Helen Kwanashie

• National Open University of Nigeria

Background: The world is facing many complex challenges and issues that cannot be solved solely by the Global North or South. Instead, it requires individuals, equipped with the skills, attributes and importantly, global cultural awareness and capital, to lead multidisciplinary , multinational teams to create solutions to these complex challenges....

This study aimed to investigate the toxicological profile of aqueous fruit extract of Spondias purpurea (AFES) in Wistar rats. The AFES was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies which were conducted using standard methods. Sub-chronic (90 days) toxicity studies were carried out on four (4) groups....

The study aimed to assess the profile of aqueous leaf extract of S. purpurea (ALES) in Wistar rats. ALES was subjected to acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies which were conducted according to Lorke’s and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 408 guidelines respectively. The acute toxicity study was carried out in two phases...

Background and Purpose In recent decades, a focus on the most critical and fundamental concepts has proven highly advantageous to students and educators in many science disciplines. Pharmacology, unlike microbiology, biochemistry, or physiology, lacks a consensus list of such core concepts. Experimental Approach We sought to develop a research‐bas...

Background and Purpose: In recent decades, a focus on the most critical and fundamental concepts has proven highly advantageous to students and educators in many science disciplines. Pharmacology, unlike microbiology, biochemistry or physiology, lacks a consensus list of such core concepts. Experimental approach: We sought to develop a research-bas...

Context: Mercury is a widespread environmental and industrial pollutant that exerts toxic effects on vital organs. The cerebrum, composed of cortical areas such as the primary motor cortex (M1), is a vulnerable target of mercury toxicity within the central nervous system. Phoenix dactylifera is used in folk medicine to treat diverse disorders, such...

Mercury is an environmental neurotoxicant that triggers structural and physiological alterations in different brain parts. The hippocampus is associated with learning and memory, and injury to this brain part may lead to behavioural and cognitive changes. Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) has been demonstrated to possess a variety of medical benefits...

This study investigated toxicological effects of 5 and/or 10 mg/kg artemether (ART5 or ART10) and nevirapine (NVP) co-administration on serum biochemistry and some organs of Wistar rats. Drugs were administered intraperitoneally to 6 groups (n=6) for 21 days. On day 22, rats were sacrificed, sera obtained to determine electrolyte and antioxidant le...

Context: Mercury is a widespread environmental and industrial pollutant that exerts toxic effects on vital organs. The cerebrum, composed of cortical areas such as the primary motor cortex (M1), is a vulnerable target of mercury toxicity within the central nervous system. Phoenix dactylifera is used in folk medicine to treat diverse disorders, such...

Use of herbal medicines for treatment, management and prevention of different diseases is as old as man. In the last few decades, there has been an upsurge in the use of complementary and alternative medicines, which includes herbal medicines, either alone, or combined with conventional medicines. Furthermore, some 75–80% of persons living in the l...

Cosmetics are preparations used in contact with various parts of the body such as epidermis, hair, nails, teeth, lips, genitalia; and mucous membrane of the oral cavity, for purpose of cleaning, perfuming, protecting, changing appearances for ‘better’, converting body odours to pleasant fragrances, and generally keeping body surfaces in good condit...

Pharmacology is one of about 20 subjects which undergraduate veterinary students take during their program of study. Recent research in the related disciplines of human medicine, nursing and pharmacy at Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), had revealed students' perceptions of Pharmacology to be very positive in relation to many of their subjects ‐ with...

It is generally believed that likes and dislikes of any subject are important determinants of how the subject is rated along a spectrum of ‘best to worst’, which in turn determines future career choices. Our previous study had shown that pharmacy student of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FPS), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), taking their la...

As part of our goal to understand the dynamics of teaching and learning of Pharmacology so as to guide improvements in our setting and elsewhere, we are interested in knowing how Pharmacology ranks beside other subjects taken by undergraduate students at Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), and the reasons why. Our previous study among students taking th...

