Publications (88)
The detection by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of free radical centres trapped in cellulosic materials has been proposed as a potential method for the identification of irradiated foodstuffs of plant origin. However, the published spectra of irradiated cellulose show distinct differences from those obtained from unpurified cell...
Glycolipids are conjugated macromolecules that have a carbohydrate (oligosaccharide) component covalently bound to a lipid (diacylglycerol, ceramide, sterol or polyprenol) component. They are present both in procaryotes and eucaryotes but the carbohydrate components, as well as the lipid components, vary considerably between different animal, plant...
The lignin and total hemicellulose concentrations of ten varieties of temperate grasses (five species) were determined with increasing maturity. A strong correlation existed between the lignin and hemicellulose concentrations. Lignin and hemicellulose concentrations tended to be higher in cocksfoot and timothy than in perennial ryegrass and diploid...
It has been shown in the past that in vitro digestibility of forage crops could be accurately predicted by the acetyl bromide absorption technique. This note demonstrates that in vivo digestibility values can be accurately predicted by this method and that in this respect the method is comparable in accuracy with the in vitro digestibility techniqu...
Inbred lines, from a cross between barleys carrying the waxy and high‐amylose genes respectively, were characterised by the presence of both, either or neither of the genes and grown under field conditions. Starch granule proteins were separated by SDS‐PAGE and lines carrying the waxy gene, with or without the high‐amylose gene, had greatly reduced...
Plant cell walls are composites that consist of polysaccharides, proteins and, if they are secondary cell walls, lignin as well as a number of minor constituents. The major components are the polysaccharides and, owing to their complexity, they are usually subdivided into cellulose and others, namely the noncellulosic polysaccharides. These noncell...
Starch granules were isolated from three distinct potato (Solanum tuberosum L) genotypes, cvs Glamis and Record and line 86Q35(8), grown at two different sites in 1996 and 1997. Differences in the chemical compositions of the granules were investigated using blue values of the starch–iodine complexes as indicators of amylose contents and from phosp...
Advances in Hemp Research. Edited by P. Ranalli. Binghampton, NY, USA: Food Products Press (1999), pp. 272, US$69.95. ISBN 1-56022-872-5. - - Volume 36 Issue 4 - I. M. Morrison
A scheme is presented for the fractionation of plant cell walls and treated plant cell walls (fibres) after suspending/dissolving in >99% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), with oat straw and crystalline cellulose being given as examples. While cleavage of covalent bonds occurs, particularly in the non-cellulosic polysaccharides, many bonds are not hydrol...
This review of starch is concerned with its industrial uses, origins and structure. The current demand for starch is met by a restricted range of crops, the most important of which are potatoes, maize, wheat and tapioca. Improvements in the properties of starches for industrial uses can be achieved through chemical and physical modification of extr...
To characterise the constitutive non-cellulosic components sisal fibres were sequentially extracted with CDTA, Na2CO3 and increasing concentrations of NaOH. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of the CDTA extract suggested that a pectic polysaccharide similar to rhamnogalacturonan II (RG II) and glucuronoxylan were present. Diffuse reflectance infr...
Starch is the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose. It is synthesised by plants, stored in organs such as seeds and tubers, and subsequently used as an energy source during germination and growth. Starch is stored in distinct granules, the carbohydrates in these granules comprising two polydisperse polymers, amylose and amylopectin. Both...
Barley and forage rape straw and flax fibre were treated with Oxone under the following conditions: Oxone 0-200 gl-1, 30-100°C, H2SO4 0.0-4.0M. Delignification was followed by extraction with 1.0M NaOH. After delignification the residues were analysed for residual lignin and neutral sugar composition and by Diffuse Reflectance Fourier-Transform Inf...
We report the tentative characterization of three groups of alkali soluble 3-OH-4-CH3 substituted phenolic acid dimers in the cell walls of barley straw. The two predominant groups are derived from ferulic acid by photochemical (truxinic/truxillic acids; Fig. 1A) and oxidative (aryl-aryl linked; Fig. 1B) dimerization. Within the latter group six co...
