Hari Mohan Saxena

• PhD
• Professor of Immunology (Retd.) at Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

I present my discovery of stone coins, tools, weapons, ornamental beads and artifacts of an unknown Palaeolithic civilization at banks of River Sutlej at Ludhiana, India. Introduction: India's monetary system has been reported to evolve from Cowrie (Kaudi) to the Rupee (Rupiya). From the primitive cowrie shells as the medium of trade, the currency...

We have isolated a broad acting lytic phage known as Brucellaphage Ludhiana (BpL) and used it for phage based therapies of Brucellosis. We studied the effect of phage therapy on immune responses in Brucellosis-affected cattle and found that phage therapy stimulates immune responses in cattle initially which decline slowly after 45 days. In another...

We have isolated two brucellaphages, BpJ1 and BpJ2 from sewage samples of dairy farms in Jammu. Both phages lysed Brucella abortus strain 19, B. abortus strain 99 and 10 field isolates of B. abortus maintained in the Department of Veterinary Microbiology, GADVASU, Ludhiana but did not lyse any heterologous bacteria viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Strep...

La brucellose est une zoonose importante qui entraîne d'énormes pertes économiques dans le monde entier. Il n'existe actuellement aucune thérapie efficace contre la brucellose ni aucune méthode permettant de contrôler l'efficacité de la thérapie. Les traitements disponibles sont inefficaces et les animaux restent porteurs toute leur vie. S19 et RB5...

Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease causing huge economic losses worldwide. Currently no effective therapy for Brucellosis is available nor any method to monitor the efficacy of therapy. Available treatments are ineffective and animals remain carrier lifelong. S19 and RB51 are live attenuated vaccine strains of Brucella abortus. However, S...

We have discovered from NASA LROC images two dinosaur eggs on the Moon containing fossilized embryos. One egg (Lat. 38.39144, Lon. 321.00588) is oval with a thin double layered crystalline shell. The embryo has a big head with orbital socket, a beak and body with long limbs and pointed sharp claws. The neck, thorax and lumbar regions and limbs are...

We have discovered some small and shallow pits on the lunar surface at the South Pole of the Moon which are different from natural craters. Each of these pits carry alien skull-or animal skull-like object (without the rest of the body) in the centre placed on a scarf-like structure, made of fine meshwork or a barcode like pattern of regularly place...

SriYantra is a complex sacred geometry connected deeply with the ancient art of Vaastu. Sri Yantra has the power to absorb and spread tremendous positive cosmic energy in its surrounding area. The positive energy neutralizes the negative energy. The Sri Yantra is a symbol of Hinduism, which is based on the Hindu philosophy of the Vedas. Aadiguru Sh...

Bacteriophages are viruses that can specifically kill certain bacteria. This property of phages can be exploited for therapeutic application in treating bacterial infections in domestic animals. Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease which is endemic in several countries. Antibiotics are not very effective against bovine brucellosis and the c...

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) morbidity and mortality was found to be less severe in countries where Bacille Calmette – Guerin (BCG) vaccination of the population is carried out. Conjugating Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) onto tumour cells and injecting into BCG primed mice was found to enhance anti-tumour immune response. We had proposed...

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) morbidity and mortality was found to be less severe in countries where Bacille Calmette – Guerin (BCG) vaccination of the population is carried out. Conjugating Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) onto tumour cells and injecting into BCG primed mice was found to enhance anti-tumour immune response. We had proposed...

Brucellosis caused by Brucella organisms is a major zoonosis globally. It causes heavy losses through abortions, delayed conception, and infertility in animals. Brucella is an intracellular bacterium. Antibiotic therapy for bovine Brucellosis is expensive and may sometimes be ineffective as Brucella can become resistant. Once infected, the animal m...

The Lunar Lander Vikram of the Moon Mission Chandrayaan 2 of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) lost communication with the Lunar Orbiter and the mission control nearly 2.1 kms above the lunar surface during its landing on the Moon on 7th September, 2019. The exact location and the sight of the lost lander and rover are still elusive. We...

Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD), caused by IBD virus (IBDV) is an acute, highly contagious immunosuppressive disease of chickens of 3-6 weeks of age which causes significant economic losses globally. Lymphoid cells in the bursa of Fabricius are the target cells of IBDV infection. However, the exact identity of the target molecule to which the IBDV...

