Hassan Banaruee

University of Education Weingarten

Looking at Glucksberg’s class-inclusion model of metaphor comprehension, this article suggests that metaphorical classes are created by a suppression-oriented mode of comprehension. To give a picture of this mechanism, it draws on a model according to which every metaphorical class is formed by the inhibition of the majority of semantic features an...

There might always be errors during the learning process which need correction; accordingly, providing corrective feedback is critical. However, the various types of feedback applied during classes affect the learning and teaching process. Teaching and learning could be applied within EFL classes by providing learners with recasts. Recasts have bee...

This article discusses the processes through which deep or underlying similarity among concretely different systems is constructed in the mind of a comprehender. Several mathematical examples are discussed in order to present a picture of a suppressive-oriented process which results in the construction of an abstract system in the mind. It is sugge...

Looking at isomorphic constructs from an algebraic perspective, this article suggests that every concrete construct is understood by reference to an underlying abstract schema in the mind of comprehender. The complex form of every abstract schema is created by the gradual development of its elementary form. Throughout the process of cognitive devel...

This study investigates the role of priming in the process of metaphor comprehension focusing on both literal and gesture-based primes under congruent and opposite conditions. We conducted a two-stage experiment to explore how different priming conditions influence the cognitive processing of metaphors. In stage 1, participants made sensibility jud...

In this paper, we discuss the role of executive functions in shifting between symbolic and situational mathematical representations. Through the process of inhibition, an abstract representation is separated from concrete features and represented in terms of abstract symbols. This is a shift from a situational representation to a symbolic one. Cogn...

In this study, we aimed to investigate how the state of stress relief is metaphorically embodied when people use metaphors to describe it. A group of 30 participants were asked to talk about stress relief and their real experiences in this psychological state. The results showed that the metaphorical description of this psychological state was prim...

Casasanto (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138, 351-367, 2009) conceptualised the body-specificity hypothesis by empirically finding that right-handed people tend to associate a positive valence with the right side and a negative valence with the left side, whilst left-handed people tend to associate a positive valence with the left si...

Depth of processing vocabulary has been the subject of heated discussion among vocabulary researchers. Yet, current literature lacks research comparing different tasks to investigate the acquisition of vocabulary knowledge among adult learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). To fill the gap, we designed five task-based groups based on Techn...

The way and degree to which people in different cultures consider a metaphor to be appropriate, acceptable, or apt has been the subject of controversy in recent decades. According to structure-mapping models, metaphors are understood by mapping relations from the base domain to relations in the target domain. However, previous research lacks litera...

A group of Persian speakers were asked to talk about the concept of perseverance in semi-structured interviews. Gestures that participants used to talk about this concept were analyzed. The results showed that the concept of perseverance was primarily embodied in upward head gestures, fist-shaped hand gestures, forward hand gestures, and forward le...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of one-way and two-way tasks in improving the ability of learners to write about subjects in Economics. To achieve this objective, 32 undergraduate students of Economics were selected for this study. They were divided into two groups, each one consisting of 16 participants. These groups att...

This study examined the embodied realization of the Persian term dæqi:qæn (exactly) when embodied through gestures. A group of thirty Persian native speakers were asked to express their opinions about six subjects in an interview setting. During the interview, the interviewer used some techniques to elicit the term dæqi:qæn from the participants. T...

We aimed to investigate how the path of a motion verb is mentally simulated and realized in gestures when it is encoded in path-joined motion verbs (e.g., “enter the house”), path-disjoined motion verbs (e.g., “go into the house”), and pathless motion verbs (e.g., “walk in the street”). We conducted 2 studies to answer this question. In Study 1, we...

In this study, we examined the gestural embodiment of active, passive, and active-form/passive-sense voices of ergative verbs in English. We analyzed gestures produced by presenters talking about a variety of subjects in a set of videos. We used several Chi-square tests to find out what type of gesture (representational, beat, and pointing gestures...

In this study, we examined the types of gestures that occurred with motion-based, static space-based, static object-based, and static event-based metaphors. A group of participants listened to three short stories and then retold them in front of a camera. The camera could record participants’ gestures. Each story contained two metaphors of each typ...

