I Putu Eka Widyadharma

Verified

I Putu verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

Learn more

Verified

I Putu verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

Learn more

• MD. M.Sc. PhD
• Professor (Associate) at Udayana University

Introduction Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score has been widely used as a consistent and reliable clinical grading scale for predicting mortality. However, ICH score had not been used to predict good outcome or significant disability for those who were alive. We intended to address whether any modifications would increase prediction accuracy for...

Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) stands as a formidable challenge within the realm of neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by its inexorable progression and the profound cognitive impairments it engenders. Despite decades of research, the management of AD remains in a conundrum, with currently available treatments offering only modest symp...

Erectile dysfunction is a problem with multiple causes and is challenging to diagnose. Chronic pain has been associated with erectile dysfunction in some studies. Chronic pain can be a potential direct or indirect cause of sexual dysfunction. A decreased sexual desire due to restricted sexual activity in chronic pain can result in erectile dysfunc-...

In some neurological diseases, advanced examinations can be used as diagnostic tools. Several indicators have also been discovered that can be used to assess the severity of neuronal damage and neurological disease progression. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a cytoskeleton protein that makes up the structure of neuron axons and is released when...

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) presents as a multifaceted condition characterized by pain, autonomic dysregulation, and motor dysfunction. Within the realm of pain management, Dry Needling (DN) emerges as a promising therapeutic modality. This systematic review assesses the role of DN in the management of CRPS, with a focus on pivotal outcom...

Background and objectives. Diabetic neuropathy is a prevalent complication in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Recent studies indicate that the onset of neuropathic pain in both early and late stages necessitates matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2); however, the role of these neuropeptides in...

Stroke remains a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, with 85% of cases classified as ischemic due to arterial blockage and resulting neuronal injury. Among post-stroke complications, musculoskeletal disorders significantly impact quality of life and rehabilitation outcomes. Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS), characterized by chronic pain...

Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae is a chronic infectious disease, affecting the peripheral nerves, skin, and other organs. Neuropathic pain is a common complication, occurring in approximately 15% of leprosy patients, even after treatment completion. Proinflammatory cytokines that play a role in the immune response and nerve injury in leprosy...

Health workers, including resident physicians, are integral to delivering healthcare services. Engagement in both physical and non-physical tasks under rotating shift schedules may adversely impact sleep quality and precipitate fatigue among this cohort. Given the existing evidence, this study aims to examine the correlation between serum vitamin D...

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common pain condition worldwide that originates in the peripheral or central nervous system. In Indonesia, it has received little attention, as evidenced by limited national data and drug distribution. Policies on referral systems have been established for a long time, but are inefficient. NP is challenging for primary ca...

Purpose: This review aims to emphasize the diagnostic value of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) tractography in detecting and diagnosing Central Post Stroke Pain. Views: Central Post Stroke Pain (CPSP) is a debilitating form of chronic neuropathic pain that develops in patients with a history of stroke...

Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) is a complication of chemotherapy observed in several types of cancer, including cervical cancer. The pathomechanism of CIPN is multifactorial and depends on the type and dosage of chemotherapy administered. CIPN is an axonopathy that can lead to clinical manifestations of polyneuropathy. Proper dia...

Visual Display Terminal (VDT) is an electronic device used to integrate and access various needs. Its usage among students has been steadily increasing, particularly due to the rise in activities that require VDT. This trend correlates with students' quality of life. This study aims to show the correlation between VDT utilization and students' qual...

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a common complication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with disruption of vitamin D (VD) activity as one of the risk factors. Active VD exerts its biological functions through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which polymorphisms in the VDR gene can impair. This study aims to establish VDR FokI and A...

Background: Aging is often associated with progressive loss of function in various systems, including cognitive function. Impairment Cognitive Function (ICF) is thought to be associated with low folic acid levels in the blood, which is often found in the elderly. A cure for cognitive impairment has yet to be found. Measurement of folic acid levels...

Dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases are on the rise due to an ageing population; moderate cognitive impairment (MCI) is a precursor to the more serious illness. Measurable cognitive impairments that do not meet the dementia diagnostic criteria characterise mild cognitive impairment (MCI), with an annual conversion rate to dementia of 10–1...

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines menopause as the permanent cessation of menstruation due to a decrease in ovarian activity without physiological or pathological causes. Twelve months of amenorrhea signal menopause. Menopause usually begins around 50 but can occur at 41, 45, or 40. Menopause between 45 and 55 is different from early meno...

