Hikmet Gunal

Harran University · Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

Assessment of land suitability is a prerequisite for the conservation and maintenance of land productivity and the improvement of land use and management systems. This study assessed land suitability for rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) production using topography, climate, and soil data by analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the Mamdani Fuzzy Infer...

The degradation of soil and water resources is the consequence of a mismatch between land suitability and land use. In this study, sustainable agricultural land suitability assessment (SALSA) for wheat and perennial horticultural crops was carried out, considering a conservation-use balance using the factors affecting the crop yield as well as indi...

TOPRAK KALİTESİ VE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Geleneksel olarak toprak haritalama, bölgeyi iyi bilen, arazide çok zaman geçiren, düzenli aralıklarla sondajlar yapan ve bu şekilde daha sonra sayısallaştırılan bir arazi toprak haritası hazırlayan deneyimli toprak bilimcileri tarafından yapılmaktadır. Klasik toprak etüt ve haritalama çalışmaları ile üretilen haritalardan elde edilen toprak bilgis...

Dünyanın en büyük karbon havuzu konumundaki toprağın karbon içeriğindeki küçük bir değişim, atmosferin karbon miktarının artması veya azalmasına yol açabilir. Toprak organik karbonu, toprak kökenli ekosistem hizmetlerinin birçoğunun sunumunda son derece etkin rol almaktadır. Bu nedenle, toprak kalitesinin en önemli göstergesi olan toprak organik ka...

Drought is a natural disaster disrupting provision of ecosystem services, causing degradation of agricultural lands and leading migration of people living mostly in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Regional and country-level drought monitoring are needed to adopt agricultural production systems and people living in rural areas and minimize...

Land degradation is a global problem, and mostly threatens agricultural lands in arid and semi- regional regions. The best management of a land which is under a severe degradation risk can be carried out by determining the spatial structure of soil properties and mapping the spatial variability. The aim of this study was to model and map the spatia...

Texture, which is the proportional expression of mineral particles of different sizes, is the most basic genetic property that determines the surface area where water and nutrients are adsorbed and microorganisms are active in soils. Accurate determination for the spatial variability of soil texture, which does not change with agricultural practice...

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) provides essential raw material used in the textile, feed, and vegetable oil sectors. Therefore, it is a strategic crop for agricultural, economic, and political strategies around the world. Accurate monitoring of the changes in the cotton production patterns is crucial for decision-makers. Turkey is among the top ten...

Rational planning of soil resources based on their capabilities are needed for the sustainable use of agricultural lands. Land suitability classification is an important evaluation tool for the management of soil resources. This study aimed to evaluate the land suitability for wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivation using an approach that integrates...

Hassas tarım uygulamalarının vazgeçilmezi olan sayısal toprak haritalamada makine öğrenimi (ML) algoritmalarının benimsenmesi, toprak bilimcilerinin harita üretme geleneğini değiştirmektedir. Bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal toprak özelliklerine ait yüksek kaliteli toprak haritalarının düşük maliyetli ve kısa zamanda üretilmesinin yanı sıra mekânsal veril...

Field scale spatial variability of soil properties, crop quality parameters and yield are needed to evaluate the efficiency of management practices in crop production. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of field variability in soil properties, silage yield of corn (Zea mays L.) varieties, and to characterize their spatial stru...

Conventional soil mapping approaches require to spend long time in the field and laboratory, and are most of the time expensive; therefore, soil scientists continue to study producing reliable digital soil maps in a short time and at a less cost. The main aim of this study was to map the spatial distribution of soil pH at a field scale with fine re...

This research introduces a scientific methodology to identify areas affected by gully erosion using Geographic Object Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) and Random Forest (RF) supervised machine learning. The GEOBIA and RF were applied in Besni district, which has a Mediterranean climate, of Adiyaman province in Turkey by including many factors in the m...

Organic farming increases soil sustainability and crop production. Demands for healthy food and a sustainable environment have increased interest in alternative conservative production systems and led to the introduction of the concept of organic farming. Plants are continually dealing with increasingly evolving and potentially harmful external env...