This article compares abstract concepts and metaphorical classes in order to emphasize the abstract nature of metaphorical classes. Sam Glucksberg (2003) used the expression “abstract superordinate categories” to refer to metaphorical classes. Drawing on this proposal and George Lakoff & Mark Johnson’s (1980) conceptual metaphor theory, this articl...

Algorithms have become ubiquitous in our day-to-day activities. Their presence ranges from low-stakes decisions such as what music we should listen to, to high-stakes decisions regarding promotion decisions. Despite the frequency and range with which we interact with algorithms, academic research, as well as public outcries, suggest that humans oft...

Language is a unique phenomenon and special enough to be treated meticulously in its analysis. Several models describe the underlying mechanisms for language acquisition and its processing. One of the most salient ones is the Competition Model suggested by Bates and MacWhinney (1982). We reviewed the CM from its initial principles proposed by Bates...

Understanding how motion events are encoded and retrieved across languages has significant implications for language teaching, learning, and cognitive linguistics. However, there is hardly any research in this area comparing the motion-related lexical patterning of English textbooks. To this end, this research was conducted to fill this gap. Primar...

This article compares abstract concepts and metaphorical classes in order to emphasize the abstract nature of metaphorical classes. Glucksberg (2003) used the expression “abstract superordinate categories” to refer to metaphorical classes. Drawing on this proposal and Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) conceptual metaphor theory, this article suggests tha...

Results of the studies on the way language and body coordinate in communication (through language and gesture) have significant implications for language, education, and cognitive studies. However, there is a lack of convenient research in this area analyzing perceptual changes within individuals. To fill this gap, we investigated the embodied real...

Motion events have been the target of many studies since their introduction by Talmy (1985) to find how motion events are encoded across various languages. The overwhelming majority of investigations have compared languages cross-culturally with English and Spanish (Slobin, 1996, 2004). However, the related literature regarding different aspects of...

This paper presents a review of studies that have provided evidence supporting metaphorical embodiment. These studies are divided into three categories of behavioral, neuroimaging, and corpus studies. After summing up the findings of these studies, it is concluded that metaphorical embodiment is supported by these three lines of research. This is f...

TIME is a highly abstract concept and prevalent in languages worldwide. Cross-cultural and cross-linguistic research suggests that TIME is embodied dissimilarly in different languages. Still the literature has not received sufficient attention in examining the differences. This study aimed to identify and compare how TIME is metaphorically represen...

Motion events have been the target of many studies since their introduction by Talmy (1985). The overwhelming majority of investigations have compared languages cross-culturally with English and Spanish (see, Slobin, 1996, 2004, 2005). The literature is ultimately in need of the practice of this cognitive typology. Since motion events represent cog...

A critical assessment of the current systematical planning and an in-depth review of the teaching materials efficiently improve fine educational materials to the benefit of developed learning and teaching contexts. In some countries, such as Iran, that belong to the expanding circle, local book writers provide English teaching materials that may ig...

It explains how abstract concepts of DEATH and LIFE are embodied in different cultures of English, Persian, and German.

This study aimed to examine the embodied conceptualization of hope through metaphors. We asked a group of participants to discuss their hopes in a semi-structured interview. We examined the types of hand, head, and eyebrow gestures produced when they were talking about their future hopes. The obtained results showed that when participants talked ab...

This study measured hand and head action strengths of eight typical emotional states using an authentic but implicit emotion elicitation task. Participants listened to and then retold five stories in which eight typical emotional states were experienced by the narrators. The number of hand and head gestures that occur naturally while experiencing a...

This study aimed to examine the gestural embodiment of intensifiers in iconic and metaphoric gestures when these words are used with literal and metaphoric statements. We asked a group of Persian native speakers to listen to and then retell a set of Persian stories. In these stories, a number of intensifiers were used with literal and metaphoric se...

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of manner adverbs on the gestural embodiment of actions that are described by literal and metaphoric sentences. We asked a group of participants to read and then orally retell four stories. Each story had two versions. In one version, literal and metaphoric sentences describing literal and metaphorica...

Understanding how humans acquire or learn a language has been controversial in various disciplines. Most vigorously, psychologists and linguists have been struggling with models that would represent the processing and development of language. The current literature carries many models, making it formidable for the researchers to heed the appropriat...