Postoperative cognitive decline (POCD), a concerning consequence of surgery, can significantly impact a patient's recovery and long-term well-being. This study gives insights into a multifaceted exploration of risk factors associated with POCD. It meticulously examines pre-operative patient characteristics such as age, educational background, and t...

Background: A good night's sleep is sleep with a sufficient duration, namely seven to eight hours a day. Sleep quality can be determined by sleep hygiene. People who practice sleep hygiene have better energy and cognitive function. Poor sleep quality due to poor sleep hygiene can affect person's mental and physical health. This often occurs in prod...

Background: Study on the correlation of sleep quality with short-term memory function in medical students has a high urgency considering that intelligence and good memory function are essential for their performance and learning ability in the field. There are only a few related studies on medical students in the Faculty of Medicine and Health Scie...

Ischemic stroke is a predominant cause of neurological impairment globally. Notwithstanding progress in acute treatment, the long-term functional recovery of individuals continues to be constrained. Recent research has concentrated on the function of neurodegenerative biomarkers, particularly phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau 181), in influencing neuro...

Pendahuluan: Permasalahan terkait Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) telah menjadi perhatian global sebagai penyakit menular yang menginfeksi 36,9 juta pasien pada tahun 2015. Nyeri neuropatik merupakan salah satu komplikasi neurologis yang sering terjadi pada pasien dengan infeksi HIV. Brain- Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), faktor pertumbuhan...

Latar Belakang: Nyeri Punggung Bawah (NPB) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang sangat umum terjadi dan kerap dikeluhkan oleh pekerja kantoran. Angka kejadian nyeri punggung bawah pada pekerja di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia jumlahnya lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan negara maju. Prevalensi nyeri punggung bawah di Indonesia pada tahun...

Around 80% of leprosy sufferers complain of pain that affects sleep quality and mental health, which has an impact on insomnia. Several factors impair the quality of life in leprosy, including skin lesions and social stigma, long treatment duration, leprosy reactions, disability, mental disorders, and chronic neuropathic pain complications The broa...

Introduction: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a condition of muscle or fascial pain, acute or chronic, involving sensory, motor or autonomic function, which is associated with myofascial trigger points (TrP). The pain caused by TrP can cause various symptoms of chronic diseases, such as tension-type headaches, migraines, temporomandibular pain, s...

Neuropathic pain is a debilitating symptom in leprosy patients that significantly impacts their quality of life. While the mechanisms underlying this pain remain unclear, recent research suggests a potential role for C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL-2), a chemokine involved in inflammatory processes. This literature review explores the association...

Purpose: Skeletal-related events (SREs) are common complications of bone metastases that include the need for radiation or surgery to bone, pathological and radiological fractures, and hypercalcemia. Available data indicate that significant bone pain is associated with SREs, leading to an increased risk of death, higher medication costs, and reduce...

Background Transarterial embolization (TAE) is pivotal in managing non-cavernous and cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CSDAVFs). Methods Systematic searches were conducted across ScienceDirect, Medline, and Cochrane databases for longitudinal studies on TAE outcomes in non-CSDAVFs and CSDAVFs. Post-procedural outcomes, including comp...

BACKGROUND: Regional paraspinal nerve block techniques have shown promise in cervical spine surgery pain relief and opioid reduction. The study aims to evaluate cervical-level regional paraspinal nerve block techniques in cervical spine surgery. - METHODS: Systematic randomized controlled trial (RCT) searches in ScienceDirect, PubMed, Embase, and C...

Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide, and it disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which account for 88% of stroke fatalities. Prehospital stroke care delays are a crucial obstacle to successful treatment in these settings, especially given the limited therapeutic window for thrombolytic tre...

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating condition of peripheral nerve because of chem-otherapeutic agent exposure among cancer patients. Despite its relatively high prevalence, to date, there has been no specific or standardized diagnostic criteria for CIPN and establishing diagnosis can be burdensome with significant ti...

Objective: Morbus Hansen (MH), caused by Mycobacterium leprae, is marked by neuropathic pain. Prior studies link low vitamin D levels to diabetic neuropathic pain, yet research on its role in MH-related neuropathic pain is limited. This study investigates the role of vitamin D deficiency in MH-related neuropathic pain. Materials and Methods: An ana...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases in the world, with an increasing trend that also impacts Indonesian society. The complications of DM can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates. DM can cause complications affecting the nervous system, such as stroke, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, and diabet...

