Hassan Rezadoost

• PhD of Chemistry
• Professor (Assistant) at Medicinal plants and drugs research institute_Shahid Beheshti University_

Major bioactive compounds, the crocins of saffron, have important antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. The high commercial cost of crocins relates to the difficulty of acquiring large quantities in a high state of purity. In the current study, antisolvent precipitation, optimized through response surface methods, was applied t...

Background Medicago is a significant genus of the Fabaceae family, and the most important species of this genus is M. sativa L., which is cultivated as fodder crops around the world. This study investigates the agro-morphological traits, the content of oils, fatty acids, condensed tannins, total triterpene saponins, and phenolic compounds, as well...

Objective: Different aspects of the functions of free fatty acid (FFA) in seminal plasma and their implications on male fertility are known. However, the profile of FFA in seminal plasma in asthenozoospermic patients following antioxidant therapy has not been studied. Methods: In this case-control study, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and FFA...

S)-(+)-linalool is a non-cyclic oxygenated monoterpene which is very useful and widely used in the cosmetic industries, especially in the production of perfume and cologne. Thus, due to the high commercial value and high demand, the search for new plant sources rich in (S)-(+)-linalool in agricultural systems to develop the business of this compoun...

Objective: Different aspects of the functions of free fatty acid (FFA) in seminal plasma and their implications on male fertility are known. However, the profile of FFA in seminal plasma in asthenozoospermic patients following antioxidant therapy has not been studied. Methods: In this case-control study, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and FFA...

Objective: Different aspects of the functions of free fatty acid (FFA) in seminal plasma and their implications on male fertility are known. However, the profile of FFA in seminal plasma in asthenozoospermic patients following antioxidant therapy has not been studied. Methods: In this case-control study, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and FFA...

Camelina is a drought-resistant medicinal oil plant. There is a need for a deeper understanding of its nutrition in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) on Camelina's yield and physiological traits in water deficit. Different Fe (FeSO4) and Zn (ZnSO4) concentrations (water s...

Different practical approaches have been employed to attenuate the destructive impacts of water deficit stress on plants, such as utilization of humic acid, salicylic acid, algae extract, mulching, and microorganisms, as well as silicon application. Nanosilicon significantly moderates the ruinous effects of abiotic and biotic stress in plants throu...

Aims To identify promising fungal endophytes that are able to produce glycyrrhizin and enhance it in licorice and the mechanisms involved. Methods and Results Fifteen fungal endophytes were isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. rhizomes among which SGGF14 and SGGF21 isolates were found to produce glycyrrhizin by 4.29 and 2.58 µg g−1 dry weight in th...

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a significant viral pathogen that infects various economically important crops, including tobacco, tomatoes, and cucumbers. The current study aimed to develop and optimize essential oil-loaded nanoemulsions using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to enhance antiviral activity against TMV in Nicotiana tabacum plants. E...

Background Fenugreeks (Trigonella L. spp.), belonging to the legume family (Fabaceae), are well-known multipurpose crops that their materials are currently received much attention in the pharmaceutical and food industries for the production of healthy and functional foods all over the world. Iran is one of the main diversity origins of this valuabl...

Purpose This article deals with producing ultra-diluted compounds (UHDs) prepared from Iranian calendula's characteristic and endemic species. It compares their chemical, biological and biochemical characteristics with the commercial sample of calendula species (grown in the Alps). In the following, these UHDs have been used to improve the quality...

Objective Different aspects of the functions of free fatty acid (FFA) in seminal plasma and their implications on male fertility are known. However, the profile of FFA in seminal plasma in asthenozoospermic patients following antioxidant therapy has not been studied. Methods In this case-control study, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and FFA p...

Gastric cancer (GC) is known as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death and the fifth major cancer in the world, and this is a serious threat to general health all over the world. The lack of early detection markers results in a belated diagnosis, i.e. the final stages, which could be associated with the ineffectiveness of the treatment st...

Taxanes, diterpenoids produced by the genus Taxus L., are used to treat a range of cancers, especially paclitaxel (Taxol®), whose therapeutic use has already been confirmed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Taxus baccata L. cell culture is a promising commercial technique for the production of taxanes. In the present study, the effect of go...

Background Stevia rebaudiana is a medicinal herb that accumulates non-caloric sweeteners called steviol glycosides (SGs) which are approximately 300 times sweeter than sucrose. This study used alginate (ALG) as an elicitor to increase steviol glycosides accumulation and elucidate gene transcription in the steviol glycosides biosynthesis pathway. M...

