Helmut Anheier

University of California, Los Angeles | UCLA · Luskin School of Public Affairs

This article goes beyond the presentation, assessment and discussion of the Berggruen Governance Index by suggesting potential next steps for governance indicators and relevant data systems more generally. Specifically, it addresses four ways to advance research on governance performance. The first two, greater cross‐validation and cross‐fertilisat...

Governance is at the heart of how well governments meet public needs and manage a wide array of common problems. Why do some countries perform poorly in delivering healthcare, reducing inequality, providing a clean environment or delivering some other public good to their populations even while they have the resources to do so? Does the capacity of...

The Berggruen Governance Index (BGI) is a new and innovative entry into the crowded domain of quantitative governance research. In its effort to contribute to the field, the BGI builds off of and acts in dialogue with several other governance indicator projects from across the globe. As part of a collaborative outlook, the BGI convened the first of...

This article presents an overview of some of the main findings from our analysis of the Berggruen Governance Index for the 2000–2019 period. It first examines overall governance performance across world regions, singles out general trends and identifies top and bottom performers. It then briefly reviews the comparative governance performance of wor...

This article looks at some of the major implications for theory and policy that follow from the Berggruen Governance Index (BGI). After discussing the BGI's quality as an indicator in more general terms, the article explores two types of implications. The first are conceptual implications that relate to an improved understanding of governance, demo...

The countries of the Sub‐Saharan region have, on average, made significant progress in governance performance, especially in terms of democratic accountability and public goods provision—findings that seem to contradict patterns of state fragility and economic underdevelopment common in the region. This article explores this seeming contradiction a...

While comparative research on nonprofit organizations has made much progress since the launch of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project in 1990, there now seems to be a loss of momentum. Some of the reasons for this have to do with aspects of definition, classification, and aggregation that can be corrected. The main issue, however,...

Civil society has re-entered the standard social sciences vocabulary, and important contributions have been made in recent years to advance the historical understanding and conceptual development of this sphere analytically located between the state and the market. Such contributions have been mostly within a political science perspective that exam...

In this interview, Helmut K. Anheier and Michael Mann first discuss Mann’s work on the sociology of power, especially the types and sources of power. They then focus on the rise and fall of empires and his analysis of wars, as well as current international tensions, especially US-China relations and a revisionist Russia. Throughout, they focus on l...

Nongovernmental organizations or NGOs are part of a larger set of organizations that are self‐governing, not‐for‐profit, noncompulsory, and institutionally separate from government. They emerged mostly during the process of mid‐twentieth‐century modernization and globalization, grew in scale and scope in subsequent decades, and assumed greater impo...

Much of the democratic world faces a form of socio‐political crisis. To varying degrees, four trends seem to be present in almost every case: declining institutional trust, failing leadership, increasing political polarisation, and weakened accountability. Although each trend has its own dynamic and causes, they jointly create complex challenges an...

In this interview, Helmut K Anheier and Andreas Wimmer discuss his work on methodological nationalism, nation building, democracy, war, and longer-term economic, socio-political developments. They also explore the post-colonial debate and the decolonization movement in the academy. They touch upon foresight methods and review the state of the socia...

This chapter discusses sociological and economic approaches to civic engagement and volunteering and their relationship to the nonprofi t sector, civil society, and social cohesion. What is civic engagement, and what are its determinants? Why do people volunteer?

Introducing different business models and revenue- generating strategies, this chapter offers an overview of how and for what nonprofi t organizations use fi nancial resources to achieve their objectives. The chapter reviews revenue strategies, including fundraising, and concludes with an introduction to fi nancial management and business plan deve...

This chapter looks at organizational theory and its contributions to understanding nonprofi t organizations. The chapter also explores the factors involved in shaping the development of nonprofi t organizations over time and more specifi c aspects of organizational structure. It examines the behavior and contributions of nonprofi t organizations in...

This introductory chapter fi rst presents an overview of the range of nonprofi t institutions, organizations, and activities. The chapter then briefl y surveys the intellectual and political history of the study of nonprofi t organizations and states some of the key intellectual, practical, and policy- related issues involved. It also discusses how...

This chapter offers an overview of various economic, sociological, and political science approaches that address the origins, behavior, and impact of nonprofi t organizations. It compares these approaches with one another, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, and points to new and emerging theoretical developments.