Pain is an essential aspect of the body's physiological response to unpleasant noxious stimuli from either external sustained injuries or an internal disease condition that occurs within the body. Generally, pain is temporary. However, in patients with neuropathic pain, the experienced pain is persistent and uncontrollable, with an unsatisfactory t...

Background: Uremic syndrome in chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in hemodialysis (HD) patients, is a growing global health problem. The majority of patients with this condition experience one or more neurological disorders, such as neuropathic pain. One of the adjuvant therapies in the treatment of neuropathic pain is vitamin B12, which is...

Background: One of the nonpharmacological management that can currently be used to treat Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) is dry needling (DN). Dry needling is a pain intervention technique by inserting a solid needle into the skin to stimulate myofascial trigger points (TrPs). In a previous study conducted at Central Hospital in Bali, DN was shown t...

ntroduction: Vascular parkinsonism has a prevalence 4.4% to 12% of parkinsonism. Until now thereare no specific diagnostic criteria to establish diagnosis of vascular parkinsonism, so it is often misdiagnosed with idiopathic parkinsonism. Case Report: Male, 82 years old, with gait disorder 3 years ago, appeared stiff with small steps. The patient a...

Background: Uremic syndrome in chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in hemodialysis (HD) patients, is a growing global health problem. The majority of patients with this condition experience one or more neurological disorders, such as neuropathic pain. One of the adjuvant therapies in the treatment of neuropathic pain is vitamin B12, which is...

BACKGROUND Headache is a significant health problem worldwide, but national data on headaches in Indonesia are unavailable. Various risk factors have been identified as triggers or factors affecting its occurrence and severity. This study aimed to identify factors associated with headache occurrence in Indonesians aged 20 to 65 years. METHODS A cr...

Background Epilepsy initiation involves multifactorial etiologies, including genetic susceptibility, structural anomalies, and glial cell dysregulations, particularly in astrocytes. Despite advancements in understanding various factors, the mechanisms of astrocyte dysregulation in epilepsy, critical for neural homeostasis, remain elusive, requiring...

Pertumbuhan usia harapan hidup menyebabkan peningkatan populasi lanjut usia (lansia) dan segala permasalahan yang terkait proses penuaan. Demensia merupakan penyakit neurodegeneratif dengan gejala gangguan kognitif dan perilaku yang mempengaruhi kemampuan lansia melakukan aktivitas sosial dan pekerjaan. Masalah lain yang tampak pada populasi usia l...

Background: Melanogenesis is the process of forming melanin pigment initiated by the amino acid L-tyrosine; the main enzyme is tyrosinase. Tyrosinase acts as a catalyst for the hydroxylation reaction of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA and the oxidation of o-diphenol to dopaquinone. Under physiological conditions, the above process can be protective for the sk...

Migraine is a high prevalence primary headache. Global epidemiological data from 132 countries in 2016 shows an estimated 1.04 billion people have migraine. Epidemiological data in Bali based on research by Adnyana in 2012 showed 23.7% nursing students had migraines. Although migraine can occur spontaneously, many migraine attacks are triggered by...

Background While serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) offer promise in managing Post-surgical neuropathic pain (PSNP), uncertainties remain. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and adverse events of SNRIs in managing PSNP. Methods Systematic searches of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to January 1st 2023 identif...

Myogenic low back pain is one type of low back pain that is common but often undiagnosed. Medical students are packed with lecture and study activities so they are more at risk of experiencing low back pain. This study is to determine the proportion, characteristics of sufferers and characteristics of myogenic low back pain in medical students at U...

Background and objective Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) carry a risk of hemorrhage. We aim to identify factors associated with subsequent hemorrhages. Methods Systematic searches were conducted across the ScienceDirect, Medline, and Cochrane databases. Assessed risk factors included bAVM size, bAVM volume, hemorrhage and seizure present...

Background. Sleep is a basic human need. Sleep disorders have become a concern in the health sector in recent decades. The type of food we consume considerably influences sleep biochemistry, including melatonin. Melatonin can trigger sleep by suppressing wake-promoting signals or neuronal firing in the Supra Chiasmatic Nucleus. The most explainable...