Starch is an important ingredient in a wide range of foods. It is used as a thickener, to adjust texture, to improve appearance or to act as a filler. The starch industry also supplies a diverse range of non-food industries with starch and starch derivatives. These markets account for almost half of the total production of the European starch Indus...
The ingestion of dietary fibre has been correlated with the prevention of many health-threatening diseases and cancers. Plant cell walls are the major source of dietary fibre and this review investigates the relationship between the structure of different types of plant cell walls and their beneficial effects. The effects of processing and cooking...
Synthetic proteins composed of lysine (polylysine, PL) and a random co-polymer of lysine and tyrosine (polylysine/tyrosine, PLT) were incorporated into lignin-like dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs) formed by the peroxidase-catalysed polymerisation of coniferyl alcohol. The yield of water-insoluble DHPs was greater in the presence of the tyrosine-cont...
Starch is an important ingredient in a wide range of foods. It is used as a thickener, to adjust texture, to improve appearance or to act as a filler. The starch industry also supplies a diverse range of non-food industries with starch and starch derivatives. These markets account for almost half of the total production of the European starch indus...
The major constituents of plant cell walls are carbohydrates, but other classes of constituents are present. Proteins are present in varying concentrations depending, in part, on the plant material being examined and the type and maturity of the tissue being investigated. Some of the proteins are wall-bound enzymes: the rest are structural elements...
The effects of cell wall phenolics, lignins and fungal metabolites on end products of simulated rumen fermentations were studied. Monomeric phenolics, selected to represent the products of aerobic oxidation of lignin by fungi, slightly enhanced carbon dioxide output at low concentrations (0.05%) but had no stimulatory effect on acetate production....
Plants from two genotypes of swede (Brassica napus var napobrassica), kale (B oleracea var. acephala) and rape (B napus var napus) were each inoculated at the three to four true leaf stage with 10 eggs of the turnip root fly, Delia floralis. After 8 weeks the damage caused by the resultant larvae significantly reduced the weight of leaves, stems an...
The lignin content of plant materials can be determined spectro-scopically but the presence of ester-bound substituted cinnamic acids in the cell walls of some plant families, particularly the Gramineae, gives elevated values. Pre-treatment with either pyrrolidine : pyridine or 0-5 m sodium methoxide selectively removes the ester-bound acids leavin...
Tannins in the seed coats of cowpea cultivars interfere with the determination of lignin by the acetyl bromide method but the tannins can be removed by extraction with acetone:water (70:30) allowing a direct determination on the residue. Furthermore, the difference between the absorbance values determined by the acetyl bromide method before and aft...
FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies were used to investigate the changes in composition and structure of oak wood and barley straw that had been subject to chemical and biochemical treatments. The samples were also analyzed gravimetrically for residual neutral sugar composition and lignin and uronic acid content. The spectroscopic techniques provided co...
A comparison of the peroxidase activities of ionically and covalently bound but Driselase-solubilized cell-wall proteins from flax stems showed that the Driselase-solubilized proteins had a higher relative ability to oxidize coniferyl alcohol (CA) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide than the ionically bound proteins. In fact, when the ratio of per...
Oat straw was treated with different chemical reagents to remove specific components from the cell walls. The effects of these treatments were investigated using traditional wet-chemical analyses and pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py-MS) in both electron impact and chemical ionization modes. Separate treatments with permanganate and chlorite dissolve...
Cell walls, isolated from the xylem of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cy Samsun) stems, oxidized coniferyl alcohol both in the absence of exogenous hydrogen peroxide and in the presence of catalase. The oxidation was monitored by the reduction of A of coniferyl alcohol at 260 nm and confirmed by the decline of coniferyl alcohol measured by reverse-phas...
