Henry Etzkowitz

Stanford University | SU ·  Human-Sciences and Technologies Advanced Research Institute

Keynote Speech: The Triple Helix: Past, Present and Future -PPT (2)

This paper introduces the concept of Triple Helix systems as an analytical construct that synthesizes the key features of university–industry–government (Triple Helix) interactions into an innovation system’ format, defined according to systems theory as a set of components, relationships and functions. Among the components of Triple Helix systems,...

Purpose – The paper aims to investigate the emergence of science policy in the states of the USA, drawing attention to the fact that every state has a science and technology agency and multiple programs that attempt to raise the level of science and technology in the state and attract resources from elsewhere. Design/methodology/approach – The pap...

The incubator model of a support structure to develop high-tech firms from academic research was imported from the USA to Brazil, where it serves a variety of economic and social purposes. The Brazilian cooperative incubator is a creative reinterpretation of the business incubator model to advance social innovation. It addresses issues of social ex...

Beyond the Bologna Process key objective of achieving a common structure of the European tertiary educational format is the fundamental issue of the changing content of higher education. The highly specialized curricula of the Industrial Society no longer fully meet the needs of an emerging Knowledge Society that requires citizens with entrepreneur...

Norrköping, a small urban area formerly dependent upon old labour-intensive industries, has developed a knowledge-based renewal strategy inspired by ideas emanating from its superseded local economy. Using a longitudinal case study, this paper explicates the dynamics of change among a triple helix of university, industry and government actors that...

A process of normative change in academic science makes spin-off entrepreneurship compatible with the advancement of knowledge. A parallel process of normative change in industrial science produces a creative tension between organizational and scientific goals that enhances the attainment of both objectives. The creation of hybrid organizations med...

This paper discusses the “Vanish Box phenomenon” found among female scientists who migrate from academia to new occupations emerging at the intersection between science and business, like technology transfer. These occupations offer not only new career paths, but also more favourable work conditions in comparison to academic science and industrial...

What the future holds for the industrial cities of the past is a life and death question for many municipalities. Researchers, policy makers and ordinary citizens deal with issues related to developing appropriate strategy for renewing a declining industrial city. Searching the industrial landscape for an existing firm to relocate or establish a br...

It is suggested that the value of projected cuts in UK higher education spending should be redirected to fund start-up entrepreneurial universities as part of a strategy for knowledge-based economic growth. Two specific elements of academic entrepreneurial redesign are outlined: the Professor of Practice, linking university and industry through hal...

Long confined to the realm of feminist studies, issues pertaining to women’s access, participation, advancement and reward are rising to prominence in innovation, technology and entrepreneurship - areas traditionally characterised either by gender-blindness or strong male dominance. The implications of this shift are wide-ranging but the mechanisms...

We argue that the current economic crisis is a fault line in the transition from an industrial to a knowledge-based society and is thus potentially subject to a different set of dynamics than previous crises, like the Great Depression of the 1930s, which occurred within an existing mode of production. A qualitatively different response is needed to...

Through utilising currently available Internet technologies, academic and governmental organisations can provide seedling companies in their incubators with additional competitive advantage through efficient access to markets, partners, knowledge and services both locally and globally. This paper proposes a Triple Helix approach for brokering socia...

New directions in universityindustrygovernment interactions are taking place in Latin American countries. The idea that the university should play an economic role is a relatively new one. The articles in this special issue deal with issues involved in establishing the groundwork for this new academic role.

This paper analyzes the transition to the entrepreneurial university as part of a broader shift to a knowledge-based economy, arising from a complex interplay between exogenous (top-down) and endogenous factors (bottom-up) of a more or less similar nature, combined in different ways in different countries. Drawing on the experience of four countrie...

The entrepreneurial university is the next stage in the development of a medieval institution. Integrating a commitment to economic growth and social development with research and teaching, the entrepreneurial university supersedes the late 19th century Humboldtian synthesis that aligned research with teaching as the two primary academic missions (...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline the strategic challenges for creating knowledge‐based innovation in China. Design/methodology/approach – The paper outlines the context of innovation in China and describes the triple helix model of knowledge‐based innovation. Findings – China's re‐emergence as a major power in the world economy p...