Rosa damascena Mill., the unique species of Rosaceae, is one of the valuable medicinal and ornamental aromatic plants cultivated in different parts of Iran. Climatic conditions impact the productivity and yield of rose products. This work was designed to study the chemical composition of the essential oil, concrete, and absolute oil of Rosa damasce...

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves produce a considerable amount of zero-calorie sweetener, which is 300 times sweeter than sucrose. S. rebaudiana is a self-incompatible plant that generates a few seeds with weak germination. The present study was aimed to introduce an economic protocol for micropropagation of S. rebaudiana. By eliminating the rootin...

Safranal, as an aroma in saffron, is one of the cytotoxic compounds in saffron that causes cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Our recent research reported the anti-cancer effects of safranal, which further demonstrated its impact on protein translation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA fragmentation. To better understand the under...

Dracocephalum L. is a well-known aromatic and medicinal plant genus in the Mint family. Some species of the genus such as D. kotschyi (DK) are widely used in Iranian folk medicine as tonic and carminative, as well as for relieves of headache, stomachache, and liver ailments. The present study was aimed to: isolate and determine some bioactive flavo...

“Anzaroot” is an exudate gum obtained from Astragalus species in Iran. Plant gum exudates contain hydrophilic biopolymers, and carbohydrates are the most important ingredients in the gums. Carbohydrates possess different biological properties like enhancement of immunity and antioxidant effect. This study aimed to isolate the novel carbohydrates fr...

Background: Inulin, a prebiotic, is a mixture of linear chains β-2,1 fructans with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 2 to 60. Different DPs have various applications in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Objective: This study aims to find the best method for DP determination. Methods: RSM was applied to optimize the extraction of...

Background: Diabetes, one of the most common metabolic diseases in many societies, has influenced the quality of human life for many years. Traditional, alternative, and complementary medicine use individual or mixed plant prescriptions to reduce adverse consequences of diabetes. This is based on the human experience of treating and managing diseas...

Raw, pasteurized, powdered cow milk and human milk samples from Tehran, Iran were investigated for the residual of fifty pesticides with the aid of gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and mass detector for confirmation; and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-MS/MS). No pestici...

Gum ammoniacum is a polymer obtained from Dorema ammoniacum and its medicinal use was already known to the ancient times. In this study, a new D. ammoniacum carbohydrate (DAC-1) with a molecular weight of 27.1 kDa was extracted by hot water and then purified on DEAE-52-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 columns. The structural features of DAC-1 were inve...

Persian medicine has recommended clinical experiences and proper herbal remedies for prevention and treatment of microbial infections and respiratory diseases. An open-label, randomized, controlled, multicenter trial was conducted at five hospitals in Tehran and Isfahan provinces of Iran on 358 hospitalized adult patients. A total of 174 patients r...

Introduction Vitiligo pathogenesis is complicated, and several possibilities were suggested. However, it is well-known that the metabolism of pigments plays a significant role in the pathogenicity of the disease. Objectives We explored the role of amino acids in vitiligo using targeted metabolomics. Methods The amino acid profile was studied in p...

Chicory is one of the most effective medicinal plants that exists in many different types in nature, and all its components have very beneficial properties for the body. Chicory and chicory distillate (the product of water distillation) have long enjoyed a special status among Iranians. But despite the absence of any kind of essential oil in chicor...

Over-consumption of antibiotics has led to antimicrobial resistance creating urgency to find fast and efficient techniques to monitor the level of antibiotics in the foods. The advantages of using aptamer for a variety of scientific challenges are becoming more abundant in different fields, making its applications more effective and cost-efficient....

Echinoid pigments have various biological properties such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities. We aimed to evaluate the extraction of cell-free coelomic fluid (CFCF) and coelomocyte lysate (CL) as well as qualitatively and quantitatively identify the coelomic fluid of Echinometra mathaei as a new source of polyhydroxylatednaphth...

Endophytic fungi are the endogenous micro-organisms to interacting with the plant cells, which do not exhibit any symptoms on the host plant and may produce some of the main secondary metabolites of the host plant cells. Ferula assa-foetida is a perennial and endemic medicinal plant of Iran, which is a rich source of sesquiterpene, coumarins, polys...

Background Dairy intake has been implicated in later ovarian aging but mechanism underlying the association is unknown. This study aimed to investigate (1) associations between dairy intake and metabolites previously shown related to anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) decline rate; (2) mediating roles of these metabolites in the prospective association o...

Pomegranate juice (PJ) is a well-known nutritional drink that has been widely consumed due to its health benefits. However, sedimentation of polyphenol, browning, and contamination of microorganisms are problems of fresh juice. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of ozone and ultrasound treatment on pasteurization and disinfection of PJ. The...

