Hector Torres

• Engineer at University of Tarapacá

The determination of ammonium by potentiometry in flow injection coupled to a gaseous membrane microdevice is investigated. A nonactin tubular electrode as an ionophore was used for the detection of ammonium. For this sensor to be selective, a microdevice was built incorporating a gaseous diffusion membrane with the purpose of eliminating interfere...

Environmental pollution is a global problem that puts the health of the population at risk. Large metropolises such as Mexico City, Lima, Santiago de Chile in Latin America and European cities such as Madrid in cold weather are affected by the appearance of so-called pollution berets, activating the respective anti-pollution protocols. PM 2.5 parti...

p>We propose an study of parametric resonance between P-waves and S-waves, which can be used to describe various nonlinear phenomena qualitatively and to obtain bifurcation diagrams quantitatively. We have shown that it is a good simulation of parametric phenomena, and our results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. In particular, i...

Through a simple model we study the possibility of photon with mass and charge that can produce an attractive or repulsive force at galactic distances. The main source of the dark mass can be provided by the non vanishing photon mass during the period of radiation of the Universe. A simple analysis shows that the non vanishing photon mass of the or...

In this paper we study the quantization of the energy spectrum of a mesoscopic circuit, analyzing the semi classical-quantum correspondence between the modulus 2 k and m a (q) ,which is solution of the Schrodinger equation of the mesoscopic circuit. The values of q which provides the quantum requirement for oscillatory motion to be m a (q) 2q  , s...

We study in this paper the coronal heating by Alfvén waves considering massive photons. To model the problem we use the Proca's electromagnetic field equations. We show that Alfvén waves are evanescents if theirs frequencies are smaller than the critical frequency, which is related to the photon's mass.

We consider in this paper the natural eigenmodes of a neutralized, fully ionized, magnetic charged plasma, confined by an equilibrium background electric field. We show that electro-hydrodynamic waves can be excited in such plasmas, and the modes are similar in structure to Alfvén waves in magneto-hydrodynamic - MHD plasmas, they can propagate as s...

We determine the exponential function of certain antisymmetric matrix, which represents and arbitrary 3-rotation. Besides, we exhibit the relationship of this result with the generators of the groups SO(3) and SU(2).

The original Weber action at a distance theory is valid for slowly varying effects, and it in addition to predicting all of the usual electrodynamical results, leads to crucial effects where the Maxwell theory fails. The Weber’s approach is an alternative to Maxwell electrodynamics, where the Coulomb's law becomes velocity dependent [1-6]. Here we...

In this paper, we coupled the Quantum Mechanics conventional Schrödinger’s equation, for the particles, with the Maxwell’s wave equation, in order to study the potential’s role on the conversion of the electromagnetic field energy to mass and vice versa. We show that the dissipation (“conductivity”) factor and the particle implicit proper frequency...

In this short paper, we define and determine the connection between an electromagnetic chiral theory and the Hara’s relation (high-frequency energy radiation from the arrival time of a P-wave) under a chiral approach, considering the possibility that gravity breaks parity, with left and right handed gravitons coupling to matter with a different New...

In this study, a method of moment is used to determine the induced electric field and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) distribution inside the human head due to far field electromagnetic wave radiation. A three layered spherical model is used to simulate a head of a seven year old child at 2.450 MHz and 5.000 MHz, (WLAN Wi-Fi). In the model, the ante...

Newman (1) showed analogies between the Lienard-Wiechert field (2-7) and the Robinson-Trautman (RT) solutions (8-10) of the Einstein gravitational equations. Here we present one more analogy: The Maxwell field produced by a point charge in arbitrary motion has the same algebraic type as the RT metrics. This result is possible because the Weert supe...

Interaction of the electromagnetic field with helical structures is studied theoretically in plasma of DNA-like molecules. A model that describes the mechanism of radiation of electromagnetic waves by an arbitrary section of the right-handed double helix of DNA is proposed. The model is based on the classical theory of dipole radiation to obtain a...

Negative refraction is currently achieved by driving the magnetic permeability and electrical permittivity simultaneously negative. It is studied an alternative route to negative refraction without manipulating these parameters ( eand μ) on a chiral magnetized plasma. By adding chirality to the plasma, we obtain windows where the refraction is nega...