Information Technologies (IT) have become highly acclaimed tools in teaching‐cum‐learning generally, including in pharmacology education. A survey was carried out among male and female clinical medical students aged approximately 24 years in northern Nigeria, in an attempt to determine their actual and potential use of IT in learning pharmacology....

Background: As a subject which deals with properties of chemicals, including medicines, and all aspects of their interactions with man and other living organisms, pharmacology is a core subject for pharmacy and medical students. Against a background of limited information regarding how pharmacology is viewed by students in this setting, their perce...

Background: The final year research project is usually a core course for most undergraduate programmes worldwide. A 3-year retrospective analysis of pharmacology vis-a-vis other final year projects (a 4-credit unit compulsory course) in all five departments of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, was unde...

Background: Although Jatropha curcas seed oil (JCSO) is valued primarily as a biodiesel precursor, its potential for use in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries is also of great interest, but for possibility of toxicity - as some of our earlier studies show (1-3). The present study is an attempt to detoxify solvent and mechanically extr...

Malarial and Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) infections occur together in many parts of the world creating the need for co-administration of antimalarial and antiretroviral drugs with potential for drug interactions. This study investigated the effect of co-administration of artemether (ART) and nevirapine (NVP) on liver enzymes and kidney func...

OBJECTIVE Sitagliptin (ST) and Moringa oleifera (MO) Lam (Moringaceae) are used concomitantly by diabetic patients, with no study ascertaining for potential favorable or otherwise renal implications. We investigated the effect of coadministration of ST and MO leaf extract on functional and morphological biomarkers of alloxan-induced diabetic nephro...

Conducting undergraduate pharmacology practicals in resource-poor settings present multi-factorial challenges including large class sizes, poor staffing and inadequate budget. Typically, a team of 2–4 academic staff, supported by similar number of technical staff, hold such classes 2–3 times a week in a northern Nigeria university department of pha...

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) has gained awareness for its antidiabetic effect, and is used as alternative therapy or concurrently with orthodox medicines such as sitagliptin in diabetes mellitus. This is without ascertaining the possibility of drug-herb interactions, which could either lead to enhanced antidi...

The cerebellum is vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources such as degenerative diseases, infectious processes and toxins, like, mercury. In traditional medicine, various parts of Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) are used to treat disorders, such as, loss of consciousness, nervous disorders, memory disturbances, etc, in different parts of the...

Background Leonotis nepetifolia Linn (Lamiaceae) is used in traditional medicine for its calming (tranquilizing) effects. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is any scientific justification for this use. To achieve this purpose, we investigated the behavioural effects of the methanol extract of Leonotis nepetifolia stem (37.5, 75 a...

The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of S. birrea stem bark extract on antioxidants and TNF-α level in ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Five groups of male Wistar albino rats were studied as A, B, C, D and E respectively. Group A and C recieved 30 mg/kg distilled water and extract respectively for four weeks, group B recieved...

Psychotropic medication adherence is a major challenge in psychiatric patients with comorbidity. The objective was to determine medication adherence behavior among psychiatric out-patients with psychoactive substance use comorbidity in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. A cross-sectional study of a tertiary hospital in Northern Nigeria. Adult patients w...

Formal mentorship programs are frequently not available in higher education institutions in the less developed countries. However, the demonstrated benefits of mentoring to mentees, mentors and institutions, provide strong rationale for its more widespread application. Younger pharmacologists and other early‐career biomedical scientists (especially...

The co-morbidity of psychoactive substance use and other mental disorders is a major challenge to the management of both conditions in several parts of the world. There is relative dearth of information on co-morbidity and its predictors in Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence and socio-demographic risk factors associated with psychoactive...

Mercury is a heavy metal that has been reported to cause devastating health problems worldwide. This work studies the effects of mercury chloride exposure on the histomorphological changes on the hippocampus, spatial learning and memory on adult wistar rats. Twenty four male and female wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of six anima...

Background and objectives: Lamivudine and artesunate are life saving drugs in the treatment of HIV/HBV and malaria respectively, and available data shows artesunate having anti-tumour properties. The concurrent administration of both drugs presents important safety concerns. This study investigated possible effects of lamivudine-artesunate co-admin...