A decline in stroke-related mortality has led to an increased prevalence of post-stroke complications, globally. One of the most significant clinical effects of stroke are musculoskeletal problems. Musculoskeletal issues are typically induced by hemiplegia and they occur on the affected side. They also may not appear for weeks or months after a str...

Background and objectives Diabetes mellitus is a global health concern, and one of its most common complications is diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, which influences not only blood vessels but also neurons, has been studied in the occurrence of DPN. Polymorphism of the VEGF gene may affect th...

Objective: Vitamin D as an essential nutrient is increasingly being studied and reported to have roles in diabetes and cognitive function through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective functions. This study aimed to investigate vitamin D deficiency as a factor associated with cognitive impairment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patient...

Background Stroke is one of the main causes of disability, in which nearly 2/3 of survivors experience disability and interferes with the patient’s daily functional activities. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and smoking habits are the main causes of stroke in young adults. Vascular abnormalities are also risk factor for stroke in young adults...

Rabies is still a public health problem. It is a zoonotic disease caused by a viral infection of the central nervous system. Several efforts have been taken, and one of them is mass vaccination for dogs. This systematic review aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of controlling rabies disease. Three online databases used as the source of this revi...

Recent studies indicate that endovascular therapy is superior to intravenous thrombolysis in treating M1 segment MCA occlusions, however, the effectiveness of mechanical thrombectomy in MI vs. M2 segment occlusions is unclear. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy outcome of mechanical thrombectomy for M1 and M2 segments occlu...

The empirical use of combination herbal medicines is common among both traditional communities and the standardized herbal medicine industry. Scientific data on the advantages and disadvantages of using combination herbal medicines are still lacking; hence conducting an experimental study using animal models is necessary. Single purple sweet potato...

Objective: Peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is among the most prevalent diabetes mellitus (DM) sequelae. PDN is a severe health issue that represents a huge social and economic burden worldwide, is associated with long-term morbidity, and diminishes the quality of life of those affected. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a mixture of the...

Background: Segmental zoster paresis (SZP) is a very uncommon complication characterized by localized weakening of the upper or lower limbs. Case report: A 69-year-old man came with complaints of weakness in the right leg two months ago. He had weakness in his right leg after two days of having herpes on his right leg. There was paresthesia and hy...

Background Recent studies indicate that endovascular therapy is superior to intravenous thrombolysis in treating M1 segment MCA occlusions, however, the effectiveness of mechanical thrombectomy in MI vs. M2 segment occlusions is unclear. Methods The meta-analysis was conducted by searching databases from January 2016 to January 2023, without langu...

Background. Increased ROS accumulates oxidative stress which can be measured by increasing Malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreasing eNOS level. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) kombucha contains antioxidants, especially polyphenols that reduce ROS and prevent endothelial damage. This study aimed to determine the benefits of green tea kombucha in preventin...

Introduction: A subsequent headache within seven days of a head injury (or after regaining consciousness after the head trauma)is referred to as a post-traumatic headache (PTHA); it is referred to as chronic or chronic post-traumatic headache (CPTHA) if it lasts longer than three months after the injury. Case : A 17-year-old male with headache sinc...

Previous studies have reported artemisinin resistance. Drugs for malaria treatment have been developed from plants. Citrus aurantifolia was traditionally used to treat ailments. This study aimed to evaluate an antimalarial effect of Citrus aurantifolia, honey, and a combination of Citrus aurantifolia and honey against Plasmodium berghei and analyze...

Multi-infarct dementia (MID) is described as a chronic progressive decline in cortical cognitive function due to the occurrence of multiple infarcts in the cerebral vascularization throughout the gray and white matter. Current therapies of MID mostly focus only on slowing down MID progression and symptomatic medications. A novel therapy which is ab...

Health Organization defined breakthrough pain as a temporary increase in pain from pre-existing underlying pain with moderate to severe pain intensity. Cancer patients with chronic pain experience breakthrough cancer pain during their illness. Breakthrough cancer pain caused high morbidity in patients that disrupts the quality of life of patients a...

Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is chronic neuropathic pain that is felt for at least 3 months or more at the site of the rash due to herpes zoster infection. Epidemiological studies get a prevalence of 0.49 cases of PHN per 1000 people per year. The clinical manifestation of PHN is chronic pain on the skin lesions due to herpes zoster infection. The...

Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a pain syndrome with manifestations of chronic musculoskeletal pain of non-articular were spread widely without being discovered abnormalities in the musculoskeletal system. In addition to widespread pain, patients with FM often experience other troublesome symptoms, such as fatigue, sleep disorders, and cognitive d...