We present the main aspects of Weber’s electrodynamics and of Maxwell’s equations. We discuss Maxwell’s point of view related to Weber’s electrodynamics. We compare Weber’s force with Lorentz’s force. We analyse the relation between Weber’s law and Maxwell’s equations. Finally, we discuss some experiments performed and proposed with which we can di...

A vector diagram of Maxwell’s time-harmonic equations in homogeneous isotropic media is derived and proposed so as to include chiral media. The diagram may be used to obtain a number of common relationships between fields, potentials and source by equating appropriate components of the vectors in it. The construction of the diagram is based on the...

We review the formulation of graphene’s massless Dirac equation, under the chiral electromagnetism approach, hopefully demystifying the material’s unusual chiral, relativistic, effective theory. In Dirac’s theory, many authors replace the speed of light by the Fermi velocity, in this paper we deduce that in graphene the Fermi velocity is obtained f...

The graphene, a carbon allotropy, is a success of the advances of the nanotechnology. Being a nanostructure, this structural component of the graphite possesses properties that have transformed it into a potential substitute of the silicon in the design and production of integrated circuits. This article summarizes its origins, theoretical possibil...

The electromagnetic behavior of an absorber device with chiral metamaterial structure is studied. The proposed device is a structure formed by parallel planes with implanted metallic rosettes, physically separated by dielectric layers. In order to show the absorbing properties of such structure, a basic simulation is run, in which a gaussian beam i...

The graphene, a carbon allotropy, is a success of the advances of the nanotechnology. Being a nanostructure, this structural component of the graphite possesses properties that have transformed it into a potential substitute of the silicon in the design and production of integrated circuits. This article summarizes its origins, theoretical possibil...

The electromagnetic behavior of an absorber device with chiral metamaterial structure is studied. The proposed device is a structure formed by parallel planes with implanted metallic rosettes, physically separated by dielectric layers. In order to show the absorbing properties of such structure, a basic simulation is run, in which a gaussian beam i...

In this article, the effects produced by the electromagnetic fields in chiral media are presented. These media are modeled by the mathematical formalism of Born Fedorov and Pasteur. The relationship between chirality and spatial dispersion and the relationship between chirality and media parameters through the equivalence of these two models can be...

Today, the global navigation satellite systems, GPS used as global positioning systems, are based on a gravitational model and hence they are only operative when several relativistic effects are taken into account. The most important relativistic effects (to order 1/c2) are: the Doppler red shift of second order, due to the motion of the satellite...

Today, the global navigation satellite systems, GPS used as global positioning systems, are based on a gravitational model and hence they are only operative when several relativistic effects are taken into account. The most important relativistic effects (to order 1/c2) are: the Doppler red shift of second order, due to the motion of the satellite...

RESUMEN En este trabajo se estudia la refracción anómala en el borde de un medio metamaterial con fuerte quiralidad. El hecho de que para una onda monocromática el vector de Poynting es antiparalelo a la dirección de la velocidad de fase conduce a relevantes propiedades que pueden tener ventajas en el diseño de novedosos dispositivos y componentes...

In this paper we study the energy conversion laws of the macroscopic harmonic LC oscillator, the electromagnetic wave (photon) and the hydrogen atom. As our analysis indicates, the energies of these apparently different systems obey exactly the same energy conversion law. Based on our results and the wave-particle duality of electrons, wend that th...

This paper introduces a physical chiral asymmetrical regauging to increase the coefficient of performance of an electric motor. A review of gauge theory and a consideration of the disposal of the Lorentz condition to achieve the chiral regauging are presented. The coefficient of performance terminology is introduced. A magnetic motor is discussed u...

Every metric tensor can be expressed by the inner product of tetrad fields. We prove that Einstein's equations for these fields have the same form as the stress-energy tensor of electromagnetism if the total external current . Using the Evans' unified field theory, we show that the true unification of gravity and electromagnetism is with source-fre...

In this paper we offer an expression of the general Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation in the chiral representation of Dirac matrices interacting with fermion field. Our hypothesis is that through the multiplication of the Pauli matrix and Maxwell's chiral equations in the case of ,one obtains the Dirac's chiral equation. This is the proof of the theo...

A numerical method for a microwave signal emitted by a cellular phone, propagating in a magneto-chiral media, characterized by an extended Born-Fedorov formalism, is presented. It is shown that the use of a cell model, combined with a real model of the human head, derived from the magnetic resonance of images allows a good determination of the near...