Land suitability classification is a useful management practice to ensure planned and sustainable use of agricultural lands according to their potentials. The main purposes of this study were to analyze land suitability for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivation and generate a land suitability map for wheat by integrating the analytical hierar...

z: Ekosistemin yapısının ve işlevlerinin insan refahına katkıları ekosistem servisleri olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Toprak, "ekosistem servisleri" olarak adlandırılan, tedarik etme (örneğin tatlı su, odun, yiyecek ve lif), düzenleme (örneğin iklim, erozyon ve sel), kültürel (örneğin estetik veya manevi değerler) ve destekleme (örneğin bitkilere, hayvan...

The Role of Soil in Ecosystem Services Abstract: The contributions of the structure and functions of the ecosystem to human welfare are defined as ecosystem services. Soils provide a wide range of goods and services called ecosystem services, such as provisioning (e.g., freshwater, wood, food, and fiber), regulating (e.g., climate, erosion, and flo...

The ongoing increase in global temperatures will simultaneously cause both an alteration in global and local precipitation patterns and effect the existing agricultural ecosystem in most parts of the world. Changes in atmospheric/climate systems, including atmospheric pollutant levels, will have strong impacts on the environment, particularly the f...

Changes in precipitation patterns due to the climate change will significantly affect rainfall erosivity in the future. Information on spatial and temporal variation of rainfall erosivity is highly important to determine the measures to prevent water erosion, which threatens soil productivity and global food security. The main aim of this study was...

Conventional soil mapping approaches require to spend long time in the field and laboratory, and are most of the time expensive; therefore, soil scientists continue to study producing reliable digital soil maps in a short time and at a less cost. The main aim of this study was to map the spatial distribution of soil pH at a field scale with fine re...

Conventional soil mapping approaches require to spend long time in the field and laboratory, and are most of the time expensive; therefore, soil scientists continue to study producing reliable digital soil maps in a short time and at a less cost. The main aim of this study was to map the spatial distribution of soil pH at a field scale with fine re...

Agricultural practices should be carefully monitored for long-term impacts on soil quality to avoid further deterioration in ecosystem services provided by soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of two conventional (CT), three reduced (RT) and two no-till (NT) tillage practices on soil quality of a clayey soil in a ten...

Conventional soil mapping approaches require to spend long time in the field and laboratory, and are most of the time expensive; therefore, soil scientists continue to study producing reliable digital soil maps in a short time and at a less cost. The main aim of this study was to map the spatial distribution of soil pH at a field scale with fine re...

Bu çalışmada, dokuz yıl süre ile uygulanan iki geleneksel, üç azaltılmış ve sıfır toprak işleme yöntemlerinin GEA ve PMN üzerine etkileri belirlenmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Tesadüf blokları şeklinde 2006 yılında başlatılan çalışmada, 6 farklı toprak işleme sistemi için 3 tekerrürlü ve toplam 18 adet parsel yer almaktadır. Bunlara ilaveten, Araştır...

Bu çalışmada, Tokat ili Erbaa ilçesinde tütün yetiştiriciliğinin yoğun olarak yapıldığı köylerde özel firmalar ile anlaşmalı üretim yapan üreticilerin arazilerinden toplam 202 adet yüzey (0-20 cm) toprağı alınarak temel toprak özellikleri, makro fosfor (P), potasyum (K), kalsiyum (Ca), magnezyum (Mg) ve sodyum (Na) ve mikro besin elementleri demir...

Improved soil health is essential to sustain agricultural production. Therefore, understanding the effects of management on soil health is crucial to implement new agricultural practices. This study aimed to assess the effects of long-term tillage systems on biochemical indicators of a Typic Haploxerert soil under winter wheat-soybean-corn rotation...

Prevention of agricultural land degradation due to the natural or anthropogenic impacts and recovery of degraded lands have recently become among the strategic targets of many countries. In this context, the concept of land degradation neutrality (LDN) is defined as an indicator of reducing the rate of land degradation and increasing the rate of im...

Bu çalışmada, yedi farklı hammaddeden 3 farklı sıcaklıkta (300, 400 ve 600 ºC) piroliz ile elde edilen biyoçarların çeşitli fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri belirlenmiş ve bitki yetiştiriciliği açısından karşılaştırılmaları yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, bölgede kolaylıkla temin edilebilen domates atıkları (sap, gövde ve yaprakları), kavak talaşı, buğday...

Maintaining and improving the quality of soils are vital to provide the food and fiber demands of increasing human population and support the sustainability of the ecosystem services. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of land use change on soil quality and related functions of natural grassland and adjacent cropland which has been use...