This chapter introduces the historical background to the development of the US nonprofi t sector in the context of the wider civil society, and then compares the American experience to other countries. It shows the path dependency of the nonprofi t sector and the development of distinct types of nonprofi t regimes. The chapter also links the histor...

This chapter introduces the concept of marketing in the nonprofi t context. It discusses the major target audiences that nonprofi ts market to, the elements of the marketing mix, and the role of branding. The chapter then covers how nonprofi ts use social media to interact with their target audiences and to extend the reach of their advocacy.

This chapter examines various forms of collaboration such as partnerships, alliances, and mergers, all of which continue to gain in importance for nonprofi t organizations. First, the chapter reviews collaborations between nonprofi ts and then sets the focus on cross- sector collaboration between nonprofi ts and government, especially public– priva...

This chapter discusses the various types of organizations (charities, foundations, associations, social enterprises) and institutions (charity, philanthropy, social economy, community, solidarity) that make up or relate to the nonprofi t sector, and looks at the various attempts to defi ne the area between the market, state, and household sectors....

This chapter introduces the rise of nonprofi t management approaches against the background of the special characteristics of nonprofi t organizations: their values base, the presence of multiple stakeholders, and the multiple revenue sources that support them. The chapter then reviews a number of basic management approaches and tools with an empha...

In a fi rst part, this chapter offers an overview of the theory and practice of leadership in nonprofi t organizations from a multiple stakeholder perspective. The remainder of the chapter presents an overview of human resource management in the nonprofi t sector, with emphasis on both paid employees and volunteers.

This chapter considers the different models and types of relationships nonprofi t organizations have with the state in terms of funding and contracting, regulation, and consultation. The chapter also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of relations with governmental bodies and takes a closer look at the United States and several other countr...

In this new edition of this popular textbook, Nonprofi t Organizations: Theory, Management, Policy , Helmut K. Anheier and Stefan Toepler have fully updated, revised, and expanded this comprehensive introduction to a growing fi eld. The text takes on an international and comparative perspective, detailing the background and concepts and examining r...

This chapter fi rst takes a more comparative- historical look at macro- level changes that have affected and are likely to continue to affect the nonprofi t sector over time, in particular the supply and demand conditions for nonprofi t development. Next, the chapter looks at factors behind current developments, in particular the regulatory environ...

This chapter deals with two closely related phenomena. It fi rst addresses the concept of social entrepreneurship and the role of social entrepreneurs. Why is social entrepreneurship important, and how does it relate to other forms of entrepreneurship? In a second part, the chapter looks at the concept of social innovation, what it is, and how it c...

First, this chapter presents an overview of the size, composition, and revenue structure of the nonprofi t sector in the United States and other selected countries. In a second section, the chapter offers an empirical portrait of individual giving and philanthropy; and, in a third section, a profi le of civic engagement in terms of volunteering, me...

This chapter first explores the special requirements that arise for the governance of nonprofi t organizations from a multiple stakeholder perspective. Against this background, the chapter reviews various governance approaches and their applicability to nonprofi t organizations. Then, it considers the role of the board and the relationship between...

This chapter introduces different perspectives on giving and philanthropy in modern society, in particular the roles and contributions that have been suggested in the literature about philanthropy in the US, Europe, and other parts of the world. Why do individuals make donations, why do foundations exist, what functions do foundations perform, and...

This chapter discusses the various kinds of advocacy activities that nonprofi ts engage in to seek improvements for their clients, stakeholders, and communities or to pursue broader policy initiatives and social change. The chapter differentiates between political activism, advocacy, and lobbying activities.

In this interview, Steffen Mau and Helmut K. Anheier discuss Professor Mau’s writing on postcommunist East Germany, the nature of modern borders, the quantification of the social, and the current state of the social sciences. They explore the lingering social cleavages in unified Germany, discuss how borders have expanded and transformed since the...

In this interview, Mary Kaldor and Helmut K. Anheier examine the state of Eastern Europe thirty years after the fall of communism; they explore the differences between old wars and new wars, the relevance of Clausewitz in the field of international relations today, the problem of methodological nationalism, and what the social sciences mean today....

This publication aims to provide the reader with a comparative overview of the diverse legal and fiscal environments of foundations in 40 countries across wider Europe: the 28 EU Member States, plus Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, Montenegro, Norway, Russia, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, and Ukraine. It includes ch...