The energy and momentum content of an electromagnetic field can be expressed entirely in terms of the fields through the energy-momentum tensor with no mention of the sources creating the fields. This tensor is defined such that chiral currents are introduced. In the case of free force we have and . This approach allows for a very symmetric derivat...

In this paper we study the anomalous refraction at the boundary of a metamaterial medium with strong chirality. The fact that for a time-harmonic monochromatic plane wave the direction of the Poynting vector is antiparallel with the direction of phase velocity, leads to exciting features that can be advantageous in the design of novel devices and c...

In this paper we study the energy conversion laws of the macroscopic harmonic LC oscillator, the electromagnetic wave (photon) and the hydrogen atom. As our analysis indicates, the energies of these apparently different systems obey exactly the same energy conversion law. Based on our results and the wave-particle duality of electrons, we find that...

An alternative to the theory of quantum gravity, not yet discovered, is the Theory Simplified Total (TTS) proposal, which aims to unify gravity with the EM taking as a corollary the essential quantum Dirac equation. Thus, this article proposes a whole program of unification in which chiral electromagnetism plays the main role. TTS is derived from t...

The energy and momentum content of an electromagnetic field can be expressed entirely in terms of the fields through the energy-momentum tensor with no mention of the sources creating the fields. This tensor is defined such that chiral currents are introduced. In the case of free force we have and . This approach allows for a very symmetric derivat...

In the present article we propose a simple equality involving the Dirac operator and the Maxwell operators from a chiral approach. This equality establishes a direct connection between solutions of the two systems. Moreover, we show that the connection is valid when a fairly natural relationship between the frequency of the electromagnetic wave and...

This work deals with the problem of the construction of the Lagrange functional for an electromagnetic field. The generalised Maxwell equations for an electromagnetic field in free space are introduced. The main idea relies on the change of Lagrange function under the integral action. Usually, the Lagrange functional which describes the electromagn...

In this paper we present an example of a specific metric which geometrizes explicitly a light-like four-vector potential (chiral field). The geometrization shows that such a vector has the same geometrical structure as a gravitational Kerr field. We discuss a theoretical proposition that a rotating body generates, besides a special gravitational fi...

The accepted structure of space and vacuum derives from the results of relativistic cosmology and quantum field theory. It is demonstrated that a chiral interface between enantiomeric regions of a closed universe, or a (right) R-Universe and (left) L-Universe, related by an element of PCT symmetry along the interface, represents a construct with al...

An alternative to the theory of quantum gravity, not yet discovered, is the Theory Simplified Total (TTS) proposal, which aims to unify gravity with the EM taking as a corollary essential quantum Dirac equation. Thus, this article proposes a whole program of unification in which electromagnetism chiral plays the main role. TTS is derived from the o...

In this paper we study the energy conversion laws of the macroscopic harmonic LC oscillator, the electromagnetic wave (photon) and the hydrogen atom. As our analysis indicates, the energies of these apparently different systems obey exactly the same energy conversion law. Based on our results and the wave-particle duality of electrons, we find that...

This work deals with the problem of the construction of the Lagrange functional for an electromagnetic field. The generalised Maxwell equations for an electromagnetic field in free space are introduced. The main idea relies on the change of Lagrangefunction under the integral action. Usually, the Lagrange functional which describes the electromagne...

In the present article we propose a simple equality involving the Dirac operator and the Maxwell operators from a chiral approach. This equality establishes a direct connection between solutions of the two systems. Moreover, we show that the connection is valid when a fairly natural relationship between the frequency of the electromagnetic wave and...

In this paper we present an example of a specific metric which geometrizes explicitly a light-like four vector potential (chiral field). The geometrization shows that such a vector has the same geometrical structure as a gravitational Kerr field. We discuss a theoretical proposition that a rotating body generates, besides a special gravitational fi...

The energy and momentum content of an electromagnetic field can be expressed entirely in terms of the fields through the energy-momentum tensor with no mention of the sources creating the fields. This tensor is defined such that chiral currents are introduced. In the case of free force we have T00 = 0 and E x B=0. This approach allows for a very sy...

In this paper, a chiral approach is used for developing a unified theory of electromagnetic and gravity fields. The photons which satisfy Maxwell's equations for an electromagnetic wave are taken as the basic physical components. The goal of the theory is to unify the phenomena of relativistic invariance, wave mechanics and pair creation with Maxwe...

Transformación de Foldy-Wouthuysen, ecuación quiral de Dirac, electrodinámica.

Calibre quiral, motor magnético, Lorentz.

