I. N. Zakharova

Russian Academy of Education | RAO · Department of Pediatrics

Breastfeeding affects infant’s health over the shortand long-term horizon. Components of breast milk such as immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, lipids, hormones and enzymes play an important role in protecting breastfed infants and contribute to the development of the immune system. The gut microbiome is one of the important role-players in the d...

Sitosterolemia (phytosterolemia) is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of plant sterols (phytosterols). The disease is caused by loss-of-function genetic mutations in sterolin proteins, which play an important role in selective excretion of plant sterols. Patients exhibit increased serum levels of phytosterols, total...

Comorbid conditions in pediatric and adolescent phthisiology determine the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between healthcare professionals in different areas of expertise both at the stage of disease diagnosis and during tuberculosis treatment. This review is aimed to systematize the knowledge of pediatricians in different areas of expert...

Regulation of immune and inflammatory processes of the body is necessary to limit the pathogenic process induced by uropathogenic E. coli in the bladder and kidneys while limiting damage to epithelial barriers. This review presents modern ideas about the features of innate immunity of the epithelium of the urinary system (urothelium) as the first b...

Introduction. Successful breastfeeding is possible if the child has a mature sucking reflex and coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing. Violation of these coordinated functions can lead to a high risk of apnea, bradycardia, and aspiration. А im. To determine the factors influencing the transition from probe feeding to bottle feeding and...

Background. Currently, the effectiveness of various screening programs for celiac disease remains a matter of debate. According to most researchers, selective screening among patients with characteristic symptoms or at-risk groups is most effective. Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of selective screening for celiac disease in patients with gastro...

The appendix has historically been considered a rudimentary organ with an unknown function. Currently, its role in the human body has a special place. It has been proved that it is a "piggy bank" for commensal microorganisms and acts as an immunological organ. The impact of appendectomy on ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease has been debated for...

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, slowly progressive immune-mediated disease considered a separate clinical and morphological syndrome. The incidence of EoE is currently tending to increase in children. Endoscopy with biopsy is essential for diagnosing EoE in children and adults. The article presents modern endoscopic capabilities in ped...

Infant diarrhea may be caused by infectious, allergic, or surgical diseases. A distinct group comprises congenital enteropathies, a heterogeneous group of genetically determined diseases, including defects in the absorption and transport of nutrients and electrolytes, impaired differentiation of enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells, and defects in...

Exudative enteropathy (EE) syndrome can be associated with various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and is manifested by edematous syndrome, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, lymphocytopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and an increase in the level of α-1-antitrypsin in the feces. More than 60 medical conditions are associated with loss of p...

Breast milk oligosaccharides (BMOs) are short polymers of simple sugars that are present in high concentrations in a woman’s breast milk (BM). Their content changes fast over time. Genetic factors, the duration of lactation, and environmental factors particularly influence the level of BMOs. BMOs can facilitate the development of the immune system...

New data on the association of intestinal microbiome changes with some serious diseases raised the question of the role of the bacteria living in the intestine in maintaining human health. One way to study the composition and function of the microbiome and adjust it is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which refers to the transfer of the dono...

Every organ in the human body has its own microbiota, and the eye, a complex multi-component organ, is no exception. Due to the limitations of traditional methods, detailed study of the ocular microbiome began only in 2010 as part of the Eye Microbiome Project, when advances in research methods made it possible to obtain detailed data, although the...

Aim. To study the effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the cognitive functions of children with lipid metabolism disorders of different ages. Materials and methods. The study included 87 children aged 6 to 17 years who had not previously received ω-3 PUFA supplements. All subjects were tested twice, with an interval of 6 months, to...

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is usually defined as a change in stool consistency (liquid or unformed) and/or an increase in the frequency of bowel movements, which can also be accompanied by vomiting and fever. Fever increases the metabolic rate by more than 1.5 times; for every 1°C increase in body temperature, fluid loss increases by 10%. AGE is a...

The prevalence of food allergies continues to grow steadily, and due to certain difficulties in diagnosing allergies not associated with immunoglobulin E, some conditions are little known. Such diagnosis-challenging diseases include food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), a relatively low-prevalence disease most commonly occurring in e...

Goat milk (GM) has been a valuable food product for children and adults all over the world for thousands of years and has been used as an important element of healthy nutrition and healing. The article provides information confirming the importance of GM, which is described in the studies of ancient greek and roman scientists (Hippocrates, Galen),...