Celecoxib, or Celebrex, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is one of the most common medicines for treating inflammatory diseases. Recently, it has been shown that celecoxib is associated with implications in complex diseases, such as Alzheimer disease and cancer as well as with cardiovascular risk assessment and toxicity, suggesting that celec...

Introduction Vitiligo is an asymptomatic disorder that results from the loss of pigments (melanin), causing skin or mucosal depigmentation and impairs beauty. Objective Due to the complexity of the pathogenesis of this disease and various theories including self-safety theory, oxidative stress, neurological theory and internal defects of melanocyt...

STUDY QUESTION Which metabolites are associated with varying rates of ovarian aging, measured as annual decline rates of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations? SUMMARY ANSWER Higher serum concentrations of metabolites of phosphate, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, branched chained amino acids (BCAAs), proline, urea and pyroglutamic acid were associat...

So far, no detailed view has been expressed regarding the interactions between vancomycin and racemic compounds including mandelic acid. In the current study, a chiral stationary phase was prepared by using 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane and succinic anhydride to graft carboxylated silica microspheres and subsequently by activating the carboxylic aci...

Narcissus tazetta L., a bulbous plant belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family, contains alkaloid galantamine (GAL) with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity which has been recently considered to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the current work, the effect of photoperiod (16/8 h light/dark and 24 h dark) and various concentrations of NAA, BAP, a...

New zwitterionic (ZIC) stationary phases (SPs) are synthesized with the click and conventional bonding of tyrosine to silica gel. Infrared spectra and elemental analysis demonstrate the successful click and conventional bonding of this ZIC group on silica particles by the surface coverage including 2.36 and 0.75 µm m⁻², respectively. Given the abov...

More than 85% of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is producing in 22 regions of Iran. Quality control and its geographical effects are the main concern behind it. In this study, we developed a chromatographic fingerprint of 22 type saffron from 22 regions of Iran. Multivariate clustering methods of PCA and HCA are used for finding similarities and dissi...

Application of water steam distillation for production of rose oil from rose flowers leaves much petal. These contain many kinds of polyphenols and polysaccharides that could be introduced as biological active compounds. Rose is a source of the other precious by-products including essential oils, concrete and absolute. There are a large variety of...

Seeds of black cumin have high values of thymoquinone in essence. Metabolites of black cumin seeds would present a potent and therapeutically activity on the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and endocrine systems. Therefore, it is worthwhile to find superior landraces of black cumin, for further breeding objects. In this study, 16 landraces wer...

Remarkable quantitative variability of rosmarinic acid (RA) among and within wild populations of Satureja rechingeri has previously been investigated. In the following domestication process of the plant and in order to identify the superior varieties for the mass cultivation, the agro-morphological characteristics, total phenols, total flavonoids,...

Aims: Sea urchins have been extensively studied due to the commercial importance of their gonads in the global industry. Although after removal of the edible gonads, the remaining shell and spines are usually discarded, they are known to possess various polyhydroxylated naphthoquinone (PHNQ) pigments. The aim of the present research was quantitativ...

Paeonia daurica subsp. tomentosa (Lomakin) D.Y.Hong is an herbaceous perennial and flowering plant from the Paeoniaceae family. In this research, the roots, stems, leaves and fruits of P. daurica subsp. tomentosa were investigated for a comparative identification of essential oil composition. The essential oils constituents were identified by GC/MS...

Withanolides (WTDs), well-known medicinally important compounds of Withania somnifera, including the anticancer compound withaferin A (WFA), are biosynthesized from their dedicated precursor squalene. Condensation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) molecules to produce squalene is catalyzed by squalene synthase (SQS). In the present study, the Arabido...

Resistance to antibiotics is an emerging and growing threat. To address this threat, attempts are being made by researchers to identify the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) of bacteria. It is believed that unique combinations could be found among the VOCs produced by each microorganism. The current study aimed to identify and compare the VOCs of a...

Chicory distillate is the most common herbal product use in the country. Regarding the low metabolic content of this product, standardization and quality control seem very difficult. The aim of this study was to investigate the content of this herbal distillate, isolate and identify its metabolites by extraction techniques and chromatography. HPLC-...

The major bioactive compounds of saffron flowers are picrocrocin, and safranal, which significantly contribute towards the quality of saffron. Nevertheless, the variation in the metabolite profiling among Iranian saffron accessions with different origins has been reported due to the uniformity of cultivation, climatic conditions, and agronomic prac...

Infertility influences an estimated 20% of couples worldwide. The factors that can affect the fertility potential are equally distributed between men and women. Despite extensive research in male infertility, the etiology in majority of infertile men is unknown. In 2010, there was an opinion published in Nature asking a selection of leading researc...