Electrodinámica de Podolsky, ecuaciones de Maxwell.

The quantum relationship m0c2 = h ω 0 may be regarded as the equivalence between two expressions for the rest energy of the particle, if ω0 is considered as the spin angular velocity of the. particle in its rest frame. The invariance of the relativistic space-time interval ds2 = C2dt2 - dr2 to such a spin motion (space isotropy) leads to the spin m...

A modification-of Einstein's dynamics in the presence of certain states of space-time tension is proposed. The structure of the equations of motion for gravitational disturbances is very similar to Maxwell's equations for micro and macroscopic chiral bodies characterized by T, when the operators ε and μ are like μ(ε)→ μ(ε) (1+T∇x). The unification...

Ecuaciones de Einstein, campos tetrados, tensor de momento-energía, geometría Riemann-Cartan, sistemasEinstein-Maxwell.

The accepted structure of space and vacuum derives from the results of relativistic cosmology and quantum field theory. It is demonstrated that a chiral interface between enantiomeric regions of a closed universe, or a (right) R-Universe and (left) L-Universe, related by an element of PCT symmetry along the intarface, represents a construct with al...

In this paper we present a qualitative discussion of a new General Relativistic Field Theory for the electron, obtaining the Dirac equation from electromagnetic fields with the electric field parallel to the magnetic field. The guiding principle is that of general relativity, and the main hypothesis is that the fundamental equations embrace the Dir...

In this paper we study the energy conversion laws of the macroscopic harmonic LC oscillator, the electromagnetic wave (photon) and the hydrogen atom. As our analysis indicates, the energies of these apparently different systems obey exactly the same energy conversion law. Based on our results and the wave-particle duality of electrons, we find that...

In this paper, a chiral approach is used for developing a unified theory of electromagnetic and gravity fields. The photons which satisfy Maxwell's equations for an electromagnetic wave are taken as the basic physical components. The goal of the theory is to unify the phenomena of relativistic invariance, wave mechanics and pair creation with Maxwe...

In this paper we offer an expression of the general Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation in the chiral representation of Dirac matrices interacting with fermion field. Our hypothesis is that through the multiplication of the Pauli matrix and Maxwell's chiral equations in the case of ,one obtains the Dirac's chiral equation. This is the proof of the theo...

Este trabajo introduce un recalibre físico quiral asimétrico usado para aumentar el coficiente de rendimiento de un motor eléctrico. Se presenta una revisión de la teoría de calibres y se examina el descarte de la condición de Lorentz para obtener el recalibrado quiral. Se introduce el coeficiente de rendimiento y se analiza un motor magnético bajo...

In this paper we show that a new approach leads to Maxwell's and Podolsky's electrodynamics, provided we start from chiral constitutive relations instead of the usual Coulomb's law En este trabajo se muestra que un nuevo esquema conduce a la electrodinámica de Maxwell y a la electrodinámica de Podolsky, partiendo con relaciones constitutivas quiral...

The quantum relationship may be regarded as the equivalence between two expressions for the rest energy of the particle, if is considered as the spin angular velocity of the particle in its rest frame. The invariance of the relativistic space-time interval to such a spin motion (space isotropy) leads to the spin momentum for all structureless parti...

A modification of Einstein's dynamics in the presence of certain states of space-time tension is proposed. The structure of the equations of motion for gravitational disturbances is very similar to Maxwell's equations for micro and macroscopic chiral bodies characterized by T, when the operators and are like . The unification limit between the elec...

Every metric tensor can be expressed by the inner product of tetrad fields. We prove that Einstein's equations for these fields have the same form as the stress-energy tensor of electromagnetism if the total external current . Using the Evans' unified field theory, we show that the true unification of gravity and electromagnetism is with source-fre...

In this paper we present a qualitative discussion of a new General Relativistic Field Theory for the electron, obtaining the Dirac equation from electromagnetic fields with the electric field parallel to the magnetic field. The guiding principle is that of general relativity, and the main hypothesis is that the fundamental equations embrace the Dir...

This work is concerned with the propagation of electromagnetic waves in isotropic chiral media and with the effects produced by a plane boundary between two such media. In analogy with the phenomena of reflection and refraction of plane electromagnetic waves in ordinary dielectrics, the kinematical and dynamical aspects of these phenomena are studi...

