H.H. Masjuki

• Bachelor of Science (Hons) MechEng, MSc(Tribology), PhD(Superlaminar Flow in Journal Bearing)).
• Professor Emeritus at International Islamic University Malaysia

Jatropha Curcas stands out as a promising plant-based feedstock, offering a non-edible oil that holds great potential as an alternative fuel to traditional diesel. Notably, Jatropha oil boasts favourable fuel properties, including a higher oil content compared to other alternatives. This attribute makes it an attractive candidate for biodiesel prod...

This chapter discusses all types of oxygenated alcohols used in the automotive industry for internal combustion engines to improve diesel engine characteristics. Biodiesel is a type of biofuel used in diesel engines as an alternative fuel. The physicochemical properties of biodiesel are discussed in detail to analyze the effect on diesel engine per...

Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative liquid energy carriers for use in the transport sector. Biodiesel can be produced from edible or nonedible feedstock by different processes. The ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards are used to evaluate biodiesel quality. Despite a vast number of research works and projects conducted on different aspe...

Palm oil is an incredibly efficient crop, but our dependence on this crop as a primary biodiesel feedstock has threatened food insecurity as it is still perceived as the main source for vegetable oil throughout the world rather than being utilized for fuel. Therefore, the idea of utilizing non-edible food crops and waste vegetable oils could help t...

Biodiesel or biodiesel–diesel fuel is the current fuel used to power transportation engines. Contamination on lubricating oil is a common issue due to leakage or extensive use of engines. This study explores the lubricant oil blend’s friction and wear with the biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil, waste cooking oil blend withCalophyllum inophyl...

Thermal behavior of diesel, Jatropha curcas methyl ester (JOME), and its B20 blend (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) are examined from the profiles of thermogravimetry – differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) under air. TG profiles of samples indicate the mass loss steps to volatilization and combustion of methyl esters. Due to the higher temperat...

Rapid depletion of petroleum sources and increase of demand for environmentally friendly products has urged the need for biodegradable lubricants to be utilized in various applications, especially for internal combustion (IC) engine lubrication. To perform on par with the commercial engine oils, bio-based lubricants need to be further improved thro...

The development of bio-lubricant is an immerging area of research considering the rapid depletion of petroleum reserve and environmental concern. This study aims to develop non-edible jatropha oil-based bio-lubricant and investigate the tribological properties considering commonly used piston ring-cylinder liner materials of stainless steel and cas...

Globally, bio-lubricants are getting attention as these are sustainable, environment friendly, having good lubricity and can easily be extracted from vegetable oils. This study focused on the formulation of TMP based bio-lubricant from renewable cotton seed oil and measuring of its tribological characteristics to evaluate its potential for replacin...

The purpose of this study is to improve the tribological characteristics of cotton-biolubricant by adding nanoparticles at extreme pressure (EP) conditions in comparison with commercial lubricant SAE-40. This research involved the synthesis of cotton-biolubricant by transesterification process and then the addition of nanoparticles in it to improve...

Biodiesel is auto-oxidative in nature. It can change its composition due to auto-oxidation. Therefore, it causes fluctuation in its lubrication property during application. The present study aims to assess the effect of Pyrogallol (PY), Propyl gallate (PG) and Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) additives on the sustainability and lubrication behaviour...

The environmental concerns associated with artificially formulated engine oils have forced a shift towards bio-based lubricants. The deposition of hard coatings on engine components and migrating to environmentally friendly green lubricants can help in this regard. Chemically modified forms of vegetable oils, with better low-temperature characteris...

An increase in energy demand is leading to the continuous rise in global temperature above pre-industrial levels with the discharges of toxic gases and radiations leading to severe climatical circumstances. Thus, it is mandatory to develop ever-lasting, highly efficient thermal systems to overcome this issue. Scientific works on different nanofluid...

Reserves of fossil fuel are being depleted, and its use to generate energy also affects the environment. Sustainable and clean energy sources, therefore, need to be produced to meet the demands. In this research, combined blended fuels were produced from cottonseed and palm oil methyl esters with petroleum diesel fuel. To achieve the benefits of pa...