In vitro rumen digestibility of five lignocellulosic materials (rice bran, ryegrass-hay, barley straw, birch and spruce sawdusts) were assessed before and after solid substrate fermentations with Coriolus versicolor, Pleurotus sajo-caju, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Chaetomium cellulolyticum, and Trichoderma harzianum. In studies with spruce sawdus...
A band of cells closest to the cambium in the xylem of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun) stems oxidized 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS), o-dianisidine and syringaldazine in the absence of exogenously added hydrogen peroxide. The oxidation was not prevented by catalase which suggests that the oxidation is not depen...
A series of brassica cultivars and genotypes were grown under glass and their mean heights, yields and dry matter contents were determined as were the fibre, cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharides and lignin contents. Large differences were found between cultivars in the yield of fibre per plant but the composition of the fibre, particularly the...
A somatic hybridisation programme was undertaken to evaluate the expression of reducing sugar accumulation in potato. Interspecific hybrids created between the Solanum tuberosum cultivar Record and the diploid species Solanum phureja were evaluated at the morphological and molecular levels. These analyses indicated that the protoplast regenerants w...
Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry we have observed six peaks in the single ion chromatograph at m/z 674 of the alkaline extract of barley straw cell walls. The breakdown pattern of these ions suggests that they could all be isomers of 5,5′-bis-dehydroferulic acid. Since only the 5,5′ linkage is reported to be present in plants this tentati...
The content of bound phenolic substances in flax fibres was determined by 13C CP-MAS solid-state NMR spectroscopy, a novel method that had not previously been applied to plant materials of very low lignin content. Van Soest (modified Klason) lignin and acetyl bromide lignin were also determined for comparison. The 13C NMR spectra were obtained at l...
Fibres from plant sources have been used by man for many generations and there is increasing interest in the potential use of such fibres from non-tree sources for various applications. This review brings together most of the relevant literature on the botany, chemistry and processing. The different cell types are explained and those which produce...
Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has been used to characterise the changes in barley straw when subjected to biological and chemical treatments. The untreated and treated straws were also analysed by traditional analytical techniques for neutral sugar residues and lignin. A comparison between the spectroscopic dat...
Substituted cinnamic acids were dimerized, under fluorescent or UV light, as a glassy coating on a vial then subsequently analysed by GC/MS. Mass Spectrometric analysis of the dimers formed by each acid allowed the assignment of the dimer as a truxillic or truxinic structure since these structures had distinctive fragmentation patterns; the breakdo...
Guidelines for submitting commentsPolicy: Comments that contribute to the discussion of the article will be posted within approximately three business days. We do not accept anonymous comments. Please include your email address; the address will not be displayed in the posted comment. Cell Press Editors will screen the comments to ensure that they...
The phenylpropenoic acids, cinnamic, p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic and caffeic, were photodimerized either singly or in pairs and were subjected to gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses of their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Sinapic acid and five combinations of pairs gave only a single peak when analysed on two gas chromatographic colum...
Two moderately lignified lignocellulosic substrates, ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L) stems, were modified by treatment with different chemical and biological reagents. The reagents were chosen to have effects on one or more of the components of the cell wall. The residues were analysed for yield of DM, composition of car...
A method is presented for the determination of the neutral monosaccharide units present in plant cell walls. The cell wall sample is dissolved by stirring for 18 hr at 37° with trifluoroacetic acid. The cellulosic component is hydrolysed by the addition of small amounts of water during heating at 100° so that the cellulose, during depolymerisation,...
Laboratory silos were prepared from lucerne (Medicago sativa)which had been treated with a number of chemical and biological additives. The additives used were the acid additive, formic acid, the sterilant, formaldehyde, the oxidative enzyme, glucose oxidase, and the starch hydrolysing enzyme complex, Termamyl. Silos were prepared in duplicate and...
The 4-hydroxybenzoylhydrazide method for the determination of carbohydrates should only be carried out in Pyrex or polypropylene tubes. Soda glass gives inconsistent results. Care should also be taken that the pHs of solutions are of similar value.