Current agricultural practices and their impacts on the sustainability of crop production can be evaluated by simple and reliable soil structure assessment tools. The study was conducted to determine the effects of long‐term (2006‐2017) tillage systems on structural quality of a clayey soil using the visual evaluation of soil structure (VESS) and c...

Toprakta devam eden birçok fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik süreç üzerine önemli düzeyde etkiye sahip olan parçacık büyüklük dağılımının doğru belirlenmesi, süreçler hakkında daha doğru yorum yapılabilmesini mümkün kılacaktır. Bu çalışmada, organik madde (OM) uzaklaştırılması ön muamelesinin kil içerikleri %18.8 ile %83.4 arasında değişen 80 toprağı...

Spesifik yüzey alanı (SYA), toprakta gerçekleşen birçok fiziksel ve kimyasal işlemin gerçekleştiği ortamı tanımlayan ve bu nedenle besin döngüsü, üretkenlik, kirleticilerin tutulması ve filtre edilmesi, bozulmaya karşı direnç gösterme ve dayanıklılık gibi toprakların sahip olduğu fonksiyonların gerçekleşmesinde etkin olan bir özelliktir. Gaz (azot...

248 Mesut BUDAK Kurak-sodik bir arazi derinlikten (0-30 ve 30-20-50-125 ve 300 m mesafelerden 50 adet ila-13.70 dS m-1 , pH 8.0-9.97 ve ESP ise 1.08-elementel-1-1-1 ve ortalama EC (4.77 dS m-1

Yüksekova’da bulunan sulak alanlar, ekosistem hizmetlerinin tedariki ve bölgedeki insanların geçim kaynaklarının desteklenmesi bakımından oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Ancak iklim değişimleri ve son zamanlarda artan antropojenik baskılar, mevcut sulak alanların önemli oranda azalmasına yol açmış ve sulak alanların sağladığı ekosistem hizmetlerinin s...

Örtü bitkileri, sonbahar veya kış dönemlerinde ürün rotasyonlarındaki boş bırakılan arazilerde ekilir ve sonraki ana ürün ekilmeden önce sonlandırılır. Erozyon kontrolü, besin elementi temini ve nitrat yıkanmasının azaltılması için kullanılan örtücü bitkiler, toprakların kalitelerinin iyileştirilmesi ve fonksiyonlarının geri kazanılmasında etkin bi...

Ekosistemlerin insanlara sağladığı birçok fayda, ekosistem hizmetleri olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Ekosistem hizmetleri düzenli olarak temiz içme suyunun sağlanmasına ve atıkların ayrıştırılmasına katılmaktadır. Millennium Ekosistem Değerlendirmesi (MA) ekosistem hizmetlerini yiyecek ve su üretimi; iklim ve hastalığın kontrolü gibi düzenleme; besin dön...

Tokat ekosistemlerde nadiren-1 organik karbon (OC) Tg OC yr-1-2

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an invasive species, and is currently spread in different habitats over several regions in Turkey. However, no information exists on the seed germination biology of Turkish populations. Therefore, the seed germination niche (upper and lower limits of environmental conditions for seed germination) was d...

Meralar, işlemeli tarımın yapılmaması ve sürekli bitki örtüsü ile kaplı olmalarından dolayı ekosistem için oldukça önemli görevler yerine getirmektedir. İnsanlar, ekosistemden çeşitli hizmetleri elde edebilmek için ekosistemlere müdahalede bulunurlar. Gübreleme, sulama, tohumlama, otlatmanın düzenlenmesi gibi çeşitli müdahalelerle, ilgi sağlama hiz...

Toprak pH’sı, besin maddelerinin yarayışlılığı ve topraktaki çeşitli biyolojik fonksiyonları yorumlamaya yardımcı olan önemli bir parametredir. Toprak pH’sı, çoğunlukla tuzluluk göstergesi kabul edilen elektriksel iletkenlik (EC) ölçümleri de birlikte gerçekleştirilmektedir. Uluslararası Standardizasyon Örgütü (ISO) her iki özelliğin ölçümünde topr...

Bir toprağın katyon değişim kapasitesi (KDK), elektrostatik güçlerle tutulan katyonların bulunduğu toprak yüzeylerindeki negatif yüklerin bir göstergesidir. Tamponlama kapasitesinin bir göstergesi olarak kabul edilen KDK, toprak kalitesi ve üretkenliğin tanımlanmasında yaygın olarak kullanılan önemli bir göstergedir. Ancak, toprak verimliliğini etk...

