Ian Graham

Trinity College Dublin | TCD

Background and Aims To improve upon the estimation of 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) event risk for individuals without prior CVD or diabetes mellitus in the Asia-Pacific region by systematic recalibration of the SCORE2 risk algorithm. Methods The sex-specific and competing risk-adjusted SCORE2 algorithms were systematically recalibrated to...

Background: Clinical guidelines recommend lifestyle modifications and medication use to control cardiovascular risk factors in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. However, risk factor control remains challenging especially in patients with lower educational level. Objective: To assess inequalities by educational level in the secondary prevent...

Background Clinical guidelines recommend that patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) change health behaviors and use medication to control risk factors (RF), eventually reducing cardiovascular risk. Nevertheless, RF management in daily practice is challenging and RF control in secondary prevention remains suboptimal. Patients with l...

Aims: Although trials have proven the group-level effectiveness of various therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), important differences in absolute effectiveness exist between individuals. We developed and validated the LIFEtime-perspective for Heart Failure (LIFE-HF) model for the prediction of individual (lifetime) r...

1. While the major causes of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are known, clinical audits continue to show inadequate risk factor control, even in the highest risk subjects. 2. More effective risk estimation methods may help, and advances in this field are outlined. 3. There exist excellent Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention, but...

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are two common comorbidities that share similar pathophysiological mechanisms. There is a growing interest in the potential of targeted therapies to improve outcomes in patients with coexisting HFrEF and NAFLD. This manuscript reviews current and poten...

Aims To develop and validate a recalibrated prediction model (SCORE2-Diabetes) to estimate the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with type 2 diabetes in Europe. Methods and results SCORE2-Diabetes was developed by extending SCORE2 algorithms using individual-participant data from four large-scale datasets comprising 229 4...

Purpose of Review Prior European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines endorsed the SCORE 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk calculator to inform the total risk approach to CVD prevention, including the use of preventive interventions like lipid lowering therapies. However, SCORE was released in 2003, did not allow for estimation of fatal a...

Introduction Patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) are at high cardiovascular risk, and controlling risk factors in this population is especially important to prevent CHD morbidity and mortality. SURF CHD (Survey of Risk factors in Coronary Heart Disease) II is a clinical audit on secondary prevention of CHD. The goals are to simplify and asse...

Aims This report from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Atlas Project updates and expands upon the widely cited 2019 report in presenting cardiovascular disease (CVD) statistics for the 57 ESC member countries. Methods and results Statistics pertaining to 2019, or the latest available year, are presented. Data sources include the World Heal...

Aims: This report from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Atlas Project updates and expands upon the widely cited 2019 report in presenting cardiovascular disease (CVD) statistics for the 57 ESC member countries. Methods and results: Statistics pertaining to 2019, or the latest available year, are presented. Data sources include the World...

Introduction SURF CHD (Survey of Risk Factors in Coronary Heart Disease) is a clinical audit on secondary prevention among CHD patients aiming to simplify recording and assessment of risk factors and medication. The second wave of the study (SURF CHD II) uses a novel recruitment strategy that provides a wider and more representative picture of CHD...

Aims The aim of this study was to derive and validate the SCORE2-Older Persons (SCORE2-OP) risk model to estimate 5- and 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals aged over 70 years in four geographical risk regions. Methods and results Sex-specific competing risk-adjusted models for estimating CVD risk (CVD mortality, myocardi...

Clinical estimation of the combined effect of several risk factors is unreliable and this resulted in the development of a number of risk estimation systems to guide clinical practice. Here, after defining general principles of risk estimation, the authors describe the evolution of the European Society of Cardiology’s (ESC) Systematic COronary Risk...

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): European Association of Preventive Cardiology Introduction SURF CHD (Survey of Risk Factors in Coronary Heart Disease) is a clinical audit on risk factors and secondary prevention among CHD patients. The first wave of the study showed usefulness of the...

Background: This paper presents a feasibility study of data linkage between global air pollution data and clinical medical data to assess the associations of PM2.5 with cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: Cardiovascular risk factor data were obtained from the SUrvey of Risk Factors (SURF) for coronary heart disease (CHD) patients from 10 count...