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is an annual medicinal plant belonging to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It is native to Mediterranean regions, India and the Middle East. This plant is used mostly as spice and also in traditional medicine but today it is also considered in modern pharmaceutical industry. It is cultivated in different provinc...

Background : Diagnoses of respiratory tract infections usually happen in the late phase of the disease and usually result in reduction of the pathogen load after broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, but not in eradication of the pathogen. The development of a non-invasive, fast, and accurate method to detect pathogens has always been of interest to r...

Background: Diagnoses of respiratory tract infections usually happen in the late phase of the disease and usually result in reduction of the pathogen load after broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, but not in eradication of the pathogen. The development of a non-invasive, fast, and accurate method to detect pathogens has always been of interest to re...

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) belonging to Iridaceae family as a source of apocarotenoids is one of the most valuable spices and medicinal plants in the world. Because of the large size and high complexity of saffron genome, its sequencing remains a challenge. The arrival of next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS) has allowed the rapid and effi...

There is no other naturally occurring defense agent against cancer that has a stronger effect than paclitaxel, commonly known under the brand name of Taxol®. The major drawback for the more widespread use of paclitaxel and its precious precursor, 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB III), is that they require large-scale extraction from different parts...

Quantification of galantamine in Narcissus tazzeta and Galanthus nivalis (Amaryllidaceae) populations growing wild in Iran– CORRIGENDUM - Majid Rahimi Khonakdari, Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili, Abbas Gholipour, Hassan Rezadoost, Mahdi Moridi Farimani

Background: Diagnoses of respiratory tract infections usually happen in the late phase of the disease and usually result in reduction of the pathogen load after broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, but not in eradication of the pathogen. The development of a non-invasive, fast, and accurate method to detect pathogens has always been of interest to re...

Taxanes are a family of diterpene alkaloids which is currently known as the most important anticancer compounds to suppress and inhibit cell growth, differentiation and proliferation in indefinitely known cancer cell lines. The most well recognized member of the taxane family is taxol (paclitaxel), a minor cytotoxic component derived originally fro...

The separation of a mixture containing five major opium alkaloids, namely morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine and papaverine has been investigated in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) mode using five different stationary phases: bare silica, zwitterion, aminopropyl, diol and cyanopropyl. In order to propose the appropriate co...

This study investigated the influence of aeration and minimal medium conditions on antioxidant and antibacterial activities of 21 probiotic Lactobacillus strains isolated from dairy products. The probiotic potential of the isolates was evaluated by pH and bile tolerance. Random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) was used...

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a precious commodity with a high economic value for exporting countries such Iran. One of the major challenges of saffron cultivation is the lack of a reliable method of saffron secondary metabolites determination. This study is aimed to introduce a reliable and accurate method for determining the quality of saffron....

Galantamine (GAL), a morphine-like alkaloid produced by some members of the Amaryllidaceae plant family, is a possible therapeutic agent in Alzheimer's disease because of its central cholinergic effects. GAL has been extracted from the plant sources or produced synthetically for pharmaceutical use. Limited supply of the natural source and high cost...

The rapid diagnosis of respiratory infections has always been an important goal for medical professionals, because rapid and accurate diagnosis leads to proper and timely treatment, and consequently, reduces the costs of incorrect and long-term treatments, and antibiotic resistance. The present study was conducted with the aim of detecting volatile...

The aim of this study was to find biocatalyst which uses thebaine and extract of different parts of Papaver bracteatum to synthesize morphine alkaloids. The thebaine-resistant strains were obtained from microbial flora of different parts of P.bracteatum. They were purified and treated utilizing different concentrations of thebaine. Those that can g...

Background: The current study was aimed at identifying theVOC of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Standard strains of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus werecultured in nutrient agar for 20 hours at 37º C and then weresub-cultured onto tryptic soy broth (TSB) medium. Headspace analyses of mentioned bacterial samples were performe...

The gonads of sea urchins are prized as a component of the highly priced sushi called “uni” in Japanese customary nutrition. After removal of the edible gonads, the remaining shell and spines are usually discarded. They are known to possess polyhydroxylated naphthoquinone (PHNQ) pigments that are biologically active in the calcareous skeleton of th...

Lack of molecular biology evidence has led clinical success of alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) to be marginalized. In turn, a large portion of life Science researchers could not communicate and help to develop therapeutic potential laid in these therapeutic approaches. In this study, we began to quantify descriptive classification theo...