बीकानेरी बंधुओं ने भारतीय चंद्रयान 2 के लुप्त लैंडर विक्रम और रोवर प्रज्ञान को चन्द्रमा पर खोज निकाला

We have discovered the lost Indian Lunar Lander Vikram and Rover Pragyaan intact on the Moon.

Brucellosis, caused by Brucella organisms, is an important zoonotic disease causing huge economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. The affected animals remain carrier throughout their lives. Antibiotic resistance has also been reported in Brucella organisms. Currently there is no satisfactory and cost effective treatment for bovine Bruce...

The World Health Organization (WHO) has time and again failed to lead the world effectively from the front in global emergencies. Ironically, it has not learnt from its past failures including the Ebola crisis and has once again failed to effectively curb the pandemic-the COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV2 Corona virus. It is now very clear that the worl...

The Chinese leadership, busy currently in amassing fortune from the sufferings of the ailing mankind affected by the COVID 19 pandemic, must stop its expansionist ideology immediately. Instead of building their empires on the ruins of the fallen states with crippled and devastated economies, they should share their expertise in COVID-19 control wit...

Salmonellosis is a hyperendemic disease in India affecting humans, animals and poultry birds. Salmonella subsp. enterica is mainly involved in such outbreaks. Salmonellosis is a food borne enteric pathogen of great public health importance causing infection on consumption of eggs and meat from infected birds. Bacteriophages specifically infect and...

HS vaccines have been developed from time to time using whole bacteria or their components The variation in duration of immunity, kinetics and isotype of antibody and humoral and cellular immune responses with regards to vaccine have been poorly understood. There are repeated incidences of vaccination failure inspite of vaccinations done at regular...

Sera from 67 bovines (cattle and buffaloes) from villages around Ludhiana city and 10 vaccinated animals from an organized dairy farm were subjected to Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) DIVA ELISA. Sera from 10/67 field animals and 2/10 farm animals were found positive for the infection. Serial samples at 100 days, 130 days and 145 days post-vaccination...

Brucellosis, caused by Brucella organisms, is an important zoonotic disease causing huge economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. The affected animals remain carrier throughout their lives. Currently there is no satisfactory and cost-effective treatment for bovine Brucellosis. Antibiotic resistance has also been reported in Brucella org...

Currently used alum precipitated and oil adjuvant vaccines against HS caused by Pasteurella multocida B:2, have side effects and short lived immunity, leading to regular catastrophic outbreaks in bovines in Asian subcontinent. The need for the development of an improved vaccine with longer immunity and the ability to differentiate between vaccinate...

Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease causing huge economic losses worldwide. Currently no effective immunotherapy for Brucellosis or any biomarker to monitor the efficacy of therapy is available. Treatment is ineffective and animals remain carrier lifelong. S19 and RB51 are live attenuated vaccine strains of Brucella abortus. However, S19 i...

Culture of B. abortus S19 (left) and RB51 (right) strains from the vaccines. (DOCX)

Lytic plaques (left) and lytic zones (right) formed by brucellaphage on S19 culture. (DOCX)

A protocol for isolation of RNA from blood and RT-PCR for detection of live Brucella organisms in cattle

A protocol for preparing phage lysate of Brucella organisms employing a lytic brucellaphage is given here.

Brucellosis is a highly contagious and important zoonotic disease worldwide and is endemic in India. Antibiotics are currently used in treatment of Brucellosis. However, little information is available on the antibiotic sensitivity of field isolates of Brucella in different parts of India. We analyzed clinical samples (foetal stomach contents, foet...

We have isolated a new broad acting lytic brucellaphage (BpL1) from the sewage of a dairy farm. The phage lysed all the 12 Brucella abortus field isolates, B. abortus strain 99 and Brucella melitensis but did not lyse any of the heterologous species tested viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella species ....

Objective: The present study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of an improved phage lysate marker vaccine for haemorrhagic septicaemia in mice and rabbit model and development of a DIVA ELISA based on iron restricted outer membrane protein (IROMP). Method: The experimental vaccine was prepared by lysing P. multocida B:2 grown under iron restricte...

The study was undertaken to evaluate the humoral immune response in mice induced by a novel phage lysate vaccine against Hemorrhagic Septicemia developed from Pasteurella multocida grown under iron-restricted conditions and lysed by a bacteriophage. Two groups of mice were immunized with lysate vaccine (LV) and conventional killed HS vaccine (CV) a...