This paper examines the policy approaches and measures that developed market economies countries have adopted to “manage” what has become known as the Dahrendorf Quandary, a profound challenge facing globalizing economies: over time, staying economically competitive requires either adopting measures detrimental to the cohesion of society or restric...

Rodrik’s Trilemma rests on the incompatibility of democracy, national sovereignty, and global economic integration: any two can be combined, but never all three simultaneously and in full. Addressing the same problèmatique but from a different perspective, Dahrendorf’s Quandary posits that, over time, maintaining global economic competitiveness req...

In starkem Kontrast zu anderen Wissenschaftsnationen hat Deutschland bis vor kurzem kaum Public Policy Schools hervorgebracht. Damit gemeint sind universitäre Einrichtungen, die in der Forschung interdisziplinär und anwendungsorientiert ausgerichtet sind und in der Lehre vornehmlich postgraduelle Abschlüsse anbieten. Zwar gibt es seit der Jahrtause...

Prolonged restrictions on public life and the closure of many cultural activities during the COVID19 pandemic affected urban cultural ecosystems profoundly. Cities worldwide responded to this challenge with a variety of policy measures. Yet how do the cultural policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic compare across major cultural capitals, and wha...

In this interview, Walter W. Powell and Helmut K. Anheier review the evolution of organizational sociology and institutionalism over the last thirty years, including the formation of new organizational forms such as network organizations. They also touch upon nonprofit and civil society research, and discuss the state of sociology and the social sc...

Dahrendorf´s Quandary, an early formulation of the Rodrik Trilemma, stipulates that maintaining economic competitiveness requires countries either to adopt measures detrimental to the cohesion of civil society, or to restrict civil liberties and political participation. The global financial and economic crisis of 2008–09 offers a test case for the...

In this interview, Claus Offe and Helmut Anheier examine the state of Eastern Europe 30 years after the fall of communism, explore the relationship between capitalism and democracy, and discuss what the social sciences mean today. They talk about the stresses liberalism is currently experiencing, current political developments in the US and UK, and...

Traditionally, corporate governance is about agency problems caused by the division of ownership and control. This chapter moves beyond this understanding. Starting with a theoretical overview, the chapter reviews different approaches to corporate governance and discusses shareholder primacy in light of the increasing demand for corporate social re...

In a broad sense, corporate governance describes the mechanisms, relations, and processes through which the interests of a corporation’s stakeholders are balanced. Yet, corporate governance is not limited to companies but can be found in international organisations, philanthropic foundations, and social enterprises, among other organisational forms...

Listed corporations have been at the centre of corporate governance research and professional concern. Yet, organisational diversity reflecting a wide range of corporate forms and an evolving understanding of the corporation’s social role have broadened the scope of corporate governance beyond the listed firm. This chapter synthesises the preceding...

The governance of the modern corporation is broadly understood as the mechanisms, relations, and processes for balancing the interests of stakeholders. It spells out the rules and procedures for decision-making, accountability and transparency, and distributional rights. Corporate governance thus provides the framework in which corporate objectives...

Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis zwischen Staat und Zivilgesellschaft ist in letzter Zeit komplexer geworden. In einigen Ländern hat sich das Verhältnis derart verschlechtert, dass von einem shrinking space für die Zivilgesellschaft gesprochen wird. Diese Diagnose gilt jedoch hauptsächlich für autoritäre und illiberale politische Systeme, die der Ziv...

Sok G20-országban komplexebbé és feszültebbé váltak a kormányzat és a szervezett civil szektor közti kapcsolatok, ezért mindkét félnek az elköteleződés optimálisabb módjait kell megtalálnia. Bizonyos esetekben az állam és a civil társadalom kapcsolatai romlottak, emiatt néhány szakértő és aktivista a civil társadalom „terének szűküléséről” beszél....

Das Verhältnis zwischen Staat und dem gemeinnützigen Sektor sowie der Zivilgesellschaft im Allgemeinen ist komplexer geworden in den letzten Jahren und mit oft verborgenen Spannungen behaftet. In einigen Ländern haben sich die Beziehungen zwischen Staat und gemeinnützigem Sektor verschlechtert, was Experten und Aktivisten dazu veranlasst hat, von e...