Background and objectives: Lamivudine and artesunate are life saving drugs in the treatment of HIV/HBV and malaria respectively, and available data shows artesunate having anti-tumour properties. The concurrent administration of both drugs presents important safety concerns. This study investigated possible effects of lamivudine-artesunate co-admin...

The endemic nature of malaria and the prevalence of the viral infections of HIV and HBV in Africa necessitate concurrent lamivudine and artesunate therapy, and these drugs are amongst first line agents in management of these diseases. This study investigated the safety of lamivudine-artesunate co administration in a rodent model of Plasmodium bergh...

HIV-Malaria co morbidity frequently requires the co administration of Lamivudine and Artesunate, in Malaria endemic areas where HIV is also a problem. This situation is a frequent occurrence in developing countries of the tropics, like Nigeria where the burden of Malaria and HIV is heavy. The co administration of these drugs may result in interacti...

Modulation of the toxicity of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) is important in treatment of alcoholic liver damage as it depletes oxygen in hepatocytes leading to damage of biomolecules (DNA) and apoptosis. Sclerocarya birrea (SB) has shown hepatoprotection in ethanol‐induced liver damage. This study investigates whether the stem‐bark aqueous ex...

Preliminary investigation of the in vitro and in vivo efficacies of different extracts from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina (VA), a plant widely used in Nigeria was evaluated in Balb/C mice infected with a laboratory strain of Leishmania major (L. major). The ability of the methanol, hexane and aqueous extracts of the plant to suppress the infect...

The study investigated the formaldehyde levels in some selected fish and milk products by Hantzsch spectrophotometric method using Acetoacetinalide, a ß-ketone. Twelve (12) samples namely Breast milk (fresh milk), Fresh fish, Peak milk brand (liquid), Cow milk (raw milk), Crown brand milk(powder), Cowbell brand milk (liquid and powder forms), Froze...

Pain is often associated with HIV-malaria co-morbidity. With lamivudine (3TC) and artesunate (AS) being components of drug management in the co-morbid state, pharmacological response to analgesics may be altered. This study investigated possible effects of 3TC-AS administration on piroxicam (PM) mediated analgesia in healthy and diseased rodents (n...

Provision of pharmaceutical care to patients suffering from HIV/AIDS pose special challenges due to the complexity of the disease state, these challenges are greater in resource-poor countries such as Nigeria. Against this background, the aim of this study is to identify the pharmaceutical care needs of HIV/AIDS patients at Ahmadu Bello University...

The aim of this study was to document some socio-demographic features of mood disorders in a Northern Nigerian tertiary health institution clinic. A retrospective evaluation of patients' hospital records from1st January to 31st December 2006, using structured data forms which were analyzed with SPSS. All patients diagnosed of mood disorders (n=145)...

Lamivudine and artesunate are sometimes co administered in HIV-malaria co morbidity. Both drugs are used concurrently in presumptive malaria treatment and simultaneous HIV post exposure prophylaxis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lamivudine-artesunate co administration on the histology of the liver of diseased adult Wistar r...

Lamivudine-Artesunate co-administration is common in HIV-malaria settings, as well as in prophylaxis for occupational HIV exposure and presumptive malaria treatment. Pain is a symptom often associated with malaria and HIV which is usually treated with piroxicam due to availability, affordability, and low addiction potential. This study evaluated po...

The single most common cause of maternal mortality is obstetric haemorrhage, generally occurring postpartum. In 2006, the American Congress for Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the WHO gave some risk factors for postpartum haemorrhage and further warns that the majority of women affected present with no known risk factors. The following work th...

To compare the effectiveness of intravenous oxytocin 10 IU and oral misoprostol tablet 600ug in the prevention of PPH. A randomised approach was used to recruit 1800 consenting pregnant women whom were randomly allocated at term to two medication groups of 10 IU oxytocin intravenously at delivery of the anterior shoulder and oral misoprostol group;...