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic disease for which accurate and cost effective pen side diagnostics are not available. Here, we explored application of bacteriophage in developing a pen side diagnostic assay for Brucellosis. We have isolated a lytic brucellaphage and exploited the phenomena of ATP release on phage mediated lysis of bacte...

Salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease but fi eld applicable, simple, accurate, and cost effective diagnostics are lacking. We isolated a broad acting bacteriophage lytic to Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Pullorum, S. Gallinarum and S. Dublin and investigated its application in diagnosis employing MTT assay and nitrate test. On addition of MTT...

Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is an acute, fatal disease of bovines caused by Pasteurella multocida serotypes B:2 and E:2. Presently used oil emulsion and/or alum precipitated vaccines suffer from adverse effects, short term immunity, need for repeated vaccinations and reports of vaccination failures. We report here development of a Pasteurella bacte...

Accurate diagnosis and proper treatment of infectious diseases in the early stages are essential in preventing financial losses and patient suffering. Advanced diagnostic tests e.g. ELISA, CFT, PCR etc. are very costly, cumbersome, require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel and cannot be employed at field level. Bacteriophages are viruse...

Aim: We determined the antibody response in cattle naturally infected with brucellosis and normal healthy adult cattle vaccinated during calf hood with strain 19. Materials and Methods: The antibody titers were measured by standard tube agglutination test (STAT), microtiter plate agglutination test (MAT), indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), and...

Brucellaphage Gadvasu (BpG) is a lytic phage infecting Brucella spp. Brucellaphages contain dsDNA as genetic material and are short-tailed particles with host-specificity. Here, we report the challenges on annotation in the complete genome sequence of BpG when compared with that of a recent broad host-range brucellaphage Pr, an original reference g...

The analysis of amino acid sequences of the Infectious Bursal Disease virus (IBDV) and chicken MHC II proteins was done to identify their features. Antigenicity plot of the 1011 residue long IBDV sequence revealed 38 potential antigenic sites of the virus. Eleven MHC II binding peptides of IBDV VP2 were also predicted. Protein interface recognition...

We have developed a new Superagglutination test for serodiagnosis of infectious diseases. It differs from conventional plate/slide agglutination tests (PAT/SAT) by three additional steps: prior staining of serum antibody by adding a dye and addition of diluted biotinylated antiglobulin and avidin in sequence after mixing the antigen with the test s...

The prophylactic efficacies of plain and alum adsorbed lysate were evaluated by direct virulent challenge in mice model. A recently isolated brucellaphage 'ϕLd' was used for generation of lysates. Twenty four h incubated Brucella abortus S19 broth cultures standardized to contain approximately 10(8) CFU/ml were found suitable for generation of lysa...

A study was conducted to compare in-vitro antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the vaccine strain and field isolates of Pasteurella multocida. Three strains of P. multocida isolated from cattle and buffalo, were confirmed by biochemical tests and P. multocida specific Multiplex HSB-PCR. All the three field isolates belonged to P. multocida type B:...

Aim: The present study was carried out in 100 cattle to assess the antibody response to Haemorrhagic Septicaemia alum precipitated vaccine by Microtiter Agglutination Test (MAT), Indirect Haemaaglutination Assay (IHA) and Monoclonal Antibody based Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods: One hundred cattle from a l...

Current agglutination tests occasionally yield false results. Superagglutination test reduced false results, had higher sensitivity (95.88%) and negative predictive value (95.83%) than Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), Standard Tube Agglutination test (STAT), ELISA, and Complement Fixation test and specificity (89.32%) and positive predictive value (8...

Available immunodiagnostic and molecular diagnostic assays for Brucellosis are cumbersome, require costly equipment and can be performed in specialized labs by skilled personnel only. Commercial kits for Brucellosis based on these techniques are very expensive. Bacteriophages which kill Brucella specifically can be employed to develop cost effectiv...

Analysis of whole genome sequence of a broad acting lytic bacteriophage reactive to Brucella organisms

Bacteriophages have varied practical applications, so we did a basic study of the characteristics of an isolated phage against Brucella abortus for proper understanding of its general properties. Bacteriophage against B. abortus strain 19 was isolated from the sewage samples. Structural protein profiling of the isolated brucellaphage by SDS-PAGE re...

Out of 200 serum samples collected from cattle (142) and buffaloes (58) of various ages and sexand subjected to latex agglutination test (LAT) using serotype specific peptides (O, A, Asia 1) and also with peptide for non-structural protein 2B (NSP-2B), 114 (70%) samples were positive against FMDV type 'O', 102 (51%) against serotype 'A' and 104 (52...