A highly lignified lignocellulosic substrate, barley straw, was modified by treatment with a variety of chemical and biological reagents. These reagents had specific effects on different components of the cell wall. The residual materials after the treatments were analysed for their composition and degradability by two biological pretreatments, rum...
Disappearance of neutral detergent (ND) residue from nylon bags was measured from Organization for European Community Development (OECD) standard barley straw, which was used in 3 ways; untreated, extracted with boiling ND for 2 hours, or extracted with boiling ND for 2 hours followed by soaking overnight in 9M urea at 40°C. Nylon bags containing t...
The structural carbohydrates of plant cell walls are degraded and utilized in ruminants by the synergistic action of a number of species of organisms. Electron microscopy has shown that several different morphological groups of bacteria are attracted to the plant cell wall during the degradation process. Many of these bacteria, which act in close p...
Untreated and ammonia-treated barley straw (30 g NH3/kg straw dry matter at 90°C for 16 h) was incubated in an artificial rumen for 24, 48 or 72 h periods. The straws (1 mm particle size) were incubated in nylon bags of 56 μm pore size. The dry matter digestion was determined. The straws and digested straws were analysed for components of the fibre...
Two classes of phenolic-carbohydrate complexes were purified from the water-soluble products obtained from the digestion of ryegrass cell walls with a cellulase preparation. They contained D-glucose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galactose and D-mannose residues in the ratios 3.6:10:6.3:1.4:2.3 and 5.3:10:3.0:1.1:2.1, respectively, and contained ca one...
Samples of wheat and barley straw, milled through a 1 mm sieve, were ball milled to <0.25 mm as a representative physical treatment, or delignified by the acidchlorite procedure as a representative chemical treatment. The original and treated samples were examined using in-vitro digestion systems based on rumen liquor-pepsin and pepsin-cellulase. T...
Cell wall material from the mature stems of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was hydrolysed with a commercial cellulase preparation. The residual insoluble material was fractionated by treatment with sodium hydroxide, sodium borohydride and mild trifluoroacetic acid and the carbohydrate and phenolic composition of the resultant fractions were co...
The degradation of hemicelluloses and lignin-hemicellulose complexes from three varieties of grass of increasing maturity has been studied by using the cell-free hemicellulase complex isolated from the ovine rumen. As the grasses matured and the l-arabinose content of their hemicelluloses declined, the extent of degradation increased, confirming th...
The treatment of timothy grass stem tissue with sodium hydroxide in the presence of air resulted in a rapid fall in the amount of soluble D-glucose and D-fructose in the plant material. Lactic acid and other degradation products with retention times on gas-liquid chromatography similar to saccharinic acids were formed. The calcium salt of -D-glucoi...
The carbohydrate compositions of acid detergent residues, prepared from 26 plant samples, ranging from fruits, vegetables, legumes, forages and woods, were determined and up to 15.4% of the sugar units present were neutral sugars other than D-glucose and derived from hemicelluloses. Similar analyses on cellulose residues, prepared by the acetic aci...
A series of laboratory silages were prepared and opened after 2, 20, 60 and 150 days. The silages were made without any additive and with formaldehyde, formic acid, hexanoic acid, benzoic acid or sulphuric acid. The cellulose, hemicellulose, acetyl, alkali-labile phenolic acids and core lignin were determined in all silages as well as the compositi...
Thirteen tropical and 11 temperate grasses were grown in controlled environment under day/night temperatures of 21/13, 27/19 and 32/24°C. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was prepared from the fifth leaf on the main stem of each plant, 2 days after it had reached maximum length. Panicum maximum var. trichoglume (tropical) and Lolium perenne cv. S24 (t...
It has been shown that there is hemicellulase (xylanase) activity in cell-free filtrates of rumen liquor. This activity changes during the feeding cycle. The optimal pH and temperature for this activity have been found, as have the substrate-to-enzyme ratios. Many reagents, particularly heavy metal ions and phenols, inhibit the activity, but the ac...