Abstract Galantamine (GAL) is an important Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor that is obtained naturally from Amaryllidaceae family members such as Narcissus sp., Galanthus sp., Leucojum aestivum, and Lycoris sp. AChE, a key enzyme in the nervous system of animals, hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh) at the cholinergic synapses,...

During last decades, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was introduced to fractionate and purify especially water-soluble solutes and macromolecule, such as peptides and proteins. Although, there are several evidences for its capability in one- and multi-dimensional fractionation, the reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) i...

Background and objectives: Due to the importance of finding of new antibacterial agents, the antibacterial properties of Prosopis cineraria aerial parts were investigated using a bioassay guided fractionation scheme. Materials and methods: The organic extract was prepared via maceration in methanol, followed by the fractionation using n-hexane a...

Annulated sea snake, Hydrophis cyanocinctus, venom was investigated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF). MALDI-TOF/TOF identified three compounds (a short-chain neurotoxin, a lo...

The human seminal fluid is a complex body fluid. It is not known how many proteins are expressed in the seminal plasma; however in analog with the blood it is possible up to 10,000 proteins are expressed in the seminal plasma. The human seminal fluid is a rich source of potential biomarkers for male infertility and reproduction disorder. In this re...

A simple, sensitive and reliable procedure based on stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography was applied to simultaneously extract and determine three semi-polar nitrosamines including N-nitrosodibutylamine, N-nitrosodiphenylamine and N-nitrosodicyclohexylamine. To achieve the optimum conditions, the effect o...

Abstract Amaryllidaceae family consists of bulbous plant species which besides ornamental and landscape applications, contain different active substances such as alkaloids and their various pharmacological effects including acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antitumor activity have been reported. In recent years, some members of this family, i.e....

One of the new efforts in biomedical research is the investigation among complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) by high-throughput biotechniques. These techniques and associated data mining procedures strengthen us to infer biological events systematically, a point of view that is in accordance with CAM disciplines in diagnosis and treatment...

O-Methyl (1), O-ethyl (2), and O-butyl (3) 4-[(α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl] thiocarbamate (E), along with 4-(α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate (4) have been isolated from the aerial parts of Moringa peregrina. The compounds were tested for in vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and cytotoxicity in rat skeletal myoblasts (L6 cel...

Mitochondria play key roles in many cell functions including energy production, fatty acid metabolism, pyrimidine biosynthesis, calcium homeostasis, and aging. They also regulate crucial signaling cascades such as apoptosis and oxidative stress. The proteome is often used to investigate the functional correlations on protein levels. Based upon the...

Paclitaxel (Taxol®) is one of the best-known compounds of natural origin that has been used in the pharmaceutical industry. It is derived from taxanes extracted from different parts of yew trees (Taxaceae), cell cultures and taxane-producing endophytic fungi. Previous work reported a semi-preparative HPLC for the extraction of Paclitaxel (a non-pol...

Linum album is a herbaceous medicinal plant that contains some lignans with antiviral and anticancer properties such as podophyllotoxin (PTOX) and 6-methoxy podophyllotoxin (MPTOX). In this research, hairy root cultures of L. album were established by transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains LBA9402, A4, AR15834 and Agrobacterium tumefa...

In this study, a total of 25 endophytic fungi were successfully isolated from the inner bark of Taxus baccata grown in Iran by the aseptic technique. Genomic DNA was extracted from isolated endophytic fungi and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the presence of the Taxus taxadiene synthase (ts) gene, which encodes the enzyme...

After several years, still the affair of paclitaxel (Taxol) and its analogs is one of the most stimulating subjects in anticancer remedy production studies [1]. Many reports have described that the yield of taxol is very low or sometimes not detectable in dedifferentiated cells such as callus tissues or suspension cultured cells. In order to obtain...

In this work, an aqueous extraction method has been combined with a preparative LC for isolation of 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB) from leaves of Taxus baccata L. The extracted aqueous solution showed two major peaks in LC. Semi-preparative-LC was used for isolation of these peaks. Nano liquid chromatography-Fourier transform mass spectrometry an...

Simultaneous seasonal variation of four analogous taxanes, namely taxol (paclitaxel), cephalomannine, 10-deacetyl baccatin III (10-DAB), and baccatin III, from the needle of Iranian yew (Taxus baccata L.) has been monitored. Powdered samples of needles have been subjected to microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and the extracted sample has been puri...

I n this study, pH-sensitive macrocapsules containing peppermint oil (PO) were pre-pared using a new emulsification/polymer precipitation technique. An aqueous alka-line solution of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) was used to emul-sify PO in water (O/W). This emulsion was then added dropwise to a solution of citric acid to result in...