Hartwig Schulz

Consulting & Project Management for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Introduction Twisted-leaf garlic (Allium obliquum L.) is a wild Allium species, which is traditionally used as aroma plant for culinary purposes due to its unique, garlic-like flavor. It represents an interesting candidate for domestication, breeding and cultivation. Objectives The objective of this work was to explore and comprehensively characte...

Medicinal plants and the natural products within them, still remain the starting point for breakthroughs in the development of safe, pharmacologically active synthetic molecules for use in a wide variety of clinical situations. Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) is one of the most ancient medical doctrines, and is well-documented in terms of inform...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1055352.].

Medicinal plants and the natural products within them, still remain the starting point for breakthroughs in the development of safe, pharmacologically active synthetic molecules for use in a wide variety of clinical situations. Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) is one of the most ancient medical doctrines, and is well-documented in terms of inform...

On February 28, 1928, at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences (IACS), Kolkata (India), C V Raman and his associates for the first time experimentally showed that when monochromatic light is scattered by transparent media, the scattered light contains not only the original colour, but also other colours. This effect was named as Ra...

Based on the current trend towards broad-bandwidth LED light spectra for basil productions in multi-tiered controlled-environment horticulture, a recently developed white broad-bandwidth LED light spectrum (400-780 nm) including far-red wavelengths with elevated red and blue light fractions was employed to cultivate basil. Four Ocimum basilicum L....

Essential oils (EOs) and their individual volatile organic constituents have been an inherent part of our civilization for thousands of years. They are widely used as fragrances in perfumes and cosmetics and contribute to a healthy diet, but also act as active ingredients of pharmaceutical products. Their antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflamma...

To understand how peppermint responds to different LED light qualities during the early vegetative phase, peppermints were illuminated with three different LED light conditions (RB = Red/Blue, RGB = Red/Green/Blue, SUN = artificial sunlight closely resembling the terrestrial sunlight spectrum between 380 and 780 nm) in an automated vertical cultiva...

The aim of the study is to identify potential natural compounds against SARS-CoV-2 occurring in essential oils (EOs) following literature data attesting their anti-viral activity. The epidemic virus that started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, has spread worldwide as a global pandemic. The interest in the development of drugs from natural product...

A light-emitting diode (LED) system covering plant-receptive wavebands from ultraviolet to far-red radiation (360 to 760 nm, “white” light spectrum) was investigated for greenhouse productions of Thymus vulgaris L. Biomass yields and amounts of terpenoids were examined, and the lights’ productivity and electrical efficiency were determined. All res...

Qualitative and quantitative composition of non-structural carbohydrates comprising glucose, fructose, sucrose and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) is one of the key determinants of market suitability, storability and technological processability of onions. To develop a cost-effective and rapid tool for carbohydrate profiling, applicability of attenuat...

Introduction Wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) it is one of the most important staple food crops worldwide and represents an important resource for human nutrition. Besides starch, proteins and micronutrients wheat grains accumulate a highly diverse set of phytochemicals. Objectives This work aimed at the development and validation of an analytical work...

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of host insects are used by many parasitic wasps as contact kairomones for host location and recognition. As the chemical composition of CHCs varies from species to species, the CHC pattern represents a reliable indicator for parasitoids to discriminate host from non-host species. Holepyris sylvanidis is an ectoparasit...

This chapter reviews various analytical techniques applied in plant analysis aiming to characterize certain valuable substances in various medicinal and aromatic plants. At first, the different chromatographic methods (TLC, GC, and HPLC) are discussed in more detail. Furthermore, the special advantages of modern sample preparation techniques such a...

Thymus spp. is one of the most important medicinal plants widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In this research, different ecotypes of three Thymus species including T. daenensis, T. kotschyanus and T. lancifolius native to Iran were compared to two commercial cultivars of T. vulgaris (i.e. 'Varico 3' and 'Deutscher Winter'...

Environmental factors shape the production and accumulation processes of plant secondary metabolites in medical and aromatic plants, and thus, their pharmacological and biological activity. Using an environmental metabolomics approach, we determined chemotypes and specific compounds on the basis of essential oils (EOs) from roots of 10 Iranian Feru...

Geographic location and connected environmental and edaphic factors like temperature, rainfall, soil type, and composition influence the presence and the total content of specific plant compounds as well as the presence of a certain chemotype. This study evaluated whether geographic, edaphic, and climatic information can be utilized to predict the...