The rates of delignification of samples of Lolium perenne at four different stages of maturity and a sample of Trifolium pratense by the action of sodium chlorite-acetic acid have been determined. For samples with lignin contents of < 8%, delignification was essentially complete within 30 min. The yield and composition of hemicelluloses obtained by...
The extraction and fractionation of the hemicellulosic polysaccharides of rye-grass have been examined at different stages of maturity of the plant. There is evidence of the presence of a glucan, a highly branched galactoarabinoxylan, and a linear xylan. The branched xylan has a similar composition throughout growth, is considered to be homogeneous...
Lignin-carbohydrate and lignin-hemicellulose complexes were extracted sequentially from four varieties of Lolium perenne which had previously been
1. Lignin-carbohydrate complexes isolated from leaf blade, leaf sheath and stem tissue of ryegrass by extraction with dimethyl sulphoxide were examined by fractionation procedures. Although the complexes are heterogeneous, heterogeneity is shown only in the ratio of the individual monosaccharide residues and not in the ratio of lignin to carbohydra...
1. Lignin–carbohydrate complexes isolated from leaf blade, leaf sheath and stem tissue of ryegrass by extraction with dimethyl sulphoxide were examined by fractionation procedures. Although the complexes are heterogeneous, heterogeneity is shown only in the ratio of the individual monosaccharide residues and not in the ratio of lignin to carbohydra...
Lignin-carbohydrate complexes were extracted from grass cell walls by a variety of solvents. The yield of complexes was greatly enhanced if the sample was finely milled in a ball mill; dimethyl sulphoxide and N alkali extractions gave the highest yields. Hydrolysis showed that the carbohydrate fraction of the alkali-extracted complex contained main...
Grasses of widely differing maturity have been extracted by two chemical and two enzymic methods in order to prepare cell wall materials with low nitrogen contents. These methods involved extraction, with neutral detergent or phenol-acetic acid-water (1:1:1), or digestion with the proteolytic enzymes pepsin or pronase. Wide differences were noted b...
The acetyl bromide method for determining lignin content and digestibility of forage crops has been modified to allow the use of milligram samples and to decrease the operating time. Its applicability to legumes is demonstrated and the differences between the results for grasses and legumes are discussed.
The lignin content of dried grasses can be measured, after prior removal of interfering phenolic materials, by dissolving the residue in 25% acetyl bromide in acetic acid and determining the absorption at 280 nm. The absorption values can also be used to predict the nutritive value of dried grasses, hays and silages.
Partial acid hydrolysis of the acidic polysaccharide complex from soy-bean cotyledon meal affords 4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose, the polymer-homologous tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-saccharides, 4-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyluronic acid)-D-galacturonic acid and the polymerhomologous trisaccharide, 2-O-(α-D-galacto-pyranosyluronic acid)-L-rhamnos...
Acidic polysaccharide fractions from soy-bean hulls have been examined by partial hydrolysis or partial acetolysis. Oligosaccharides, which have been characterised, include 2-O-α-L-fucopyranosyl-D-xylose, 2-O-β-D-galacto-pyranosyl-D-xylose, 4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose and its polymer homologues, 4-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyluronic acid)-D-gala...
A new method for the determination and characterization of neutral aldoses is presented. The method involves the oxidation of aldoses with hypoiodite or hypobromite to their corresponding aldonic acids which, after conversion to their 1,4-lactones, are treated with pyridine–trimethylchlorosilane–hexamethyl-disilazane mixtures to yield the O-(trimet...
Successive extractions of water-extracted soy-bean hulls with aqueous solutions of ammonium oxalate, ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid disodium salt, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide–sodium borate afford a series of acidic polysaccharide fractions of the pectic acid type, a xylan, and a mannan containing a small proportion of galactose resi...