As nonprofits are increasingly engaged in collaborative or competitive relationships with business firms and government agencies, it argues that the key task of the nonprofit manager is to maintain their organizations’ own distinguishing characteristics in order to protect the value-based core of nonprofits from getting crowded out by often pre-dom...

With newly commissioned contributions from an international set of scholars at the forefront of nonprofit management research, this volume provides a thorough overview of the most current management thinking in this field. It contextualizes nonprofit management globally, provides an extensive introduction to key management functions, core revenue s...

This rejoinder responds to the eight comments to our report on ‘Enhancing Europe’s Global Power: A Scenario Exercise with Eight Proposals’. We address questions related to our definition of Europe, the notion of power, context and appropriateness of the scenario approach, the feasibility of enhancing European power, the rationale behind the propose...

In the present context of intensifying competition between the major trading blocs and potentially game-changing technological developments, the European Union is generally seen as the weaker party. Lacking the ‘hard power’ derived from military capabilities, it has laid claim to a ‘soft power’ of normative influence externally, yet even that is on...

The relationship between many governments and the nonprofit sector as well as organized civil society more generally has become more complex, laden with often hidden tensions. In some cases, state–nonprofit sector relationships have deteriorated, which has led experts and activists to speak of a “shrinking space” for civil society. However, this di...

This is the draft introduction to Anheier, H. & Toepler, S., eds., The Routledge Companion to Nonprofit Management. London: Routledge, in production. As nonprofits are increasingly engaged in collaborative or competitive relationships with business firms and government agencies, it argues that the key task of the nonprofit manager is to maintain th...

What model is best to drive societies forward, and with Ira Katznelson we ask: what are the best conditions for affecting the sustained contributions of schools of public policy to problem‐solving?

Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2019-8 The relationship between many G20 governments and organized civil society has become more complex, laden with tensions, and such that both have to find more optimal modes of engagement. In some instances, state-civil society relations have worsened, leading some experts and activ...

"Social Innovation: Comparative Perspectives" investigates socioeconomic impact. Since it is hard to establish causality and to measure social properties when investigating impact, especially at the level of society, the book narrows down impact to one priority aspect: social innovation—understood as organisations’ capacity to generate novel ideas,...

Initially created as schools of public administration to help consolidate and advance the functioning of the expanding nation state, these institutions evolved into public policy or governance schools over time. As they evolved, they encountered many tensions inherent in a triad of “management and administration – policy analysis and academia – pol...

The growth of philanthropic foundations in numbers and significance raises two immediate questions. First, what makes for success and failure of foundations' projects and activities? Second, what yardsticks or benchmarks are used to measure performance and track goal attainment? The purpose of this book is to delve deeper into the complex set of is...

We believe the papers in this Special Issue provide important insights into critical policy issues and can help guide efforts to strengthen international economic and financial governance.

The article presents the findings of a research project on the roles and positioning of foundations in Germany, with a focus on the fields of education, higher education, social services, and arts and culture. Results show that fields as well as differences in size and mode of operation are key to understanding the roles and positioning of foundati...

Comparative studies on philanthropic foundations are still in their infancy. To advance the comparative understanding, the article proposes to use two countries—the United States and Germany—as comparative cases against which to assess the main contours of foundations in other countries. Both countries have large foundations communities; yet both a...

The article discusses how the structure of the German cultural landscape shapes the self-understanding and positioning of philanthropic foundations that engage in art and culture. The contribution undertakes a mapping of the different forms of roles and relationships that foundations use to gain impact in this field of activity. The main argument i...

The United Nations and organized civil society in the form of international NGOs have yet to find an optimal mode of engagement that works for both sides. This has many reasons, but foremost it is caused by a formalized and politicized administrative process with, in the end, rather limited participation opportunities for NGOs. The current regime f...

Over recent decades, philanthropic foundations have grown in numbers, scale and policy relevance. Yet their roles and contributions in the context of national and international politics and policies remain unclear, particular in view of the profound challenges G20 countries face in terms of social cohesion, governance, and the need for policy innov...

The relationship between many G20 governments and organized civil society has become more complex, laden with tensions, and such that both have to find more optimal modes of engagement. While there are many reasons for this development, the present impasse results foremost from a lack of adequate regulatory frameworks that can accommodate a much mo...