This chapter discusses all types of feedstocks used for synthesizing biodiesel and feedstock's selection criteria. Moreover, all biodiesel production methods (i.e Dilution with hydrocarbons blending, Micro-emulsion, Pyrolysis, and Transesterification) are also described in detail with their advantages and disadvantages. The major focus is given to...

Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, liquid fuel that can be used in existing diesel engines without modification as pure or blend. Transesterification (the primary process for biodiesel generation) via heterogeneous catalysis using low-cost waste feedstocks for catalyst synthesis improves the economics of biodiesel production. Heterogeneous catalysts...

This study aims to investigate the density and viscosity of ternary biodiesel blends. Fuel density and viscosity play an important role in the fuel injection system, flame propagation, and combustion process in compression ignition engine. The density and viscosity of biodiesel are higher than high-speed diesel which is an implication in the commer...

Dilution of engine oil with unburned fuels alters its lubricity and tribological properties. In this research paper, SAE-40 lubricating oil samples were contaminated with known percentages (5%) of fuels (diesel, palm-sesame biodiesel blend (B30), B30 + ethanol, B30 + dimethyl carbon-ate, B30 + carbon nanotubes and, B30 + titanium oxide). The effect...

The conventional method of synthesizing carbon-based nanofluids produces harmful products that are highly toxic and hazardous. The present investigation deals with the effects of using eco-friendly, non-corrosive, covalent functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets with gallic acid (GGNPs) as heat transfer fluid on energetic and exergetic performance of...

The world’s need for energy is increasing with the passage of time and the substantial energy demand of the world is met by fossil fuels. Biodiesel has been considered as a replacement for fossil fuels in automotive engines. Biodiesels are advantageous because they provide energy security, they are nontoxic, renewable, economical, and biodegradable...

The present study is to investigate the feasibility of mixed non-edible oils, Sterculia foetida (SFO), and rice bran oil (RBO) for biodiesel production. The transesterification process variables of SFO50RBO50 as the suitable blend were optimized using response surface methodology. The optimum conditions of the transesterification process are as fol...

Synthesis of carbon-based working fluid involves toxic acids that are hazardous to the human and surrounding environment. In the current experimental investigation, thermal analysis of liquid flat plate solar collector was carried out using distilled water and environmentally friendly, covalent functionalized graphene nanoplatelets. Gallic acid was...

Depletion of mineral reservoirs along with health and environmental concerns have led to a greater focus on bio-lubricants. The purpose of this study was to analyze and optimize the reaction conditions of the transesterification process for cotton biolubricant synthesis by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). In RSM, Rotatable central composit...

In this study, a study of the effects of Moringa Oil Biodiesel (MOB) biodiesel-diesel blends on the engine's performance, exhaust particulate matter, gaseous emissions and combustion characteristics was carried out in a multi-cylinder high-pressure common-rail diesel engine. The experiment involved the use of baseline diesel and several MOB blends...

In this study, a novel modeling approach (artificial neural networks (ANN) and ant colony optimization (ACO)) was used to optimize the process variables for alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of CI40CP60 oil mixture (40 wt% of Calophyllum inophyllum oil mixed with 60 wt% of Ceiba pentandra oil) in order to maximize the biodiesel yield. The opti...

Two-stroke also known as two-cycle gasoline engine is a spark ignition engine. Its uniqueness to the four-stroke engine is that this engine does not require lubricant sump, which makes construction lightweight and simple. Its lubricant is mixed with gasoline and burnt together during combustion. There are reports which stated that higher spark plug...

Surface textured and DLC coated (hydrogenated amorphous carbon) samples were assessed for their coating performance at 40 ºC, 80 ºC and 125 ºC. As a result, textured a-C:H DLC demonstrated higher but stable coefficient of friction (COF) at high temperatures as compared to un-textured DLC samples. However, textured DLC samples showed higher wear res...