Agglutination is the clumping of antigenic particles by antibodies. Several diagnostic kits for infectious diseases of animals and humans, based on slide agglutination/plate agglutination tests like the Rose Bengal Plate Test ( RBPT) for diagnosis of brucellosis are used worldwide. False negative and false positive results are commonly encountered...

A field applicable kit for easily identifying the serotype of the pathogen causing infection in an area enables targeted vaccination against the prevalent serotypes only avoiding non prevalent serotypes. We have developed a multiplex agglutination based cheap and simple prototype pen side kit to differentiate serum antibodies against different sero...

In the present study a total of 5 phages were isolated against Salmonella Dublin using agar overlay technique from 25 samples of dairy effluent. These phages were purified, enriched and subjected to various physical (pH, temperature and sun light exposure) to evaluate their survival ability. On physical characterization of the phages it was found t...

In the present study, 178 blood samples from buffaloes were tested against indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA), rose bengal plate test (RBPT), microagglutination test (MAT), modified microagglutination test (mMAT), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to select the most suitable test for efficient and effective diagnosis of bovine b...

Brucellosis is an economically important but neglected emerging endemic zoonotic communicable disease in India. The prevalence of brucellosis has increased from 34.15% of the samples in 2006-07 to 67.28 % in the year 2010-11. Brucella abortus is an intracellular pathogen capable of infecting animals and humans. The use of phages in the treatment of...

In the present study a phage against Salmonella Dublin was isolated using agar overlay technique. On physical characterization of the phage (pH, temperature and sun light exposure) it was found that the phage could survive at varied pH conditions with reduction in its numbers. A temperature of above 50 ° C and direct sunlight beyond 5 days was foun...

In the present study a phage against Salmonella Dublin was isolated using agar overlay technique. On physical characterization of the phage (pH, temperature and sun light exposure) it was found that the phage could survive at varied pH conditions with reduction in its numbers. A temperature of above 50 o C and direct sunlight beyond 5 days was foun...

The progression of immune response is currently believed to give rise to anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies. This new hypothesis offers an explanation for the termination or abrogation of potentially endless progression of immune response after the elimination of antigen from the system.

Comparative efficacy of 3 serodiagnostic tests (RBPT, STAT and Dot ELISA) in detecting anti -Brucella antibodies in sera was evaluated on a total of 28 serum samples which included 18 samples from brucellosis suspected and 10 from normal healthy (brucellosis unaffected) cattle. Out of 18 sera from suspected cases, only 1 (5.55%) sample was found po...

Gangale D P and Saxena H M. (2008). Host-pathogen interaction in infectious bursal disease of chickens. J. Immunol. Immunopathol. 10(2): 98-104. Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is an acute contagious disease of young chickens with high morbidity and low mortality causing heavy losses to poultry industry worldwide. The disease is caused by IBD virus...

Gangale D P and Saxena H M. (2008). Host-pathogen interaction in infectious bursal disease of chickens. J. Immunol. Immunopathol. 10(2): 98-104. Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is an acute contagious disease of young chickens with high morbidity and low mortality causing heavy losses to poultry industry worldwide. The disease is caused by IBD virus...

Gangale D P and Saxena H M. (2007). Inhibition of binding of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus to chicken bursal B-cells by treatment of B-cells with antibody against a marker of immature B-cells. J. Immunol. Immunopathol. 9(1 & 2): 50-53. Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is an important disease of young chickens having significant economic implicatio...

In vitro treatment of mouse lymphocytes with an intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM significantly decreased lectin Concanavalin-A (Con-A)-induced and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) mediated, alloantigen-induced lymphocyte activation as indicated by decreased percentage of lymphoblasts among the BAPTA-treated lymphocytes. In vivo treatment of m...

Cross-reactions of anti-human chorionic gonadotropin-beta (HCG-beta) antibody elicited by HCG-beta based antifertility vaccines with other autoantigens may occur due to identical or homologous protein subsequences. I have detected hitherto unreported identity of HCG-beta sequence with tetrapeptides of PECAM-1, galactosyl transferase-associated prot...

A strategy for selective in vivo amplification of specific T cells by carrier presentation is outlined here. This hypothesis addresses the possible physiological significance of expression of MHC II molecules by T cells, and attempts to highlight the possibility of harnessing the phenomenon for therapeutic use in medicine.