This chapter puts the topic of global governance in the context of governance and governance systems more generally. Although global governance has many special features and is indeed the most complex and also a frequently contested governance system, it nonetheless shares many basic principles and performance criteria with other forms of managing...

The roles of non-governmental or civil society organizations have become more complex, especially in the context of changing relationships with nation states and the international community. In many instances, state-civil society relations have worsened, leading experts to speak of a “shrinking space” for civil society nationally as well as interna...

Das deutsche Stiftungswesen hat sich in den vergangenen drei Jahrzehnten beachtlich entwickelt. Der vorliegende dritte Band der Serie „Stiftungen in Deutschland“ diskutiert anhand vier zentraler gesellschaftlicher Felder – Bildung, Wissenschaft, Soziales, und Kultur – welchen Beitrag Stiftungen in Deutschland leisten.

Will the European Project develop into a democratic governance structure capable of serving as a united vision and functioning public administration for member states – or will it disintegrate into smaller units or muddle through as a technocracy?

Das deutsche Stiftungswesen hat sich in den vergangenen drei Jahrzehnten beachtlich entwickelt. Recht eindeutig belegen die Gründungsraten der letzten Dekaden wie sehr das deutsche Stiftungswesen zumindest zahlenmäßig ein Produkt der Gegenwart ist: Sieben von zehn (71%) der heute in Deutschland bestehenden fast 19.000 Stiftungen wurden seit 1990, d...

Im Projekt zu den Rollen amerikanischer Stiftungen schloss Smith (2010) seinen Beitrag zu Stiftungen als kulturellen Akteuren mit der Feststellung, dass der Beitrag von Kulturstiftungen auch bei genauerer Betrachtung unklar bleibt. Da sie häufig in enger Verbindung mit Staat, einzelnen Spendern oder der Wirtschaft zusammenarbeiten, lasse sich ihre...

Die vorliegende Studie zielt auf die Beantwortung zentraler Fragen zur Rolle, zur Positionierung und zum Beitrag deutscher Stiftungen. Dieses Vorhaben stellte sich aufgrund der schwierigen Datenlage als große Herausforderung dar. Es musste erst eine entsprechende Datengrundlage geschaffen werden, sowohl in quantitativer als auch in qualitativer Hin...

Welche Rollen nehmen Stiftungen in Deutschland wahr, welche gesellschaftlichen Positionierungen von Stiftungen lassen sich im Verhältnis zu Staat, Markt und Zivilgesellschaft feststellen, welche komparativen Vor- und Nachteile von Stiftungen im Vergleich zu anderen Organisationsformen können nachgewiesen werden, und letztlich, welcher Beitrag oder...

Die Grundannahme ist, dass das Schulwesen in zeitlicher Hinsicht und das Stiftungswesen in struktureller Hinsicht zweigeteilt sind. Demnach begünstigte das „alte Bildungsregime“ die Rollen von Stiftungen als Komplementäre und Pluralisten. Im „neuen Bildungsregime“ sind Staat, Kommunen und Schulen jedoch offener für Kooperationen mit zivilgesellscha...

Das deutsche Stiftungswesen hat sich in den vergangenen drei Jahrzehnten beachtlich entwickelt. Recht eindeutig belegen die Gründungsraten der letzten Dekaden, wie sehr das deutsche Stiftungswesen zumindest zahlenmäßig ein Produkt der Gegenwart ist: Sieben von zehn (71%) der heute in Deutschland bestehenden fast 19.000 Stiftungen wurden seit 1990,...

Zentrale Fragen zum deutschen Stiftungswesen motivierten die vorangegangenen Analysen der Wirkungsfelder Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung, Soziales und Kunst und Kultur: Welche Rollen nehmen Stiftungen in den jeweiligen Feldern wahr, welche gesellschaftlichen Positionierungen lassen sich im Verhältnis zu Staat, Markt und Zivilgesellschaft festst...

Deutschland zeichnet sich durch ein stark gewachsenes und vielfältiges Stiftungswesen aus. Je nach Stiftungstyp üben Stiftungen unterschiedliche Rollen aus und leisten spezifische Beiträge, die jeweils andere Handlungsempfehlungen nahe legen. Der dritte Band der Studie zu „Stiftungen in Deutschland“ stellt diese Vielfalt der deutschen Stiftungsland...