Background Migraine and stroke are neurovascular diseases that have become a public health problem and a relatively high economic burden. The relationship between migraine and stroke has been described in the literature for a long time. Several studies reveal that migraine can be a risk factor for stroke. Methods We systematically searched PubMed...

Migraine is one of the most common types of primary headaches worldwide (about 20%) besides a tension-type headache. Several types of migraine medications have been introduced and used. Drugs acting on calcitonin gene- related protein have been developed recently and have shown positive results. We conducted an updated meta-analysis to determine th...

Background Migraine is a primary headache with a prevalence of 12–20% in the world. Approximately 38% sufferers were indicated for prophylactic therapy, but only a small proportion (3–13%) received prophylactic therapy. The role of melatonin in migraine is to protect the brain against toxins through anti-free radical activity, inhibition of the rel...

Background & Objective: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The incidence of ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation is greater in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) distribution. A high level of platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) has been widely studied as a predictor of poor outcomes in various conditions, suc...

Background. Pain is one of the most common health problems often experienced by the elderly. Research on pain and its comorbidities in elderly are crucial, because it relates to disability and impairment in quality of life. Unfortunately research related to pain in the elderly and co morbidities are still limited in Indonesia, better understanding...

Objective of the review was to evaluate the effectiveness of Ivermectin as a treatment of COVID-19. The researchers collected and assessed articles and previous studies in the form of Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) from PubMed, Google Scholar, Clinical Trials Gov and Preprint databases. The inclusion criteria of the study were the patients diagnos...

Treatment goals in bladder pain syndrome (BPS) or interstitial cystitis (IC) focusing on relieving symptoms to improve quality of life and avoiding adverse events (AEs) since curative treatment for BPS/IC is not available. The readily available pharmacologic options for BPS/IC including oral, intravesical, and transdermal therapy. The purpose of th...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease closely related to the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is one of the proteins that play a role in the aggravation of AD. Decreased concentration of GDF11 disrupts regenerative nervous system, blood vessels, and various vital systems. Low leve...

The use of social media does have many advantages. But there are some bad effects that accompany it, one of which is sleep quality disturbances. A study shows that the use of social media at night affects the quality of sleep worse, causing anxiety disorders, depression and self-esteem. Diagnosis of sleep disorders in adolescents is difficult becau...

ABSTRAK Prestasi belajar adalah suatu penguasaan atau keterampilan dan dikembangkan oleh mata pelajaran, biasanya dilihat dalam hasil tes atau nilai. Selain itu, terdapat faktor internal dan eksternal yang berpengaruh terhadap prestasi belajar seorang mahasiswa. Seorang mahasiswa tentunya tidak terlepas dari permasalahan yang terjadi dalam kehidupa...

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain) usually occurs at the beginning of menstruation, can be sharp, blunt, cyclic or persistent until the end of the menstrual phase and can last for several hours to one day. Objective: This study aims to determine the difference in the effectiveness of warm compresses and active stretching exercises in reduc...

Fatigue and work stress can trigger insomnia. Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder with a prevalence of 10-30% in the world population. One of the professions that are prone to work burnout are lecturers, especially lecturers who are currently pursuing postgraduate education. These lecturers have two roles, namely as educators and college stu...

Background: Breast cancer patients have a variety of physical and mental arising from the disease and the result of treatment. Various complaints faced by breast cancer patients lead to high levels of patients’ dependence on informal caregivers. This impacts the balance of personal work time with the free time that informal caregivers have to relax...

Background. Herpes zoster is a disease caused by reactivation of endogenous viruses that cause local dermatomal disorders characterized by unilateral radicular pain and vesicular dermatomal eruption. Some of the factors that responsible for reactivation of the herpes zoster virus are older age and low immune status. Case presentation. A 54-years-ol...

Introduction. Cerebral toxoplasmosis is one of the diseases of the central nervous system that can occur in people with AIDS. Cerebral toxoplasmosis occupies third place among fatal diseases that can occur in people with AIDS. Prevalence of toxoplasmosis is about 25-30% of the world's human population, and in Asia it is as high as 40%. Risk factors...

Stroke has been known as the second greatest cause of mortality and the third cause of disability. Ischemic stroke is more frequent than hemorrhagic stroke. The pathophysiology of ischemic stroke relates with inflammatory process. Neutrophil and lymphocyte are part of that process. Routine peripheral hematological laboratory, which contains informa...