The leaf base of Sorghum bicolor (Family: Gramineae, Poaceae) was cold-macerated with 70% v/v methanol. The aqueous methanolic extract was further fractionated into non-polar, medium polar and very polar components using hexane, ethylacetate and water (aqueous), respectively. The gastrointestinal effects of these extracts were tested on intestinal...

Migraine is a markedly disabling condition and exerts a significant burden on the sufferer in terms of pain, suffering and impaired quality of life. This study aimed to assess the impact of weather changes in migraine attack. One hundred consecutive adult migraineurs that attended the Neurology Clinic of the Department of Medicine, University of Ma...

The co administration of lamivudine (3TC) and artesunate (AS) in HIV-malaria co infection presents possible interactions that may adversely affect haematological parameters. 3TC and AS are also concurrently administered in HIV/malaria co morbidity. This study investigated the effects of 3TC-AS co administration on hematological indices in healthy a...

Alcohol-Drug/ Food interaction is a common pharmacokinetic interaction that can cause inter-individual variability in drug kinetics and response by influencing hepatic drug metabolism and related factors. This study was aimed at establishing the influence of alcohol on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine which has often been used as an index of hepa...

The best way to analyze drug utilization and evaluate impact of an intervention in health care institutions is to study the universal indicators, which are not dependent either on investigator or time of measurement. The aim of this study was to characterize the prescription pattern of public health institutions in Kano, Nigeria and evaluate the ra...

The presentation highlights the consequences of lamivudine and artesunate co administration on the renal and haematological parameters in rats. This study was for a period of 21 days after which serum parameters and histological studies were conducted to ascertain the aforementioned.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the management of mood disorders at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH) with a view to suggesting improvements. The method employed was retrospective and utilized patients' hospital records for a period of one year, using structured data forms. All patients diagnosed of mood disorders (n=145...

Gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (GCS) is an enzyme that catalyses the rate limiting step in glutathione synthesis. In this study the efficacies of the DNA and protein vaccines of GCS from L. donovani was evaluated against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major. Balb/c mice immunized with plasmid containing the full gene sequence for GCS (pVA...

Gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (GCS) is an enzyme that catalyses the rate limiting step in glutathione synthesis. In this study the efficacies of the DNA and protein vaccines of GCS from L. donovani was evaluated against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major. Balb/c mice immunized with plasmid containing the full gene sequence for GCS (pVA...

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous leaf extract of S. nigrum was investigated in rats. Thermally-induced pain and pressure-induced pain were used to assess the analgesic activity of the extract while egg albumin-induced oedema was used for anti-inflammatory activity. The aqueous leaf extract of S. nigrum at doses of 30 mg/kg...

Gamma‐glutamyl cysteine synthetase (GCS) is an enzyme that catalyses the rate limiting step in glutathione synthesis. In this study the efficacies of the DNA and protein vaccines of GCS from L. donovani was evaluated against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major. Balb/c mice immunized with plasmid containing the full gene sequence for GCS (pVA...

Siculine syrup – a traditionally prepared plant extract used in sickle cell anaemia pain crisis has been certified in a previous study to possess a dose-dependent analgesic and RBC-sickling inhibitory activities. In the present study, the phytochemical and antimicrobial screening as well as effect on food intake, water intake and urinary output was...

Chloroform extracts of Artemisia maciverae and Artemisia maritima (whole plants) were tested in vivo for anti-malarial activity in Swiss albino mice experimentally infected with chloroquine resistant Plasmodium berghei NK 65 at a dose of 100 mg/kg. The 2 plant extracts showed high anti-malarial activity. The parasitemia in the infected mice treated...

Health care received in health institutions depends on adequate consultation, correct prescription and dispensing with relevant information given to patient. These are some of the indicators for assessing rational drug use. Though, many studies had been done on prescription indicators, there is a dearth of such studies on patient care and facility...

Sorghum bicolor (Family: Gramineae; Poaceae) is used traditionally for some ailments related to pain and inflammation. This study was therefore aimed at investigating possible antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of this plant. The aqueous methanolic (70% methanol ) extract of the leaf base, its aqueous and ethylacetate fractions were eval...