The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)

Cardiovascular disease is a model example of a preventable condition for which practice guidelines are particularly important. In 2016, the joint task force created by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) together with 10 other societies released the new version of the European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention. To facilitate the...

In row 4 of Table 3, ‘should’ should read as ‘may’; In 4.2.1, paragraph 3, ‘should’ should read ‘may’ to read ‘Overall, CAC score assessment with CT may be considered in individuals … ’ Also in the second row of ‘Recommendations for cardiovascular imaging for risk assessment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,’ the Class should read ‘llb’; I...

Background The SUrvey of Risk Factors (SURF) indicated poor control of risk factors in subjects with established coronary heart disease (CHD). The present study aimed to investigate determinants of risk factor management in patients with CHD. Methods and results SURF recruited 9987 consecutive patients with CHD from Europe, Asia and the Middle Eas...

People who maintain ideal cardiovascular heath have a low lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, encouraging people to achieve ideal cardiovascular health represents an important opportunity to improve the prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, preventing cardiovascular disease by promoting ideal cardiovascular health requires...

BACKGROUND: The intake of dairy products has been thought to be associated with an increased risk of coronary heart diseases (CHD) and total mortality due to its relatively high content of saturated fat. However, reports on this association particularly among US adults are conflicting and controversial. Therefore, we used data from the 1999-2010 Na...

Lifestyle changes related to dietary habits, tobacco smoking, physical activity pattern, avoidance of overweight, and to some psychosocial issues are very important for the prevention of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease both at the level of the individual and as part of population strategies. The potential for cardiovascular disease preventi...

Lifestyle changes related to dietary habits, tobacco smoking, physical activity pattern, avoidance of overweight, and to some psychosocial issues are very important for the prevention of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease both at the level of the individual and as part of population strategies. The potential for cardiovascular disease preventi...

People who maintain ideal cardiovascular heath have a low lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, encouraging people to achieve ideal cardiovascular health represents an important opportunity to improve the prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, preventing cardiovascular disease by promoting ideal cardiovascular health requires...

There is no the abstract of this guidelines

The intake of dairy products has been thought to be associated with an increased risk of coronary heart diseases (CHD) and total mortality due to its relatively high content of saturated fat. However, reports on this association are conflicting and controversial, particularly among US adults.

Use of intima-media thickness in the assessment of the development of preclinical atherosclerosis R.N.N. Najafov

The very high occurrence of cardiovascular events presents a major public health issue because treatment remains suboptimal. Lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with statins or ezetimibe in combination with a statin reduces major adverse cardiovascular events. The cardiovascular risk reduction in relation to the absolute LDL-C redu...

Objective To investigate whether there are sex differences in risk factor management of patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD), and to assess demographic variations of any potential sex differences. Methods Patients with CHD were recruited from Europe, Asia, and the Middle East between 2012-2013. Adherence to guideline-recommended...

The Task Force for the Management of Dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)Developed with the special contribution of the European Assocciation for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR)

Evidence-based clinical guidelines provide standards for the provision of healthcare. However, these guidelines have been poorly implemented in daily practice. Clinical audit is a quality improvement tool to promote quality of care in daily practice and to improve outcomes through the systematic review of care delivery and implementation of changes...

Background Myocardial Infarction (MI) has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in China, but little is known about the prevalence of guideline-recommended cardiovascular medications after MI events over the last two decades. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarize cardiovascular medication use between 1995–2015 and to...

PRISMA checklist. PRISMA checklist for ‘Prevalence of cardiovascular medication use on secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI) in China between 1995–2015: a systematic review and meta-analysis’. (DOCX)

Search strategy: search term and inclusion and exclusion criteria. (XLSX)

Quality of risk bias assessment. Data collection and statistical analysis method were assessed in study design. Studies with summed score of 6 or below was considered as bad quality and excluded from this systematic review and meta-analysis. (DOCX)

Study characteristics. Numeric variables are number of measurements. Starting_yr: year when studies started data collection; Finishing_yr: year when studies finished data collection; mths: months. If medication information was collected from discharge letter, record it as ‘1’. If not, record it as ‘0’. Additionally, report recording time apart from...