Objective. Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a prevalent debilitating consequence of diabetes mellitus with lack of satisfactory therapeutic options. Methylcobalamin (MeCbl) is one of vitamin B12 analogs with known neurotrophic effects. We aimed to determine if MeCbl can relieve PDN. Materials and methods. This was a randomized (1:1) double-blin...

Background: Painful diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus, with approximately 30–50% of people will experience diabetic neuropathy. Chronic hyperglycemia will cause an inflammatory process that will trigger an immune response included leukotrienes. Leukotriene B4 is associated with hemoglobin glycat...

Peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common neurological disorder. Traditionally, diabetes mellitus is the most common aetiology of peripheral neuropathy. However, there are many other aetiologies of peripheral neuropathy, such as drug-induced, spinal trauma, alcoholism, vitamin B12 deficiency, and many more. In previous studies, long-term stat...

Novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused more than 2,38 million deaths and more than 108 million cases confirmed in one year of the pandemic are massive upheavals in social life and economy in the international world. An effective vaccine is needed to prevent further morbidity and mortality. This r...

Background: The industrial revolution 4.0 has changed the health industry. Medical treatments derived from the latest technologies are expected to improve the health and economic status. The rapid development of technology has influenced the learning and clinical practice of medicine. Virtual Reality (VR) is one of the latest technologies that is c...

Introduction. A brain abscess is a collection of pus, immune cells, and other materials that are generally caused by bacterial or fungal infection in the brain parenchyma. This disease has a high level of morbidity and mortality, nonetheless, until now there has been no in-depth research on this disease, especially in Bali. Objective. This study ai...

The purpose of this paper is to review the effectiveness of citicoline as suggested adjuvant therapy for painful diabetic polyneuropathy based on evidences. Pain is one of the most common symptoms that make patients consult with a doctor, especially chronic pain. One of the examples is painful diabetic polyneuropathy, which prevalence is increasing...

Novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused more than 2,38 million deaths and more than 108 million cases confirmed in one year of the pandemic are massive upheavals in social life and economy in the international world. An effective vaccine is needed to prevent further morbidity and mortality. This r...

Stroke causes disability with high morbidity and mortality in the world, causes a variety of disabilities and symptoms including disturbances in motor function, sensory, and cognitive. Sensory disability in post stroke patient can be categorized into two group; the one is stimulated by peripheral mechanism which we often called post stroke pain, an...

Objectives. High levels of non high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) are known to contribute to an increased risk of ischemic stroke. This systematic review was conducted to identify the relationship between high non-HDL-C levels and the risk of ischemic stroke. Material and methods. This systematic review using PRISMA (preferred reporti...

Background: Altered lipid profiles have consistently been linked to cerebrovascular events. Ischemic stroke (IS) was a common comorbid condition established in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene which has a notably critical function in lipoprotein metabolism is believed as one of the potential candidate genes suscept...

Background: COVID-19 infection can show various manifestation, including neurologic manifestations, such as anosmia, ageusia, or dysgeusia, and causes the neurologic disorder such as stroke, Guillain-Barre syndrome, encephalopathy, and many more. Aim: To briefly review neurologic manifestation in COVID-19 infection in the Asia region (South East As...

Background: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure (PNES) has long been the counterpart of epileptic seizure (ES). Despite ample of evidence differentiating the two, PNES mistakenly diagnosed as ES was still common, resulting in unnecessary exposure to long-term antiepileptic medications and reduced patient’s and caregiver’s quality of life, not to ment...

Postpartum psychosis (PP) is the most severe peripartum mood disorder. PP incidence is rare and affecting about 0.1-0.2% of postpartum mothers. Many factors aggravate the mental condition of the mothers after the labor, including posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) that can cause the new mother suddenly become shocked. In this case...

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that can affect the quality of life and leads to decreased productivity in patients. Low back pain (LBP) is one of the significant causes of disability worldwide with lifelong incidence. The purpose of this literature review describes the potential of anthocyanin-based Poly (Methyl Methacrylate...

Background: One of the adverse effects of chemotherapy in the neurological field is chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), it was an adverse effect caused by many chemotherapeutic regimens and a major cause of continuous pain in patients who survived cancer. When the symptoms get worse, survivor’s quality of life is declining and they a...