Tribological properties of tetrahedral diamond-like carbon (ta-C DLC) coating were investigated to assess the effects of the counter surfaces under the boundary condition in the presence of biodegradable oil. The tribological tests were performed using steel/steel, steel/DLC and DLC/DLC contacts, and found that the coefficient of friction was 0.062...

In this article, wear performance of patterned and non-patterned tetrahedral carbon thin film (ta-C) is compared in the presence of various lubricants. For this purpose, wear tests were conducted at temperatures (40 °C–125 °C) which are normally found during automotive engine operation. Wear test were conducted at 100 N load and 120 min. The result...

Diesel engine is widely used as prime mover due to its high thermal efficiency. Usage of renewable biodiesel in diesel engine is also widely studied due to its potential in reducing emission and as a replacement of conventional diesel. Biodiesel performance could be improved by blending it with petroleum diesel besides introducing appropriate injec...

Recycling waste cooking vegetable oils by reclaiming and using these oils as biodiesel feedstocks is one of the promising solutions to address global energy demands. However, producing these biodiesels poses a significant challenge because of their poor physicochemical properties due the high free fatty acid content and impurities present in the fe...

In this work, the effects of adding of inedible Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel to diesel fuel on performance, gaseous emissions, particulate matter (PM) and combustion characteristics were studied in a medium-duty, high-pressure common-rail turbocharged four-cylinder diesel engine under different speed and torque conditions. The key physicochemic...

In this study, experiments were conducted on a four-cylinder spark-ignition engine to investigate the effects of iso-butanol additives in ethanol-gasoline blend on fuel properties, performance and emission characteristics of a SI engine. The engine tests were carried out at 50% wide open throttle and variations of engine speed from 3000 to 5000 RPM...

Purpose There is a continuous drive in automotive sector to shift from conventional lubricants to environmental friendly ones without adversely affecting critical tribological performance parameters. Because of their favorable tribological properties, chemically modified vegetable oils such as palm trimethylolpropane ester (TMP) are one of the pote...

This study investigated the corrosion characteristics of widely used automotive materials: copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) and stainless steel (SS) in Jatropha biodiesel. The corrosion rate of the materials was measured by the weight loss and changes in the surface morphology using immersion test in biodiesel. Before and after the immersion test, fuel s...

The depletion of fossil fuels is causing great concern and it is important to search for alternatives. Ethanol and isobutanol are suitable for spark ignition engine due to their favorable physicochemical properties that can be blended with pure gasoline to reduce the dependency on petroleum fuels. Six types of fuel blends consisting of ethanol and...

This paper aims to develop a comprehensive development and research for performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled with hydrogen and water at variable injection timing. Experiments have been conducted to compare the performance and emissions between diesel alone, diesel with hydrogen and hydrogen-diesel and water injection pressure. additio...

In this study, microwave irradiation-assisted alkaline-catalysed transesterification was used to produce W70CI30 biodiesel from a mixture of waste cooking oil and Calophyllum inophyllum oil. The methanol/oil ratio, catalyst concentration, stirring speed, and reaction time were optimized using response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken ex...

The possible scarcity of oil and gas resources in the future (whether in quantity or areas of availability) is a major concern throughout the world. For this reason, governments all over the world are working on reducing their dependence on imported energy resources. Alternative energy resources such as bioethanol, biodiesel and biomass have gained...

Biodiesel can be used as alternative to replace fossil diesel. However, usage of biodiesel in an unmodified diesel engine can cause higher in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. In order to reduce the harmful emission, certain injection strategies can be carried out. In this paper, the effects of biodiesel blends, fuel injection timing and split inject...

Biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oils is an effective way to conquer the linked problems with edible oils such as food versus fuel and other environmental impacts. Cerbera odollam oil is one of these possible non-edible feed stocks for future biodiesel production. This study evaluated the potential biodiesel production from cerbera od...