Study abbreviation list. (DOCX)

Correlation of year, mean age proportion of women, and geographic area on prevalence of cardiovascular medications in China. Two decimals were applied. Significant P value was marked with asterisk (*). (DOCX)

Study heterogeneity of current systematic review and meta-analysis. ACE-I: ACE-inhibitor; Df: degree of freedom. All meta-analyses were applied with random-effects model. (DOCX)

Worldwide, each year more than 7 million people experience myocardial infarction, in which one-year mortality rates are now in the range of 10%, but vary with patient characteristics. The consequences are even more dramatic: among patients who survive, 20% suffer a second cardiovascular event in the first year and approximately 50% of major coronar...

Worldwide, each year more than 7 million people experience myocardial infarction, in which one-year mortality rates are now in the range of 10%, but vary with patient characteristics. The consequences are even more dramatic: among patients who survive, 20% suffer a second cardiovascular event in the first year and approximately 50% of major coronar...

The Task Force for the Management of Dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) Developed with the special contribution of the European Assocciation for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR) ABI : ankle-brachial index

While acknowledging that cardiovascular disease prevention efforts must be complemented by societal and community-based strategies, this handbook focuses on practical strategies that can be used in clinical settings. Concise and easily accessible, it guides readers through the patient and family pathway—from patient identification, recruitment of t...

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Oxford University Press via http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106

ABI : ankle–brachial (blood pressure) index ABPM : ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ACCORD : Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ACE-I : angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ACS : acute coronary syndromes ADVANCE : Action in Diabetes and Vascular disease: PreterAx

Background: To simplify the assessment of the recording and control of coronary heart disease risk factors in different countries and regions. Design: The SUrvey of Risk Factors (SURF) is an international clinical audit. Methods: Data on consecutive patients with established coronary heart disease from countries in Europe, Asia and the Middle...

The EUROASPIRE (European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events) cross-sectional surveys describe time trends in lifestyle and risk factor control among coronary patients between 1999 and 2013 in Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, and the United Kingdom as part...

European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice.

Background: The 5th Joint Task Force European guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention recommend the measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in asymptomatic individuals at moderate risk (Class IIa). We aimed to evaluate the ability of CIMT to further risk stratify patients. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Patients...

Objectives This study aims to examine the extent to which statins are used by adults at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to European clinical guidelines. The high-risk groups examined are those with (1) known CVD, (2) known diabetes and (3) a high or very high risk (≥5%) of CVD mortality based on Systematic COronary Risk Evaluatio...

Estimation of cardiovascular disease risk, using SCORE (Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation) is recommended by European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention. Risk estimation is inaccurate in older people. We hypothesized that this may be due to the assumption, inherent in current risk estimation systems, that risk factors function simila...

Introduction This study aims to examine the extent to which statins are used by adults at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to European clinical guidelines. The high risk groups examined are those with a) a history of CVD, b) diabetes and c) a high or very high risk of CVD mortality (≥5%) based on the Systematic COronary Risk Evalu...

Statin use compared to evidence based guidelines in those at high risk of cardiovascular disease mortality: evidence from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing Murphy, C., Bennett, K., Shelley, E., Graham, I., Fahey, T., Kenny, RA. Background The role of statins in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well established. Sta...

Air pollution has wide-ranging and deleterious effects on human health and is a major issue for the global community. The Global Burden of Disease study has described the worldwide impact of air pollution with as many as 3.1 million of 52.8 million all-cause and all-age deaths being attributable to ambient air pollution in the year 2010.1 Moreover,...

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology May 2014, 21 (S52-83)

Importance: The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines introduced a prediction model and lowered the threshold for treatment with statins to a 7.5% 10-year hard atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. Implications of the new guideline's threshold and model have not been addressed in non-US...

The publication of the new “Joint British Societies’ consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3)” in a supplement to Heart 1 raises several questions. Should the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) still be a priority for clinical practice and for health policy decision makers? If so, why? Given the recent g...