Industrial and agricultural goods are fumigated in transport containers in order to control pest infestations and to avoid the transmission of alien species. Phosphine is increasingly used prior to the export as fumigant for table table grapes, fruit cultures and dried fruits to control active table grapevine insect pests. Less knowledge exists for...

Otto Appel (1867-1952) is best known for his research in the field of phytopathology, in particular for his discoveries on bacterial and fungal diseases of crops such as potato and cereals. His work ranged from fundamental research, like the discovery and description of pathogens and their ways to affect their host plants, to applied research on cu...

I'm not the co-author. It's a big mistake. Beg your pardon. I can't explain it.

The essential oils obtained from plants belonging to various Myrtaceae genera (Eucalyptus, Corymbia, Melaleuca, Syzygium, and Eugenia) were analyzed non-destructively by applying Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared (ATR-IR) vibrational spectroscopy. The spectroscopic analysis was based on the key bands of the individual volatile substances using t...

The production of plant-based extracts is significantly influenced by traditional techniques and the natural variability of feedstock. For that reason, the discussion of innovative approaches to improve the manufacturing of established products and the development of new products within the regulatory framework is essential to adapt to shifting qua...

Background The essential oil is an important compound of the root and rhizome of medicinally used valerian (Valeriana officinalis L. s.l.), with a stated minimum content in the European pharmacopoeia. The essential oil is located in droplets, of which the position and distribution in the total root cross-section of different valerian varieties, roo...

Nepetalactones are accumulated as the main secondary metabolites in the majority of Nepeta species; however, their biosynthetic pathway remains to a great extent unknown, as well as their relationship to the overall physiology of these plants. Nepetalactones most certainly arise through general iridoid biosynthetic pathway leading to nepetalactol,...

This study investigated the variation of metabolite profiles of onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) depending on genetic and environmental factors. Nine onion cultivars (´Corrado´, ´Cupido´, ´Forum´, ´Hytech´, ´Picador´, ´Redlight´, ´Snowpack´, ´Stardust´, ´Sturon´) with different scale color and dry matter content were grown in a two-year field trial. Us...

Plants are a desirable source for molecules of all kinds and for every purpose. Besides traditional techniques for extraction, plants are challenging for modern process engineering due to great variations because of their natural origin. One way to ensure high quality and low costs, as well as highly resource-efficient extraction, is in-line monito...

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in foods are controversially discussed due to their probiotic activity and their putative contribution to the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Besides their nutritional relevance, the genuine composition of carbohydrates in onions has high impact on non-enzymatic browning during thermal processing of onions. In the prese...

New methods using MIR, NIR and Raman spectroscopy in combination with various chemometric algorithms are presented which allow monitoring numerous plant samples very efficiently within a short time. Today portable FT-IR spectrometers are available which only need sample amounts of a few microliters or milligrams. In most cases, the measurements can...

IntroductionOnion (Allium cepa) represents one of the most important horticultural crops and is used as food, spice and medicinal plant almost worldwide. Onion bulbs accumulate a broad range of primary and secondary metabolites which impact nutritional, sensory and technological properties. Objectives To complement existing analytical methods targe...

No abstract is available for this article.

Various vibrational spectroscopy methods have been applied to classify different fennel chemotypes according to their individual profile of volatile substances. Intact fennel fruits of different chemotypes could be successfully discriminated by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy....

Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is cultivated worldwide for its aromatic leaves which are used as herbal spice and for phytopharmaceutical applications. Fast analytical strategies for essential oil analysis, performed directly on plant material would reduce the delay between sampling and analytical results. This would enhance product quality by improv...

Host foraging of parasitic wasps attacking insects living in stored food may be guided by volatile cues emanating from these postharvest products. However, little knowledge is available as to how habitat odor released from noninfested stored food affects the parasitoid’s response to host-specific chemicals. In this study, we investigated the impact...

Application of FT-Raman spectroscopy for simultaneous quantification of carotenoids, carbohydrates, polyacetylenes and phenylpropanoids with high bioactive potential was investigated in storage roots of Daucus carota. Within single FT-Raman experiment carbohydrates, carotenoids, and polyacetylenes could be reliably quantified with high coefficients...

Carotenoids occur in all plants and are therefore among the most important nutrients in food materials. This chapter presents various options used for the isolation and production of carotenoids from natural sources. Several extraction and purification studies have been performed to obtain carotenoids from natural sources, including solvent extract...