Language learners struggle with achieving their highest reading competence, particularly when they sit standardized tests with authentic advanced passages. The related literature shows a significant gap in suggesting specific techniques or strategies for individuals to develop a reading competence. To fill this gap, this study investigated the pote...

Results of the studies on the way language and body coordinate in communication (through language and gesture) have significant implications for language, education, and cognitive studies. However, there is a lack of convenient research in this area analyzing perceptual changes within individuals. To fill this gap, we investigated the embodied real...

In this article, we extend our previously suggested categorization of metaphors to literal statements, and categorize metaphorical and literal statements into four pairs of corresponding metaphorical and literal statements: (1) motion-based metaphorical/literal statements; (2) static space-based metaphorical/literal statements; (3) static object-ba...

Metaphor aptness, or the extent to which a metaphor captures essential features of the topic, has been the subject of many studies in recent decades. According to Gentner's (1983) structure�mapping model, metaphors are understood by the mapping of relations from the base domain into relations in the target domain. However, previous research lac...

By conducting an examination of the mapping process in metaphor comprehension, this article suggests that a set of superficially different metaphors can be considered to be isomorphic to an underlying generic metaphor. In other words, a set of seemingly different metaphors with different domains can be categorized under a single generic metaphor. T...

The domain of motion events is widely used to metaphorically describe abstract concepts, particularly emotional states. Why motion events are effective for describing abstract concepts is the question that this article intends to answer. In the literature of the field, several reasons have been suggested to be behind the suitability of motion ev...

Abstract: This article looks at the semantic space of abstract and concrete concepts from the perspective of distributed models of conceptual representations. It focuses on abstract metaphorical classes and the mechanisms through which these concepts are processed. When the metaphor X is a Y is understood, X is included in the abstract metaphorical...

Abstract: The domain of motion events is widely used to metaphorically describe abstract concepts, particularly emotional states. Why motion events are effective for describing abstract concepts is the question that this article intends to answer. In the literature of the field, several reasons have been suggested to be behind the suitability of mo...

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that an individual’s subjective experience of emotion is influenced by their facial expressions. Researchers, however, currently face conflicting narratives about whether this hypothesis is valid. A large replication effort consistently failed to replicate a seminal demonstration of the facial feedback hypoth...

Looking at concrete representations of mathematical problems from an isomorphic perspective, this article suggests that every concrete representation of a mathematical concept is understood by reference to an underlying abstract representation in the mind of the comprehender. The complex form of every abstract representation of a problem is created...

Looking at metaphoric language from a cognitive perspective, this article offers several reasons behind the prevalence of metaphors in human language. Firstly, metaphoric language is cognitively economic. When we use metaphors, a salient and conventionally-recognized feature of the base is attributed to the target. This projection is accompanied by...

Describing the processes of metaphor comprehension has been a hot topic of discussion among researchers throughout the past four decades. One of the major challenges has been to find a mechanism that can describe the processes involved in the comprehension of various kinds of metaphors. This article suggests that different types of metaphors could...

It is believed that ESL contexts are different from EFL contexts with regard to the language learning and teaching practices. Due to various types of language learning opportunities and resources in these two milieus, language learning practices take place differently in these two situations. ESL context provides learners with ample amount of langu...

This book has been prepared for students of Economics in EFL countries. Students will be prepared for practical use of language and economy texts. This book is unique in its syllabus and content. It can be recommended for both General English and English for Economics courses. The reason behind such versatile approach is rooted in the communicative...

Since the very first moment of learning, mankind has encountered the cycle of trials and errors to come across the learning process, which we can never let this cycle go round unaffectedly or halter it with irrational restrictions. We find it necessary to pose some thought provoking questions regarding the nature of providing corrections to errors...

In their article, Khatin Zadeh, Vahdat [1] discuss two influential theories of metaphor comprehension: the structure-mapping and the class-inclusion. Khatin Zadeh and Vahdat start their article by presenting a detailed description of Gentner’s [2] structure-mapping theory. They do this by discussing several examples of analogy. Khatin Zadeh and Vah...