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is still considered a rare disease. However, over the past decades, there has been an increase in publications on the diagnosis and treatment of EoE in both adults and children. Challenges in diagnosing EoE, especially in children, are associated with underestimation of risk factors and non-specific symptoms. For adul...

The upbringing and teaching of toilet skills to young children is an important stage in the physiological development of the child. Control over urination and defecation in infants develops gradually, starting with a completely reflexive process and moving on to conscious control. This process is of great importance in the formation of a healthy an...

Breastfeeding remains the “gold standard” of nutrition for children in the first years of life. However, factors such as hypogalactia, maternal stress, health problems and simply an unwillingness to breastfeed deprive the baby of breast milk (BM) and challenge pediatricians to choose an alternative food for the baby. The BM composition is complex,...

Consumption of low-alcohol products by young people is due to the erroneous opinion that they are safe for health. However, against the background of taking low-alcohol drinks, addiction quickly forms and complications develop, including lipid metabolism disorders. Studies show that consumption of low-concentration ethanol-containing drinks changes...

Background. The oropharyngeal microbiota is involved in the development of colonization resistance, affecting viral adhesion and metabolism. Any deviations in the stability of the environmental microbial niches of the oropharynx alter the local immune response and can trigger severe chronic somatic disorders. Aim. To compare the composition of the...

Primary immunodeficiencies with impaired humoral link are genetically determined diseases characterized by impaired antibody formation. The article presents information about an orphan disease – hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome (hyper-IgE), or Job’s syndrome, which is characterized by elevated IgE levels in the blood serum, recurrent infections a...

Mental disorder is characterized by clinically significant impairment of cognitive function, emotional regulation or human behavior. Rapid development of technical progress, introduction of digital technologies into everyday life with daily processing of a large flow of heterogeneous information have led to a significant increase in the load on the...

Children's outpatient departments provide children with preventive, consultative, diagnostic, and therapeutic care. Newborn care is a special program created by the state to monitor the condition of a newborn child and a new mother and assess the socio-economic conditions of the family as a whole. Screening shortly after a child's birth plays an im...

Currently, the widespread use of plastic has become a serious problem for the environment and human health. Microplastics, being an artificial polymer created by man, are highly resistant to external influences and their decomposition requires a significant amount of time. The article provides information on the distribution of microplastics and th...

One of the most common drug-related side effects is hepatotoxicity. The most common cause of severe drug-induced liver injury is acetaminophen (paracetamol), as it is an over-the-counter drug. Paracetamol is safe and effective in children and adolescents at therapeutic doses; however, it is the leading cause of acute liver failure in children (21%...

Aim: to optimize outcomes of the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases in adults and children. Key points. The Methodological Guidelines contain sections on the terminology, classification, mechanisms of action, requirements for sale in the Russian Federation, requirements for proving the efficacy and safety of probiotics, prebiotic...

Food whims, some food refusals, food selectivity are issues for which parents often seek advice from a paediatrician. It is difficult to identify the reasons of the issues for just a few minutes of a visit. But the greatest challenges in the diagnosis arise when parents complain that they fail to feed both breastfed and non-breastfed young infants....

Introduction. Serologic tests are the main tool to screen for celiac disease. The serologic tests for tissue transglutaminase (tTG-IgA) antibodies combined with the assessment of the total serum IgA concentration is recommended as a primary test. Other serological markers, in particular IgA and/or IgG antibodies against deamidated gliadin peptides...

The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing at rates corresponding to epidemic’s spread rates. Cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is one of the most common food allergies in infancy. Its clinical variants remain hard-to-diagnose diseases due to their multiple clinical faces. Food allergy can develop along the pathway associated with both IgE a...

The article is devoted to a review of the literature on the study of intestinal microbiota in chronic viral hepatitis in children. The results of recent studies of microbial diversity of colon contents using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing are presented. Scientific research in recent years has proven the influence of changes in the microbiota and its...

Introduction. Acute respiratory infections cover majority of pediatric outpatient visits and hospitalizations, especially during the cold and flu epidemic season. Aim. To evaluate the effect of Baс-Set Cold/Flu probiotic on the clinical manifestations and severity of acute respiratory infections (ARI) along with standard symptomatic therapy during...

Introduction. Currently, there are insufficient studies to demonstrate the effect of vitamin D status on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in children with allergic diseases, which precipitated this study. Aim. To analyse interferon - γ , interleukin-17A and 33 profiles in children with asthma according to serum calcidiol levels before an...