The physiochemical properties of biodiesel are significantly influenced by its fatty acid composition (FAC). This research investigates FAC of Jatropha biodiesel (JB) synthesized using feedstocks originated from the east (JBEM) and west (JBWM) Malaysian regions together with biofuel properties. The critical properties of pure biodiesels and blends...

In this study, the tribological properties of ta-C DLC were largely influenced by the counter surfaces and additives. The DLC/DLC contact showed approximately 60% lower wear when tested with additivated oil compared to that of base oil and this result was 66% in steel/DLC contact. Friction coefficient in DLC/DLC contact was lower than in steel/DLC...

Deformation band at Petani Formation included in the type of disaggregation band, where deformation on this formation resulted from tectonics stress at Plio – Pleistocene affecting sandstone layer that being deformed and resulted strain localization feature, filling with iron oxide sand. The measurement for this research was using grain size analys...

This paper investigates the importance of tribology towards the global economy. The current world energy crisis, the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the increasing of environmental hazards over the years have urged academicians and scientists to continuously seek for methods to overcome these problems while improving the quality of life in th...

The effect of particle size and surfactant on dispersion stability and wear protection ability was experimentally evaluated for polyalphaolefin (PAO 10) and bio-based base oil (palm trimethylolpropane ester) added with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) particles. Nanolubricants were developed by adding 1 wt% of MoS2 particles that varied in size. In addi...

Two frost-free household refrigerator-freezers, one with 492 liter capacity and one with 460 liter capacity were tested in the laboratory to determine the sensitivity of several variables those influence consumption refrigerator-freezers energy consumption greatly. The effects of single variables such as room temperature, thermostat setting positio...

Modern industrial applications involve rigorous operating conditions due to which lubricant either slips out of the contact or its thin layer resides between the interacting surfaces. Deposition of diamond-like carbon coatings and using lubricants capable of physically adsorbing on the interacting surfaces can significantly improve tribological per...

Similar properties of biodiesel to conventional diesel have made biodiesel as a promising fuel. However, its NOx emission was reported higher by most researchers in the world. In this study, antioxidants are used in the effort of improving the oxidation stability of biodiesel and reducing the NOx emission while maintaining the engine performance. p...

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a four-cylinder common-rail turbocharged diesel engine fuelled with Jatropha curcas biodiesel-diesel blends. A kernel-based extreme learning machine (KELM) model is developed in this study using MATLAB software in order to predict the performance...

Environmental pollution and the declining global supply of accessible fossil fuels are the key drivers of the search for alternative sources of energy. Biodiesel, a renewable liquid transport fuel, is commercially-produced using heterogeneous catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysts obtained from seashells appeared as promising alternatives thanks to the...

Biodiesel from non-edible vegetable oil is considered as a monetarily doable source among the conceivable sources. It can be used as a replacement of the fossil diesel without any modification of engine design. In this study, “Millettia pinnata" (MP) which is known as Karanja and "Croton megalocarpus" (CM), non-edible biodiesel feedstock sources us...

Purpose This study investigated the tribological properties of tetrahedral DLC films in self-mated contacts in the presence of additivated and non-additivated vegetable oils. DLC films have high practical value due to its low friction and low wear properties. On the other hand, vegetable oils are considered to be lubricants for future due to its r...

Bioethanol can potentially replace gasoline because of its lower exhaust emissions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the engine performance and exhaust emissions of Manihot glaziovii bioethanol–gasoline blends at different blend ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Tests were performed on a single-cylinder, four-stroke spark-ignition engine...

The efficiency of a flat plate solar collector using water based CuO nanofluid as a working fluid is analyzed theoretically. A mathematical model and a program, written in MATLAB code were used for calculating the efficiency of a flat plate solar collector for a domestic solar water heating system considering weather conditions of a city in Myanmar...

The heavy reliance on petroleum-derived fuels such as gasoline in the transportation sector is one of the major causes of environmental pollution. For this reason, there is a critical need to develop cleaner alternative fuels. Butanol is an alcohol with four different isomers that can be blended with gasoline to produce cleaner alternative fuels be...