This work is concerned with the propagation of electromagnetic waves in isotropic chiral media and with the effects produced by a plane boundary between two such media. In analogy with the phenomena of reflection and refraction of plane electromagnetic waves in ordinary dielectrics, the kinematical and dynamical aspects of these phenomena are studi...

In this paper a theory model with the corresponding simulations, which permit to analyze the solitonic wave propagation in biological media, is presented. The chirality is modeled as Drude's formulation, showing the validity rank of the model. The model considers nonlinear and dispersive effects due to the spectral dependency of the input signal an...

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de revisão de modos propagantes em um guia-de-onda slab constituído de materiais com índices de refração negativo, os chamados metamateriais, Mostra-se que os modos guiados em um slab metamaterial possuem algumas propriedades particulares, tais como a propagação de ondas lentas simétricas ou anti-simétricas, a ausê...

The radio frequency absorption near the lower hybrid resonance of an inhomogeneous plasma has been studied using Langmuir and magnetic probes and also a Faraday cup. The plasma was confined in the mirror linear device LISA, excited by a 28 MHz RF source. It has been shown that the absorption rate and the resonance region in space depends on the res...

A new electrodynamics model formed by chiral bioplasma, which represents the human head inner structure and makes it possible to analyse its behaviour when it is irradiated by a microwave electromagnetic field from cellular phones, is presented. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numeric technique is used, which allows simulation of the elect...

A model formed by chiral bioplasma with a set of macromolecules of DNA, which represents the human head inner structure, makes possible to analyze its behavior, when it is radiated by a microwave electromagnetic field from cellular phones and WLAN's at frequencies of 2.4 and 5.2 GHz is presented. The finite difference time domain, FDTD, numeric tec...

Se presenta un modelo bioplasmático quiral que caracteriza la cabeza humana y se usa para analizar su comportamiento cuando es radiada por las microondas de la telefonía celular. La técnica FDTD permite calcular numéricamente los campos electromagnéticos y simular el coeficiente SAR. Los resultados obtenidos muestran el SAR en función de la potenci...

An electrodynamics model formed by chiral bioplasma, which represents the human head inner structure and makes possible to analyze its behavior when it is radiated by a microwave electromagnetic field from cellular phones is presented. The finite difference time domain, FDTD, numeric technique is used, which allows simulation of the electromagnetic...

Recibido el 16 de julio de 2003, aceptado el 8 de marzo de 2004 RESUMEN En este artículo se presenta la solución de las ecuaciones de Maxwell para pulsos electromagnéticos de polarización circular a la derecha (RCP) y de polarización circular a la izquierda (LCP) en régimen normal y de metamaterial. El medio de propagación corresponde a un medio di...

Novel effects resulting from joint action of chirality and non-linearity are discussed using a basic equation describing the temporal evolution of fields in a chiral medium with Kerr non-linearity. The spatial chirality effect is characterized through the Born-Fedorov formalism. Our simulations are based on the split-step Fourier method and the sol...

A numerical model of an electromagnetic wave, propagating in a chiral media, characterized by the Born-Fedorov formalism, is presented. FDTD numerical method, adapted to chiral media, is used. The classical Yee algorithm, implemented by several authors for non chiral media, does not provide, for the same time instant, knowledge of the transverse fi...

A basic equation, describing the temporal evolution of fields in a chiral medium with Kerr non-linearity is used to study the effects resulting from the combined action of chirality and non-linearity on optical solitons. The spatial chirality effect is characterized through the Born-Fedorov formalism. Simulations are based in the split-step Fourier...

Recibido el 11 de enero de 2002; aceptado el 11 de septiembre de 2002 Se presenta la simulación de la ecuación no lineal de Schrödinger para un medio quiral dispersivo, con no linealidad tipo Kerr. El efecto de la quiralidad espacial se considera mediante el formalismo de Born-Fedorov. Los resultados obtenidos, a través del método espectral de Four...

Simulation of nonlinear Schrodinger equation is presented, for a dispersive chiral media, with Kerr-type non linearity. Spatial chirality effects is considered through the Born-Fedorov formalism. Results obtained, by means of Fourier method, show the chirality effects over circular and mixed polarized solitons pulses in an anisotropic cubic media....

The diffraction of a non uniform plane electromagnetic wave by the edge of a electrically perfectly conducting half plane in a bi-anisotropic media is rigorously analysed. The high-frequency asymptotic expansion reveals the existence of a coupling effect between a transverse magnetic (or transverse electric) incident plane wave and the transverse e...