Marina Ranga et al look at recent career trends and emerging opportunities for scientifically skilled women. This paper summarises the findings of an 18-month project focussing on women’s participation and advancement in technology transfer, incubation and entrepreneurship professions in four European countries.

Science is fraught with gender inequities that depress women’s professional careers and invade their personal space, as well (Tri-national Conference (2003); Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology, 2004; Rosser, 2004). For example, female PhD students in the U.S. are often excluded from the informal social groupings that advance prof...

There is an ongoing transformation of the university to add value and strengthenteaching, research and technology transfer capabilities. However, one means of enhancingthe university’s new social and economic development mission is by reinventing theprofessorial role through the concept of ‘Professors of Practice’. Initially used to bringdistinguis...

Without Abstract

Science professes the self-acclaimed ideal of 'universalism' and an irrelevance of personal or social attributes in judging scientific claims. However, in actual practice, science has been a male domain, and has a social structure dominated and hitherto regulated by men, in which, women find themselves unwelcome. This creates hidden barriers in the...

This paper sets forth a model of knowledge-based regional development conceived as a set of multi-linear dynamics, based on alternative technological paradigms. Utilizing longitudinal data from a Swedish region, and international comparisons, four stages of development are identified: Inception, Implementation, Consolidation and Renewal. Innovation...

A “meta-innovation system” has emerged in Brazil, comprising multiple sources of initiative: top-down, bottom-up and lateral. Meta-innovation explains why the same organizational mechanism, successful in one context, may be relatively ineffective or even a blockage to innovation in another. An incubator movement arose in the transition from the lar...

State science policy is industrial policy, shaped by local research and industrial strengths or, conversely, lack of same. States with research strengths relevant to local declining industries attempt to link them in an effort to revive the latter; states lacking research strengths attempt to develop them, especially in areas relevant to local natu...

The mismatch between the business cycle and venture capital is examined in this article.Currently, during the upswing of the business cycle, venture capital is used to fund many projects including those that make little or no technological advances.On the other hand, in the downturn, there is a lack of venture capital being invested. This may, in p...

The success of strategies of changing or establishing innovation systems is indicated by scientific and technological innovations, the number of new products and patents, the prosperity of regions and firms and the creation of new jobs. However, there is also a less visible outcome of the innovation process in regard to knowledge creation, redesign...

A triple helix culture of university-industry-government relations is emerging in Brazil with localities and regions encouraging the national level to act and vice versa. The papers in this special issue identify evidence of the emergence of a triple helix phenomenon in the course of Brazil's transition from the traditional top-down, government-con...

To what extent are the existing procedures, definitions and criteria regarding scientific excellence gender neutral? To investigate this subject, a workshop entitled ‘Minimising gender bias in the definition and measurement of scientific excellence’, was jointly organised by the Women and Science Unit of the European Commission’s Research DG, the...

To what extent are the existing procedures, definitions and criteria regarding scientific excellence gender neutral? To investigate this subject, a workshop entitled ‘Minimising gender bias in the definition and measurement of scientific excellence’, was jointly organised by the Women and Science Unit of the European Commission’s Research DG, the...

The European entrepreneurial university is based on the teaching mission of the university, whereas US academic entrepreneurship is typically an extension of the research mission. Recognizing that the European professoriate has traditionally been more removed from entrepreneurship than its US counterpart, some European universities have organized p...

Institutional arrangements of university-industry-government relations raise political questions because the public/private divide can to a certain extent be reconstructed within these networks. The institutional questions resound with concerns about the new technologies (such as genetically modified food) and globalization. The discussions at the...

Academic entrepreneurship arose from internal as well as external impetuses. The entrepreneurial university is a result of the working out of an “inner logic” of academic development that previously expanded the academic enterprise from a focus on teaching to research. The internal organization of the Research University consists of a series of res...

Science is an intensely social activity. Professional relationships are essential forscientific success and mentors areindispensable for professional growth. Despitethe scientific ethos of universalism andinclusion, American women scientists frequentlyexperience isolation and exclusion at some timeduring their academic career. By contrast,male scie...

The European Community (EC) has found ways to systematically benefit underrepresented minorities and less research-intensive regions through the distribution of research funds. Raising the level of research performance and excellence across Europe is a criterion for receipt of awards from the

Entrepreneurial scientists and entrepreneurial universities are reshaping the academic landscape by transforming knowledge into intellectual property. Faculty members and graduate students are learning to assess the commercial as well as the intellectual potential of their research. During the past two decades, a broad range of universities, well b...