Daha fazla yiyecek ve lif üretmek için yapılan yoğun toprak işleme, kullanılan mineral gübre ve tarımsal ilaçlar, ekosistemin doğal düzenini bozarak, tarımsal üretimin sürdürülebilirliğini tehdit etmeye başlamıştır. Yoğun toprak işlemeye dayalı geleneksel tarım uygulamaları, hasat atıklarının uzaklaştırılması ya da yerinde yakılması, toprağın dayan...

Z Arazi kullanımlarının etkin bir şekilde planlanması ve yönetilmesi, bir bölgedeki toprakların özelliklerinin dağılımlarının doğru ve güvenilir enterpolasyon yöntemleri ile tahmin edilebilmesine bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada, Çerikli sulama sahasındaki toprakların tuzluluk, pH ve değişebilir sodyum yüzdesinin (ESP) mesafeye bağlı değişkenliklerinin tahmi...

Biological indicators allow to define early changes in soil environment due to the impacts in land management over time. This study investigated the effects of long-term (2006-2015) two conventional (CT-1 and CT-2), three reduced (RT-1, RT-2 and RT-3) and a no-till (NT) on soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and betaglucosidas...

Sustainability in functioning ability of agricultural soils can be obtained by accurate definition, appropriate management and temporal monitoring of changes in soil quality. Soil characterization using traditional methods requires long time, high cost and extensive labor, therefore farmers usually avoid to use soil analysis. This study was carried...

Long-term no-till or reduced tillage may decline functioning ability of soils due to surface/subsurface com-paction and/or stratification of plant nutrients. A long-term (ten years) field experiment was established in 2006 in the Çukurova region of Turkey to evaluate the impact of tillage on the physical properties of a soil under a Mediterranean c...

Poor management, low vegetation cover, and severe erosion are undermining the stability and sustainability of lands. In this study, modified Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use (MEDALUS) method was used to identify environmentally sensitive areas (ESA) to desertification in Tigris Basin, Turkey. Soil samplings (0–20 cm) and field observation...

Organik karbonun (C) toprakta zenginleşmesi, atmosferdeki C konsantrasyonunu azaltarak iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede geçerli bir stratejidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Yukarı Dicle Havzasında farklı arazi kullanımları altındaki topraklarının C depolama potansiyellerinin belirlenmesi ve haritalanmasıdır. Yaklaşık 8700 km 2 genişliğindeki çalışma alanı...

Comparing responses of the same soil under long-term different treatments is vital in determining the best management practices to conserve soil health and sustain productivity. This study was investigated to determine the effects of longterm (2006-2015) two conventional (CT), three reduced (RT) and a no-till (NT) treatment on bulk density (BD), fi...

Assessment, evaluation and mapping of the spatial characteristics of soil properties are crucial to ensure the sustainability of plant production and the development of appropriate management practices in the areas of intensive agricultural production. In this study, some physical and chemical soil characteristics of Dicle Basin, where most of the...

Toprak sıkışması (Kazova/Tokat) Sıfır toprak işleme ile ikinci ürün mısır bitkisinde ilk çıkışlar (Adana) Toprak işleme; yaklaşık 4000 yıl önce öküzler tarafından çekilen tahta pulluklar ile toprak yüzeyinde tohum için uygun ortam oluşturmak amacı ile başlatılan ve bugün bitkisel üretimin önemli bir bileşeni haline gelmiş bir uygulamadır. Üreticile...

Burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) is a highly invasive vine that has become naturalized in the humid Black Sea region of Turkey, but previous to this study there was no information on the germination biology of this weed. The germination biology of three naturalized populations of burcucumber from the Black Sea region was studied in laboratory and...

Toprak sıkışması (Kazova/Tokat) Sıfır toprak işleme ile ikinci ürün mısır bitkisinde ilk çıkışlar (Adana) Toprak işleme; yaklaşık 4000 yıl önce öküzler tarafından çekilen tahta pulluklar ile toprak yüzeyinde tohum için uygun ortam oluşturmak amacı ile başlatılan ve bugün bitkisel üretimin önemli bir bileşeni haline gelmiş bir uygulamadır. Üreticile...