Breast milk is the “gold standard” for feeding infants for the first years of life and affects the children health both at an early age and in subsequent periods of their life. However, there are times when women are unable to breastfeed for the following reasons: a woman cannot make milk or has health problems, or lose interest in breastfeeding, o...

Introduction. Modern preventive measures of skin diseases aim to maintain the protective skin barrier. The area that comes in direct contact with the diaper becomes excessively wet, the corneous layer is damaged, which results in a weakened barrier function of the epidermis and the occurrence of an inflammatory process, diaper dermatitis. Aim. To s...

Введение. Грудное молоко является лучшим выбором для вскармливания младенца первых лет жизни. Грудное молоко позволяет передавать сигналы от матери к младенцу в рамках тесно связанной системы «мать – грудное молоко – младенец». Примечательно, что изменения, происходящие в каждом компоненте этой триады, влияют на траекторию развития младенца. Помимо...

Current omics methods, which are essential for scientific research, are overviewed. These methods enable studies of the mechanisms of clinical manifestations by analyzing the relationship between the microbiota characteristics and clinical parameters. To represent the complex interactions between the microbiome and host metabolism, metagenomics and...

This review examines scientific publications that describe the main properties of microbiota metabolites and their participation in the pathogenetic connection of the intestinal-liver system in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Normal metabolism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) is one of the main conditions for maintaining m...

The incidence of acute respiratory infections has remained the same for decades. About 70–80 thousand cases per 100 thousand children are registered annually in the Russian Federation, which is 3.3 times higher than in adults. For the last reporting year, 2022, the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) was almost twice the long-ter...

Cesarean section is one of the most common operations in obstetrics and gynecology. However, despite the widespread use of this procedure, it is associated with certain risks for the mother and the child. As a result of cesarean section (CS), newborns do not acquire some important microorganisms during the passage of the maternal birth canal, which...

The paper shows possibility of obtaining stable emulsions of bioactive vegetable oils in fermented milk medium with concentration of lipid fraction up to 50 %. Emulsifying capacity of fermented fermented milk medium in emulsions of bioactive vegetable oils is found to be 8.2–8.5 %. The influence of the rotation speed of the working element of the e...

3 | 2009 | приложение consilium medicum 109 рациональная фармакотерапия В настоящее время неспецифические невоспали-тельные заболевания миокарда занимают наи-больший удельный вес в структуре сердечно-со-судистых заболеваний у детей и подростков [1-3]. В современных научных исследованиях доказано, что в генезе неспецифической кардиальной патоло-гии...

1-9. 20. Rabago D, Zgierska A, Mundt M et al. Efficacy of daily hypertonic saline nasal irrigation among patients with sinusitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Fam Pract 2002; 51 (12): 1049-55. 21. Rabago D, Zgierska A, Pasic T et al. Efficacy of hyper-tonic saline nasal irrigation for chronic sinonasal symptoms. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;...

3 | 2009 | приложение consilium medicum 58 В основе функциональных нарушений, проявляю-щихся срыгиваниями и рвотой, лежит гастроэзофа-геальный рефлюкс (ГЭР), приводящий к затеканию (забросу) содержимого желудка в пищевод. ГЭР рассматри-вается как самостоятельная нозологическая единица, он обусловлен снижением тонуса нижнего пищеводного сфинктера и...

40 | педиатрия | 4 | 2012 | приложение consilium medicum | г а с т р о э н т е р о л о г и я Д иарея-один из частых поводов обращения к врачу-педиатру. Для диареи характерен учащен-ный стул (более 2-3 раз в сутки), при этом он может быть жидким или кашицеобразным. Диарея опасна возможностью развития обезвоживания орга-низма с потерей солей, особенн...

3 | 2009 | приложение consilium medicum 72 К ашель (от лат. tussis) является частой жалобой, с ко-торой обращаются к врачу-педиатру. С помощью кашля происходит удаление чужеродных веществ из дыхательных путей [1]. У здоровых детей кашель встре-чается редко. В физиологических условиях самоочище-ние трахеобронхиального дерева происходит путем му-коци...