Different yew species contain poisonous taxane alkaloids which serve as resources for semi-synthesis of anticancer drugs. The highly variable amounts of taxanes demand new methods for fast characterization of the raw plant material and the isolation of the target structures during phyto extraction. For that purpose, applicability of different vibra...

Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is cultivated worldwide for its aromatic leaves which are used as herbal spice and for phytopharmaceutical applications. Fast analytical strategies for essential oil analysis, performed directly on plant material would reduce the delay between sampling and analytical results. This would enhance product quality by improv...

Habitat background odor has been shown to affect an insect´s response to resource-indicating cues in either negative (i.e. masking of relevant odors), irrelevant, or positive (i.e. enhanced responsiveness) ways (1). However, little information is available on how habitat volatiles influence a parasitoid´s response to host odors in static environmen...

The focus of the present work is laid on the diversity of volatile patterns of carrots. In total fifteen main volatiles were semi-quantified in leaves and roots using isolation by headspace solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography with FID and MS detection. Significant differences in the main number of compounds were detected betw...

Raman spectroscopy has been found to be a reliable and non-destructive method for rapid discrimination of different plant species or chemotypes if characteristic key bands can be observed in the spectrum. Today, even portable Raman spectrometers are available which only need sample amounts of a few microliters or milligrams. In most cases, measurem...

Plant species of the Solanaceae family (nightshades) contain pharmacologically active anticholinergic tropane alkaloids, e.g., scopolamine and hyoscyamine. Tropane alkaloids are of special interest, either as active principles or as starting materials for semisynthetic production of other substances. For genetic evaluation, domestication, cultivati...

This second edition of the successful ready reference is updated and revised with approximately 30% new content to reflect the numerous instrumental developments and improvements, as well as the significant expansion of this rapidly developing field. For example, the combination of IR imaging with AFM has enhanced the achievable lateral resolution...

Most storable plant products suffer post-harvest attacks by a wide range of pests, especially insects, resulting in considerable global losses of food every year. To date effective protection of stored food commodities from pests often relies on the use of potentially hazardous pesticides which can cause tremendous costs, food contamination, and pe...

The complexes (TBA)2[OsO2(ox)2] and (TBA)2[OsO2(mal)2] have been prepared and characterized. The IR and Raman frequencies are assigned according to point group D2h. The electronic absorption spectra measured on thin films of the solid complex salts on silica discs at 10 K show well resolved vibrational fine structure. Two very weak bands (ε: 4-58)...

On treatment of [IrX6]²⁻ with oxalate in aqueous solution at first [IrX4OX]³⁻ (X = Cl, Br) is formed, which after extraction with pentylammonium ions into CH2Cl2 can be oxidised by X2 to give the corresponding pure Ir(IV) complexes [IrX4OX]²⁻. The IR and Raman spectra are assigned according to point group C2V-The UV/VIS absorption spectra show stro...

On treatment of [OsI4ox]2- with Cl- the mixed complexes [OsClnI4-nox]2-, n = 1, 2, 3, are formed. The isolation and complete separation of the differently coloured geometric isomers is achieved by ion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The IR and Ra spectra are assigned according to point groups C2v, Cs, C1. The mutual influenc...

Seed, sprout and plant oils from soybean (Soja hispida), lupine (Lupinus mutabilis), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were assayed for their tocochromanol content and composition. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection was used to determine tocopherols and tocotrienols of laboratory-extr...

Various vibrational spectroscopy methods have been applied to classify different fennel chemotypes according to their individual profile of volatile substances. Intact fennel fruits of different chemotypes could be successfully discriminated by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. S...

Herbal ingredients for use in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry are mainly gained from plant extracts. The challenge of producing these ingredients is the economic optimization of the design for the corresponding technical processes. To achieve this goal, a systematic, model-based approach is necessary, which is not yet available for c...

Different varieties of two clover species (Trifolium pratense L. and Trifolium repens L.), cultivated in 2008 and 2009 were analysed by near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy for establishing a fast and reliable quantification protocol for isoflavones and phenolic acids. Based on HPLC–UV/MS reference data, good results were obtaine...

Tannins occur in many field herbs and legumes, providing an immense variability in structure and molecular weight. This leads to complications when measuring tannin content; comparability of different methods is problematic. The present investigations aimed at characterizing four different tannin extracts: quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii), mimosa (...

Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is known for its high quality oil, used in the perfumery industry. The aim of this study was to determine the influences of fermentation time, hydro-distillation time and fractions with sequential intervals on essential oil composition, particularly on methyl eugenol content of Damask rose. Essential oil of the ro...

To improve the comparatively low oil yield, pulsed electric fields have been applied on fresh rose blossoms with an energy input of 10 kJ/kg as well as 20 kJ/kg. It was reported a rise in yield of 2- 46 %, additionally the distillation time could be reduced. An increase of ratio terpene alcohols/hydrocarbones from 33 % to 285 % was observed in trea...

The essential oil components present in the aerial parts of S. condensata, S. pisidica and S. perfoliata were investigated by GC and GC-MS. The oil yields of air-dried plants obtained by hydro-distillation were 0.05, 0.08 and 0.08% (v/w), respectively. Eight compounds representing an amount of 83.8% of S. condensata essential oil were identified. T...

This paper demonstrates the special potential of Raman spectroscopy for the study of selected plant metabolites. Carotenoids, which are beneficial components in fruits and vegetables, have been shown to be a significant factor in lowering the risk of various types of cancer and ischemic heart diseases. On the other hand, alkaloids may have various...

Numerous studies demonstrate the practical use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and micro-IR spectroscopy for the classification of bacteria. In this presentation, examples for the discrimination of fungal strains by FTIR spectroscopy of mycelium will be given (Naumann 2009). Fungal cultures were grown in pure culture on solid medium. The huge...

Phytoestrogens are hormon-like compounds with estrogen and anti-estrogen activity, with positive and negative effects on the animal and human organism. Primary sources of phytoestrogens in human nutrition are from plant origin. Especially legumes are the sources of phytoestrogens in animal nutrition, with soybean meal as the main form of concentrat...

The FT-Raman spectra of the chloride salts of pelargonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside, their structures at pH 5.0 and their interaction with aluminium and ferric ions are presented for the first time and discussed with regard to their spectroscopic response. Two marker bands at approximately 1510 and 1330/1350 cm−...

Phytoestrogens are hormone-like compounds with estrogen and anti-estrogen activity, with positive and negative effects on the animal and human organism. Primary sources of phytoestrogens in human nutrition are of plant origin. Legumes are the primary source of phytoestrogens in animal nutrition, with soybean meal as the main form of concentrate bei...

Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) has been applied for the non-destructive in-situ analysis of pigments on differently colored flower petals of pansy cultivars (Viola x wittrockiana). The main target of the present study was to investigate how far the Raman mapping technique through FT-Raman spectroscopy and cluster analysis of the Ra...

The combination of small fruits and high essential oil content of the fruits is an important aim in fennel breeding because the industry needs primarily fennel with small fruits for tea bag production. Furthermore, the pattern and content of important constituents must comply with the requirements of the European pharmacopoeia (PhEur). The aim of t...

In the recent years, Raman and IR spectroscopies have attracted increasing attention as fast, non-invasive and widely applicable alternative analytical approaches for a variety of materials. Vibrational spectroscopy has been used in the analysis of herbal products, dyes and sensitive art objects, besides complex and aqueous biomaterials such as bio...

Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) has been applied for the non-destructive in-situ analysis of pigments on differently colored flower petals of pansy cultivars (Viola x wittrockiana). The main target of the present study was to investigate how far the Raman mapping technique through FT-Raman spectroscopy and cluster analysis of the Ra...

In this chapter applications of Raman, mid-infrared and near-infrared spectroscopy to oilseed analysis is presented. The methods can be successfully used to determine fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and numerous other secondary plant substances occurring in agricultural products. The spectroscopic methods have the potential to supplement existing st...

Non-destructive analysis of indigo dye in biological and textile samples is presented. Using different but complementary techniques of vibrational spectroscopy (FT-Raman and ATR-IR) detection of indigo in various samples is performed. This work shows the possibility of both vibrational analytical methods to identify indigo directly in plant tissue,...

Besides Rosa damascena Mill., the white oil-bearing rose species Rosa alba L. is of importance for the Bulgarian rose production. Their blossoms essential oil content (0.015 - 0.030%) is comparably low and results in a low yield and an expensive end product. To increase oil yield pulsed electric fields (PEF) with an energy input of 10 kj/kg as well...

Carrot roots and leaves contain various polyacetylenes such as falcarinol, falcarindiol and falcarindiol acetate with putative beneficial effects on human health, however, these polyacetylenes are also made responsible for the occasional unpleasant bitter taste of carrot juice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an accelerated sample p...