In transportation and industrial sectors, the world relies heavily on petroleum-based products which may cause grave concern related to future energy security. On certain cases, these products would end up back to the environment causing serious environmental pollution and hazards. Recognized as potential substitutes to mineral-based lubricants, bi...

Bioethanol can potentially replace gasoline because of its lower exhaust emissions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the engine performance and exhaust emissions of Manihot glaziovii bioethanol-gasoline blends at different blend ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Tests were performed on a single-cylinder, four-stroke spark-ignition engine...

Biodiesel production from Ceiba pentandra oil using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase (Novozym 435) was studied. A drastic change from 20.6% to 78.0% yield for 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio indicated the significance of methanol stepwise addition method. Tests were done on the effect of enzyme pretreatments to biodiesel yield productivity whi...

This work presents and discusses the anitwear characteristics of surface modified CuO nanoparticle suspensions in bio-based lubricant. 1.0 wt% unmodified as well as surface modified CuO nanoparticles (nominal size of 50 nm), were dispersed in base oil using an ultrasonic probe. Wear protection was evaluated by using Four-Ball Extreme Pressure (EP)...

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the polymethyl acrylate (PMA) additive on the formation of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NOX) emission from a diesel coconut and/or Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel-fueled engine. The physicochemical properties of 20% of coconut and/or C. inophyllum biodiesel-diesel blend (B20), 0....

Lower emissions of spark ignition engine can be achieved by using alcohol fuels such as methanol as it is more environmental advantage over fossil fuel. The methanol fuels can be further improved by added with iso-butanol as it have higher energy content and able to displace more gasoline fuel. Nevertheless, the research on the addition of lower ra...

In this study, a carbon-based solid acid catalyst was prepared using the de-oiled Jatropha curcas (JC) seed cake waste. The catalyst was consequently used to esterify the JC oil in order to lower the high free fatty acid content (FFA) to an acceptable level (<4 mg KOH g⁻¹) for biodiesel production. The chemical and physical properties of the cataly...

In this study, biodiesel production using ultrasound and infrared techniques is introduced. The ultrasound and infrared techniques are more efficient for biodiesel production since they improve the mass transfer between the immiscible reactants, increase chemical reactions, and decrease the reaction time and energy consumption. The effect of the re...

In this study, kernel-based extreme learning machine (K-ELM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed in order to predict the conditions of an alkaline-catalysed transesterification process. The reliability of these models was assessed and compared based on the coefficient of determination (R²), root mean squared error (RSME), mean...

The depletion of oil reserves as well as environmental pollution resulting from the burning of fossil fuels has led to ongoing research and development of biodiesels in order to substitute fossil fuels. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance and exhaust emissions of a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine fueled with...

Transportation sector covers a large portion of the total energy consumption shares and is highly associated to global warming. Growing concern over the harmful gases being emitted from vehicles and their environmental implications has urged the need for pollutant reduction through more efficient engines. Good engine thermal management especially d...

Modern day industrial applications involve rigorous operating conditions, which include high temperature, heavy applied loads, and starved lubrication conditions. In these scenarios, either the lubricant slips out of the contact or only a thin layer of lubricant resides between interacting surfaces. The deposition of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coati...

In this work, a skutterudite-based compound, Yb0.25Co4Sb12, added with Alx (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) was synthesized with a simple mechanical alloying technique followed by spark plasma sintering. The microstructural properties and thermoelectric properties of the as-sintered samples were investigated. The Al atoms formed AlSb nano-inclusions in the g...

Nowadays, the development of biodegradable products is important in improving energy efficiency and green environment, particularly in energy conservation and rotation of machinery systems. In the case of sliding components, lubrication system and lubricant quality plays an important role for energy efficiency as it is directly involved with fricti...

The technique of laser texturing has been gaining popularity in recent years because of its use in enhancement of tribological performance. In this paper, the effect of indirect laser texturing is analyzed on hydrogenated DLC coating under line contact configuration. Most previous research studies have been carried out for point contact configurati...