48 | педиатрия | № 3 | 2010 | приложение consilium medicum | тимальных концентраций активных компонентов в очаге инфекции за счет максимально полного и пред-сказуемого всасывания амоксициллина и клавулано-вой кислоты в желудочно-кишечном тракте (ЖКТ). Этот эффект достигается за счет структуры лекарст-венной формы: таблетка состоит из микросфер, сод...

consilium medicum | педиатрия | 2 | 2013 | 55 н е ф р о л о г и я , у р о л о г и я М икробно-воспалительные заболевания орга-нов мочевой системы (ОМС) по частоте встре-чаемости среди всех заболеваний мочевого тракта занимают ведущее место. Инфекция мочевой системы (ИМС)-мик-робно-воспалительный процесс в ОМС без специ-ального указания на локализац...

58 | педиатрия | 3 | 2013 | приложение consilium medicum | Э кзокринная недостаточность поджелудочной железы (ПЖ) встречается часто в педиатриче-ской практике. Она является следствием общего или изолированного снижения выработки ферментов в ПЖ вследствие разных заболеваний, а также в резуль-тате нарушения активации ферментов в тонкой кишке. Механиз...

16 | педиатрия | 2 | 2014 | приложение consilium medicum | И нтеллектуальное развитие личности опреде-ляют, главным образом, генетические детерми-нанты развития. Однако питание, образ жизни, воспитание, факторы окружающей среды могут оказы-вать влияние на развитие мозга и социальное поведе-ние ребенка (рис. 1). Питание является одним из наи-более в...

1888 г. английский врач S.Gee выделил из группы энтеро-патий у детей синдром, характеризующийся задержкой роста, поносами и нарушением всасывания. В 1908 г. C.Herter описал аналогичное заболевание и назвал его ки-шечным инфантилизмом. В 1950 г. голландский педиатр W.Dicke связал развитие целиакии у детей с токсическим влиянием на тонкую кишку пшени...

14 REVIEWS Введение Острая респираторная инфекция (ОРИ) имеет характерную клиниче-скую картину и, как правило, начина-ется с назальных или глоточных сим-птомов: в 42-46% случаев-с боли и першения в горле, ринореи и заложен-ности носа (назальной обструкции). У незначительной части пациентов (около 3% в среднем) дебют болез-ни сопровождается сухим на...

h e a l t h y c h i l d Актуальные аспекты клинической и молекулярной фармакологии витамина D Выступление клинического фармаколога профессора Ольги Алексеевны Громовой (РСЦ Институт микро-элементов ЮНЕСКО, Москва; кафедра фармакологии и клинической фармакологии ГБОУ ВПО Ивановская госу-дарственная медицинская академия Минздрава Рос-сии) было посвящ...

The article is devoted to the use of vitamins and minerals in children in autumn and winter periods. Data security with vitamins and iron among pupils and the results of studies with vitamin D sufficiency RODNICHOK. The causes of vitamin A deficiency in children and ways of its correction. Key words: children, vitamins, minerals, sickly children, v...

35% педиатрических пациентов, чаще всего встречается у детей школьного возраста с пиком забо-леваемости в 7-8 лет. Сложность диагностики ОТФ БГСА-этиологии обусловлена схожестью симптомов вирусной и стреп-тококковой форм заболевания. Отмечено, что нерациональное использование антибактериальной терапии повышает риск ан-тибиотикорезистентности, разви...

Грудное молоко является золотым стандартом вскармливания младенца. В случае его отсутствия или недостаточности неред�ко встает вопрос о доступной и адекватной альтернативе. Наиболее часто используются адаптированные смеси на основе коровьего молока, однако частота аллергии на белок коровьего молока у детей раннего возраста растет во всем мире. Уч...

Breast milk oligosaccharides: what do we know today? Irina N. Zakharova*1 , Iana V. Orobinskaia1,2, Narine G. Sugian1,2, Tatiana A. Kovtun3 , Elena V. Tabulovich3 1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia; 2 Khimki Regional Hospital, Khimki, Russia; 3 PROGRESS, Russia Abstract Breastfeeding remains the "gold st...

Abstract Choline, a substance essential for the existence of any organism, is the basis for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, the two main phospholipids of cell membranes. Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, i.e. part of the autonomic nervous system. It affects smooth muscles, va...

For many thousands of years, breastfeeding was reflected in all spheres of human life, from life traditions to sacred religious and philosophical thoughts. Various factors influenced breastfeeding traditions at different times and among different peoples: climatic conditions, national political and social systems, religious views, relationships wit...