In the search for new plant-derived anti-malarial compounds, chromatographic fractions of chloroform extract of whole plants of Artemisia maciverae were tested in vivo using chloroquine resistant and chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK 65 infected Swiss albino mice. One fraction and a sub-fraction of this were most active at 10/mg and clear...

Dose and treatment-duration neurotoxic effects are reported for artemisinin drugs of mostly the liposoluble derivatives; and yet artemether, the only parenteral formulation of the artemisinin series available in Nigeria is fat-soluble and also has a treatment-duration of 5–7 days (in an attempt to delay recrudescence). Since parenteral drugs are us...

Earlier pharmacological screening showed that siculine syrup (a traditional herbal remedy purported to be useful in the prevention and treatment of sickle cell pain - crises, due to sickle cell anaemia - SCA) had antisickling and analgesic activities as well as antimicrobial and diuretic effects. SCA is an important haemoglobinopathy in Africa and...

The toxicity profile of 70% methanolic extract of Sorghum bicolor leaf base widely used in ethnomedicine was evaluated in male rats treated daily for 28 days using 100 - 400 mg/kg p. o. doses. No adverse clinical signs were observed. There was no significant change in the feed intake, body weight and relative organ weight except the significant (P...

The neuropharmacological effects of aqueous methanolic extract of leaf base of Sorghum bicolor were studied on Wistar rats and Swiss albino mice; evaluations were done on spontaneous motor activity, exploratory behaviour, apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviour, pentobarbitone sleeping time and rota-rod performance for motor coordination. The res...

The effects of carbofuran on the water and food intake were undertaken. Furadan 3G (Carbofuran) a systematic N-methyl carbamate pesticide was orally administered at doses of 0.15, 0.1, and 0.05mg/kg body weight to normal male and female albino Wistar rat for eleven (11) weeks. The Dosing of albino Wistar rat was done every week for a period of elev...

In Africa, HIV/AIDS is a health concern added to the existing burden of malaria. With the WHO advocating the use of combination therapy for malaria, the use of Artesunate (AS)/AS based combinations have become a frequent therapy in most malaria endemic regions. Lamivudine (3TC), an effective drug useful in HIV infection management and post exposure...

Decoctions of the root of the plant Neorautanenia mitis. (A. Rich) Verde (Papilonaceae) are commonly employed ethnomedicinally in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and some other conditions. The central inhibitory effects of the methanol extract of N. mitis. (5–20 mg/kg) were therefore investigated in mice and rats to provide scientific e...

Artemether, currently one of the first-line antimalarials in Nigeria was evaluated for its ability to reduce pain and inflammation, which are common symptoms of malaria. This study was to ascertain whether artemether has an analgesic / anti-inflammatory effect to complement its anti-parasitic activity against Plasmodium species. Acetic-acid-induced...

Solanum nigrum is claimed in traditional medical practice, to be useful in the treatment of epilepsy in some parts of Nigeria. To study the anti-convulsant property of the aqueous extract of the leaves of S. nigrum in chicks, mice and rats. Aqueous extracts were administered intraperitoneally, at a pre-treatment time of 30 minutes, at graded doses...

The effect of intravenous infusion of a solution of lactose-in-normal saline on the course of Trypanosoma vivax induced anaemia in Zebu yearlings was investigated. The animals were infected with 11 x 10 6 trypanosomes by jugular venipuncture and lactose-in-normal saline infusion started on day 6, post-infection (p.i). Three four-hourly doses of 0.5...

Fifteen plants were screened for in vivo antimalarial activity in albino mice. The plants are Mormodica balsamina, Artemisia maciverae, Xylopia aethiopica, Cyperus articulatus, Guiera senegalensis. Syzygium aromaticum, Zingiber officinale, Thonningea sanguinea, Sorghum sp., Securinega virosa B, Chrozophora senegalensis, Feretia apodanthera, Diospyr...

The possibility of developing experimental chloroquine resistant Plasmodium berghei NK65 from chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 was evaluated. Five mice of about 12 weeks old were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei (CQ sensitive strain). Exactly 72 h after inoculation and confirmation of parasitemia, these mice were treated with 10 mg k...