Microalgae are promising alternative plant sources for biodiesel production because of the significant increase in lipid yield through heterotrophic cultivation and genetic engineering approaches. This study aims to evaluate the extraction and conversion of lipids from Isochrysis galbana. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize lipid...

Biodiesel is a potential renewable and biodegradable fuel source comprising of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). It is produced from transesterification reaction of animal fats and vegetable oils. It has been selected as a suitable alternative to conventional diesel fuel as it furnishes several advantages such as reduced environmental emissions, ren...

Considering the low cetane number of biodiesel blends and alcohols, ignition promoter additives 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) and di-tertiary-butyl peroxide (DTBP) was used in this study at a proportion of 1000 and 2000 ppm to diesel-biodiesel-pentanol blends. Five carbon pentanol was used at a proportion of 10% with 20% jatropha biodiesel-70% diesel...

The study represents a comprehensive analysis of engine exhaust emission variation from a compression ignition (CI) diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel blends. Biodiesel used in this investigation was produced through transesterification procedure from Moringa oleifera oil. A single cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, naturally aspirated di...

The appealing second generation bioethanol production brings a good promise to achieve a fuel production that is renewable and sustainable; this makes durian (Durio zibethinus) seed interesting to take advantage of, especially for a tropical country like Malaysia. This paper aims to produce bioethanol from durian seed by utilizing ultrasound techni...

Concerns over depleting fossil fuel reserves, energy security, and climate change have resulted in stringent legislation demanding that automobiles use more renewable fuels. Bioethanol is being given significant attention on a global scale and is being considered as a long-term gasoline replacement that helps reduce exhaust emissions. The piston ri...

Biodiesel comprises fatty acid esters and is used as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. However, biodiesel has poor cold flow properties (i.e., CP, CFPP and PP) than mineral diesel fuel. This study aims to reduce the PP, CFPP and CP of coconut biodiesel (CB) blends using poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) additives and investigate their effects on si...

In diesel engine lubricants, over-based detergent additives are typically used to neutralize acids. These additives are required for long service life, but their use results in hazardous emissions, which mainly include sulfur and ash content. To address this problem, this study investigates the detergent-free bio-based lubricant conditioning approa...

Fuel properties of biodiesels are influenced by the physical features of the fatty acid composition, such as the degree of unsaturation, the percentage of saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid. Fuel properties are the key factors in determining the suitability of any fuel as an alternative fuel. In this st...

A global North–South divide in research, and its negative consequences, has been highlighted in various scientific disciplines. Northern domination of science relevant to climate change policy and practice, and limited research led by Southern researchers in Southern countries, may hinder further development and implementation of global climate cha...

Biodiesel has been a promising clean alternative fuel to fossil fuels, which cuts the emissions that are released by fossil fuels, and perhaps reduces the energy crisis induced by the exhaustion of oil resources in the near future. In this study, the effect of antioxidant additive on engine performance and emission characteristics of an engine fuel...

Automotive and transportation sectors will be inclined towards the renewable or green energy in the near future. One of the green energy sources discovered recently is biodiesel. Biodiesel is a source of clean alternative fuel for internal combustion engines, which reduces the exhaust emissions significantly. Like diesel, biodiesel also emits exhau...

Exploring new renewable energy sources as a substitute of petroleum reserves is necessary due to fulfilling the oncoming energy needs for industry and transportation systems. In this quest, a lot of research is going on to expose different kinds of new biodiesel sources. The non-edible oil from candlenut possesses the potential as a feedstock for b...

The research on biodiesel production via heterogeneous catalyzed approach is continuously studied by scientist in order to gain a sustainable process for industrial production and to improve its fuel quality. The green resource of biodiesel feedstock and catalyst is the major criteria to influence the biodiesel yield and sustainability of the proce...

Bioethanol is known as a viable alternative fuel to solve both energy and environmental crises. This study used response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken experimental design to obtain the optimum conditions for and quality of bioethanol production. Enzymatic hydrolysis optimization was performed with selected hydrolysis parameters, incl...