I. VANDENPLAS1, Prof., I.N. ZAKHAROVA2, MD, Prof., Y.A. DMITRIEVA2, PhD in medicine 1 University Hospital Brussels, Belgium 2 Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education MoH RF, Moscow GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF FOOD ALLERGY OR FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS: PRINCIPLES OF DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND DIET THERAPY The incidence...

Altinoy T. Kamilova1 , Noiba D. Azimova1 , Irina N. Zakharova2 1 Republican Specialized Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Pediatrics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; 2 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia Abstract Gluten-related disorders have become an epidemiologically significant phenomenon, with an estimated...

Gluten-related disorders: wheat allergy and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. A review Altinoy Т. Kamilova1 , Noiba D. Azimova1 , Irina N. Zakharova2 1 Republican Specialized Scientific Practice Medical Center of Pediatrics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; 2 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia Abstract Gluten-related d...

Objective. To analyze the effectiveness of correction of hypovitaminosis D and the dynamics of bone metabolism indicators in children with celiac disease against the background of exogenous dosing with cholecalciferol preparations. Patients and methods. This study included 105 children with celiac disease aged 2–17 years. All patients were divided...

I.N. ZAKHAROVA1, I.M. OSMANOV2, E.B. MACHNEVA3, E.B. MUMLADZE1, A.N. KASYANOVA1, M.P. AISANOVA1 1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Vocational Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 2 Bashlyaeva Children’s City Clinical Hospital of the Moscow Health Department 3 Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital, Pirogov Russian Natio...

D в регуляции метаболизма кальция и поддержа-нии структуры кости, обуславливающих использование препаратов витамина D при рахите и переломах костей у детей. Однако в течение последних 15 лет стали очевидны такие свойства витамина D, как профилактика ожирения, инсулинрезистентности, диабета; нейростероидные, нейро-регенераторный и иммуномодуляторный...

Genetically determined long QT syndrome is characterized by attacks of loss of consciousness against the background of episodes of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Due to the high risk of sudden cardiac death, timely diagnosis of this pathology is of great importance. In the given clinical observation, the mani�festation of the syndrome of an ex...

This study presents the results of treatment of 98 patients with risk of development of severe coronavirus disease (hereinafter COVID-19) with the first positive result of polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 in a day clinic of the multidisciplinary Z.A. Bashlyaeva Children’s Municipal Clinical Hospital. To prevent the clinical manifestati...

Irina N. Zakharova1 , Irina S. Kuznetsova1 , Tatiana A. Cherednikova2 , Anastasia V. Makhaeva1,2, Stanislav I. Koshechkin3 , Vladimir A. Romanov3 , Vera E. Odintsova3 1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia; 2 Children's City Polyclinic №140, Moscow, Russia; 3 Knomics LLC, Moscow, Russia Abstract Background....

Abstract The increasing incidence of obesity in children and adolescents with its negative health consequences is one of the global problems of paediatrics and paediatric endocrinology. Approaches to the management of obese children are being developed and scientific and practical programmes for prevention and treatment are being established. Cor...

The prevalence of various kidney diseases in children remains high in recent decades. Adequate nutrition management can enhance the effectiveness of drug treatment, slow the frequency of relapses and prevent the progression of 68 Вопросы питания. Том 85, № 2, 2016 В комплексном лечении острых и хроничес�ких заболеваний почек у детей диетотерапия...

The Advisory Board dedicated the treatment of acute respiratory infections (ARI) was held in Moscow on June 17, 2023. In addition to pathogenetic and symptomatic approaches to the therapy of these diseases, the focus of experts' attention was on means and methods for the immune system effective functioning and sanogenesis – a complex of protectiv...

1 , https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0460-7585, detstvocniit@mail.ru Л.В. Панова 1 , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2417-8295, averbakh2013@yandex.ru И.Н. Захарова 2 , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-4598, zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru 1 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт туберкулеза; 107564, Россия, Москва, Яузская аллея, д. 2 2 Российская медици...

2 лет жизни младенца. Концепция пищевого программирования, сформулированная более 20 лет назад, доказала этот постулат. От того, насколько полно ребенок обеспечивается необходимыми пищевыми ве-ществами в течение первых 1000 дней, зависят его физиче-ское и нервно-психическое развитие, здоровье в последую-щем и продолжительность жизни. Ребенок активн...

Abstract Gluten-related disorders have gradually turned into an epidemiologically significant phenomenon, attracting the attention of the scientific community. Although they have specific pathogenetic pathways, they present with similar clinical manifestations, which makes their differential diagnosis challenging. The review presents current data o...