Artemether (AM), a highly effective treatment for multidrug-resistant malaria and a component of artemisinin combination therapy, has been associated with some neurotoxicity following repeated high doses. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of AM on pentobarbitone sleep and electrical activities in rats. Wistar rats received AM i.p. at...

In a bid to establish a scientific rationale for the folkloric use of Khaya senegalensis the aim of this study was to determine the effect of the methanolic root bark extract of the plant on the rat uterus. With respect to uterine effects, the rat is the most appropriate animal model which can be extrapolated to man. Contractile response of isolate...

Artemether, highly effective in multi-drug-resistant malaria is not routinely available for use in pregnancy due to the lack of adequate research data in animals and man. This study was therefore aimed at investigating some pregnancy-related effects of artemether. Artemether (1.5, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg i.p. daily for 7 days) did not produce changes in r...

The acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Momordica charantia were carried out in rats using the oral route. Acute toxicity study was conducted orally in two phases according to the method of Lorke (1983). Animals were observed for signs of toxicity and mortality. The sub-chronic toxicity studies were car...

Khaya senegalensis A. Juss (Meliaceae) is a native plant of Northern Nigeria. It has been used in traditional medicine as remedy in several conditions including dysentery, fever, menstrual pain, malaria, worm infestation and diarrhea. In this study cardiovascular effects (which had hitherto not been reported) of the methanolic root bark crude extra...

The leaves of Cassia tora Linn. (Family: Caesalpiniaceae) were soxhlet extracted with methanol. The spasmogenic effects of the extract were evaluated on guinea pig ileum, rabbit jejunum and mice intestinal transit. Antinociceptive activity of the extract was also evaluated in the mice. The LD(50) values of the extract in mice were >2000 mg/kg i.p....

Cassia tora is a shrub extensively used in African traditional medicine for fever, helminthiasis, itch and parasitic skins conditions. The effects of the extract on immune parameters and its anti-microbial properties were investigated. The immuno-modulatory effects were evaluated using mice total and differential leucocyte counts, 5% (v/v) sheep re...

Four calves infected with Trypanosoma vivax and four uninfected control calves were each injected intravenously with repeated doses of 0.5 g lactose kg-1 body weight, thrice daily at intervals of 4 h. Plasma samples were collected at specified time intervals and analysed for lactose. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the data. T. viva...

Forty-eight BALB/C mice (30 males, 18 females) and 18 male Wistar rats were given Kargasok tea in their drinking water. Zero, 15, 25, 50, 75 or 100% concentrations were administered to mice for 2 or 8 w while the rats were given 0, 15 or 50% concentrations of the beverage for 12 w. Neither the mice nor rat's organ/body weight ratios were significan...

The effects of cimetidine on drug metabolism were studied in male and female rat pups and compared to similar effects in adult rats. As in adult rats, cimetidine 50 mg/kg/day i.p. for 7 days in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th or 5th weeks of life resulted in prolonged pentobarbitone sleeping times (diminished pentobarbitone hydroxylase activities), particularly...

The effects of maternal cimetidine pretreatment at different dose levels during lactation, on drug metabolism, were investigated in mouse dams and recently weaned pups. Aminopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and pentobarbitone metabolism were inhibited in both dams and pups in a dose-dependent manner (15, 25 and 50 mg/kg/day, i.p.). Pretrea...

Dietary association with chemical carcinogens is a well recognized occurence the world over. This paper reviews the presence of some compounds which have been detected and measured in foods and drinks that are indigenous to Nigeria. Diverse staple food items are known to be heavily contaminated with mycotoxins, particularly those producing the afla...

Intraperitoneal injection of rats with 2 mg/kg ring labelled14C AFB1 (spec. act. 110 mCi/mM/nmole) showed a higher level of radioactivity in the urine of test animals on diets containing 600 mg/kg vit. E 24 h after pretreatment. Analysis of the urine by chloroform extraction, thin layer chromatography and liquid scintillation counting of the variou...