Voluminous research conducted by educational psychologists and teachers has indicated that learning processes vary from every individual to another due to the existence of diverse psychological and biological factors. Once teachers become aware of the fact that learners are dissimilar in learning, they feel inclined to determine students’ learning...

The aim of this study was to compare the performances of EFL learners belonging to various personality groups in listening tests. A group of 30 high school EFL learners were selected for this study. All of them were at low-intermediate level of general English proficiency. Based on Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality questionnaire (2017)...

This article discusses a specific type of metaphor in which an abstract non-motion domain is described in terms of a motion event. Abstract non-motion domains are inherently different from concrete motion domains. However, motion domains are used to describe abstract non-motion domains in many metaphors. Three main reasons are suggested for the sui...

Representational transformation is a process through which one representation of a domain is understood in terms of another representation. This is a prevalent strategy that is used by comprehenders to obtain a better understanding of various domains. Metaphoric language is one of the areas in which representational transformation of domains is use...

This study aimed to explore the differences between high and low-EQ scorers in learning an L2. To achieve this objective, a group of 30 intermediate learners attended a course in which community language teaching was used to teach speaking skills to the learners. Half of the participants had high EQs and the other half had low EQs. Speaking ability...

A number of scholars have agreed upon the existence of secrets of the eternity and emergence of cosmos. Yet no scholar has ever been able to reveal them absolutely. It is aimed to help secret seekers in the universe find their paths through encoding one of the universe languages. Initially, there comes the quest for secrets, and secondly, the need...

Due to the existence of contrastive psychological and biological factors, learning processes vary from person to person. The awareness of the fact that dissimilarity exists among learners' preferences in learning, determines teachers to accommodate learners needs accordingly. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between learning styles a...

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of metadiscourse markers in Mathematics textbooks. To achieve this objective, four chapters of A First Course in Abstract Algebra were selected for data collection. The results showed that interactive markers were more frequent than interactional markers. Among interactive markers, transitions were t...

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between personality traits and performance on two types of listening test. Participants of the study were 60 advanced L2 learners in two branches of ILI in Tehran. Myers-Briggs personality questionnaire, a test of listening for gist, and a test of minimal pairs were used. Pearson coefficients were ca...

Looking at metaphor comprehension from the perspective of Glucksberg's class-inclusion model, this article suggests that metaphors are understood by a mechanism of feature-loosing in which the majority of semantic features of the vehicle are attenuated. The result of this process is a partial abstract class of vehicle which is defined by a salient...

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of explicit and implicit corrective feedback on extrovert and introvert language learners in a writing course. Participants were classified into two groups of explicit corrective feedback and implicit corrective feedback. Based on Myers-Briggs personality questionnaire, participants of each group...

The critical evaluation of systematic planning, development and review practices of instructional materials intend to improve the quality of teaching and learning. This study investigates the objectives of communicative language teaching and curricular components of two important textbooks which are widely studied in Iran: the New Headway Advanced...

This study aimed to investigate common writing errors among Persian EFL Learners. The focus of the study was to identify Persian interfering and developmental errors based on the four rubrics of sentence styles, mechanics, grammar and punctuations. To achieve this, 80 students and 3 teachers from Iran Language Institute were asked to participate in...

The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of two different methods of teaching in ESP courses. To achieve this objective, two groups of students of Economics were selected for the study. Each group consisted of 20 participants. Their level of proficiency in English and subject matter was tested by a sample of Michigan TOEFL test and a pre...

Considering the markets open and international has always had benefits for demanders and suppliers. Moving from local to global as a result of the convergence of preferences cross-culturally is considered to result in multinational foundations and trading centers emergence. Date products employ a significant role in the business and farming of seve...

Looking at metaphor comprehension from the perspective of Glucksberg's class-inclusion model, this article suggests that metaphors are understood by a mechanism of feature-loosing in which the majority of semantic features of the vehicle are attenuated. The result of this process is a partial abstract class of vehicle which is defined by a salient...

There might always be errors during the learning process which need corrections. In this respect, providing corrective feedback is one of the very critical ones discussed widely. However, the type of feedback applied during this learning process is various and affects both the learning and the teaching process. Recasts have been provided frequently...