The U.S. Research University, combining education, research training and original investigation, is a worldwide exemplar. Nevertheless, unexpected resource constraints have created a crisis of confidence even more fundamental than the one engendered by student protesters in the 1960’s who, for all their attacks on academic tradition, viewed the uni...

Why are there so few women scientists? Persisting differences between women's and men's experiences in science make this question as relevant today as it ever was. This book sets out to answer this question, and to propose solutions for the future. Based on extensive research, it emphasizes that science is an intensely social activity. Despite the...

The Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations is compared with alternative models for explaining the current research system in its social contexts. Communications and negotiations between institutional partners generate an overlay that increasingly reorganizes the underlying arrangements. The institutional layer can be considered as...

We introduce a new hybrid approach to joint estimation of Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) for high quantiles of return distributions. We investigate the relative performance of VaR and ES models using daily returns for sixteen stock market indices (eight from developed and eight from emerging markets) prior to and during the 2008 fi...

Traditionally, the U.S. and Western Europe have chosen different policies to foster commercial innovation. Whereas (federal) government intervention in the U.S. has required strict justifications and has been mainly indirect, most governments on the other side of the Atlantic have played an explicit and more active role in the economy. However, rec...

The triple helix model of university-industry-government relations is explicated for the transfer of technology. Drawing upon a broad range of international instances, the stages and phases through which the institutional spheres most relevant to innovation are drawn into a more productive relationship are discussed in comparison to alternative mod...

The nature, timing and mix of interventionist policies are more important than the argument between having an industrial policy or letting the market rule. Several Asian countries have adopted an economic development policy of `competitive protectionism', targeting nascent industries and assisting their technological advance so that they can export...

Because of ideological resistance, the USA often pursues industrial policy by indirect means. There are continuing conflicts over the appropriate role of government, industry and academia in innovation: an indirect and decentralized industrial policy may be more effective than traditional direct approaches, since it is better able to take regional...

The concept of 'path dependency' is transferred from the analysis of competing technologies to alternative S and T policies. This analysis was developed in the context of Rio de Janeiro, which is the confluence of two historical and economic trajectories. These differences and their effects on S and T policy led to the formulation of an analysis of...

We introduce a new hybrid approach to joint estimation of Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) for high quantiles of return distributions. We investigate the relative performance of VaR and ES models using daily returns for sixteen stock market indices (eight from developed and eight from emerging markets) prior to and during the 2008 fi...

The Second Conference on the Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations focused on "the future location of research." In this report, the Triple Helix thesis is developed into a recursive model of how an overlay of communications operates on the underlying institutions. Market selections, innovative dynamics, and network controls prov...

This collection of 10 papers provides a comparative analysis of the role of academic-industry relations in innovative educational systems in Eastern Europe, Ibero-America (Latin America, Spain, and Portugal), Russia, and Scotland, as well as in the United States. It arose from a series of conferences, beginning with a 1991 NATO workshop on universi...

In contrast to the knowledge flows model (one-way from research to innovation), the triple-helix model has interlocking spheres of university, government, and industry with overlapping roles. Massachusetts Institute of Technology is an example of the emerging entrepreneurial university being transformed by the "second academic revolution." (SK)

This looks at why there are so few women scientists: it focuses on the experiences of women in PhD programs and as faculty members. Science is largely organized on the basis of a male role model and women feel excluded and undervalued. This is the conclusion of the survey conducted for this research. The gender dimensions of science must be deconst...

The United States economic crisis of the past decade has precipitated a debate over future economic strategy. The alternative positions are whether it is better to try to save old industries or develop new ones. Nevertheless, worker control of firms through Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOP's) and state government investment in new high-tech com...

What is the relationship between the expression of human needs and the emergence of alternative adult roles? In this paper we criticize the assumptions of the life cycle model of adulthood as having only a limited repertoire of adult roles. We propose the life spiral model of adulthood to conceptualize the legitimation of alternative adult roles an...

A transformation in the functions of university, industry, and government also takes place as each institution assumes the role of the other. The university takes the role of industry, transferring technology to infuse existing firms with new life and helping form new firms in incubator facilities. Government takes the role of industry, helping to...