Economic life of the Tigris basin, part of the Mesopotamian depends heavily on agricultural production for thousands of years. Sustainability of agricultural production in this ancient region may only be possible by conserving and improving the ability of soils to function. Therefore, soil quality indexes were computed to evaluate and monitor funct...

Solonchaks are described as soils with a Salic horizon starting within ≤50 cm from the soil surface, and should not have a Thionic horizon starting within the ≤50 cm from the soil surface according to the IUSS Working Group WRB.

Calcisols are soils with substantial accumulation of secondary lime and the name of Calcisols derives from the Latin calx which means lime. They are described as “Soils having a calcic or petrocalcic horizon within 100 cm of the surface and no diagnostic horizons other than an ochric or cambic horizon, an argic horizon which is calcareous, a vertic...

Solonetz soils are characterized by high contents of exchangeable sodium (Na) that may be either due to the high Na contents in the parent material or accumulated in the soil profile by capillary rise of Na-rich groundwater. Solonetz soils in accordance with the definitions in the World Reference Base and Soil Taxonomy are not widespread in Turkey....

Chromic and Rhodic Luvisols, otherwise known as the Red Mediterranean Soils or the Terra Rossa, show marked textural differences and genetic peculiarities within their profile.

This account of the ‘Soils of Turkey’ has developed from an initial effort to update the composition and content of the Soil Map of Turkey and it was undertaken in two phases. During the first phase a comprehensive set of data was assembled to update the map by means of existing data sources, such as: (i) the soil map of Turkey at a scale of 1:25,0...

Soils have always attracted and continued to attract the attention of people, due to their essential functions in food and fiber production. The use of terraces to control erosion attempts to increase the fertility of soils and create higher yielding soils are the indications for such attempts performed by the ancient Greeks and Romans. The efforts...

Vertisols are defined as “heavy clay soils with a high proportion of swelling clays. These soils form deep wide cracks from the surface downward when they dry out, which happens in most years”.

Article Info The stability of aggregates plays a vital role in preserving and long term storing of soil organic carbon (SOC). In this study, the long-term (2006-2014) effects of six tillage systems on aggregate-associated SOC were investigated in a field experiment conducted under Mediterranean conditions. The tillage treatments were; conventional...

Two Solanaceae invasive plant species (Physalis angulata L. and P. philadelphica Lam. var. immaculata Waterfall) infest several arable crops and natural habitats in Southeastern Anatolia region, Turkey. However, almost no information is available regarding germination biology of both species. We performed several experiments to infer the efects o...

Agricultural practices conserving soil water are needed to sustain agricultural production under changing climate. Long-term (2006-2014) effects of six different tillage systems on soil water content (SWC) and wheat yield were investigated in a clayey soil of the Çukurova region, Turkey. The tillage treatments were; conventional tillage with stubbl...

Calculation of gullies by remote sensing images obtained from satellite or aerial platforms is often not possible because gullies in agricultural fields, defined as the temporary gullies are filled in a very short time with tillage operations. Therefore, fast and accurate estimation of sediment loss with the temporary gully erosion is of great impo...

Abstract Quantification of soil quality is important to establish an early warning tool of adverse impacts from change in land use type. In this study, multivariate statistic (principal component analyses, PCA) was used to select the most representative indicators of soil quality to establish a benchmark to monitor and evaluate the impact of land u...

Economic life of the Tigris basin, part of the Mesopotamian depends heavily on agricultural production for thousands of years. Sustainability of agricultural production in this ancient basin may be only possible by conserving and improving the ability of soils to function. Therefore, soil quality indexes were computed to evaluate functioning abilit...

Long standing anthropogenic impact has substantially altered ecosystems and affected the ecosystem services by changing the functioning ability of soils around the globe. The agricultural production potential of soils has severely been impaired by some of changes in soil quality. The aims of this study are to establish a minimum data set (MDS) that...

Niche distribution models accurately predict the potential distribution range of invasive plants into new habitats based on their climatic requirements in the native regions. However, these models usually ignore the marginal habitats which can limit the distribution of exotic plants. We therefore tested the seedling survival, growth and nutrient ac...

Detection of the decline in soil quality due to various reasons in the field by means of visual methods will enable to review the management practices used in agricultural production. The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy and sensitivity of the visual evaluation of soil structure (VESS) in determining the long-term effects of seven soil t...