Hardev Singh Virk

• Ph. D. (Marie Curie U. Paris)
• Professor of Eminence (Physics) (Honorary) at Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University

The authors of this paper (Jha et al. 2024) have tried to justify the uranium standards in drinking water (60 µg/L) of India adopted by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) based on radiological toxicity. All these authors belong to Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), and they tried to justify the guideline...

Bathinda is part of the Malwa region of Punjab and is part of a belt which was earlier called the cotton belt of India but is now hailed as the cancer belt of India. The Malwa region faces high cancer incidence rates. For every 1 million people living in this region, 1089 are diagnosed with cancer. The rate of cancer in the Malwa region is 36.13% h...

Punjab is facing a crisis situation due to high levels of Uranium (U) and heavy metals in underground water table of Punjab. More than two dozen reports have been published in The Tribune (www.tribuneindia.com) during the last decade concerning high toxicity of U in the waters of Punjab. H.S. Virk report was published on 10th April, 2017 in the Tri...

It is an abstract summary of my research during 1970-2015 covering most of my interdisciplinary research starting from my doctoral research at Marie Curie University of Paris in 1970-72 in Particle Physics and ending with Nanotechnology research carried out at DAVIET, Jallandhar (2008-11). My current groundwater research in Punjab will be covered s...

Our study pertains to the uranium concentration in the drinking water and its biokinetics of the retention and dose delivered to body organs of the residents of 50 villages of the Patiala district of the Punjab State where U content is higher than the safe limit of 30 ppb fixed by WHO. U content values vary from 38.0 µg/L (Uppli) to 267.0 µg/L (Ahr...

Punjab, an intensive agricultural state, is currently experiencing a problem because of elevated levels of heavy metals and uranium (U) in its groundwater. It is commonly known that the groundwater in every district in Punjab's Malwa region has anomalous levels of uranium, with a U content that exceeds the WHO safe limit of 30 parts per billion. Th...

It is a narrative of my visit to a Monument created at village Bapror on GT road (Shambu border) to preach message of Guru Nanak using modern media of films.

Health Hazards of PTEs (Potential Toxic Elements like U, Fe, As etc) in groundwater of Majhja belt of Punjab (India).

It is in Punjabi. Its title in English version: "Who is responsible for over-exploitation of Groundwater and its contamination due to Uranium and Heavy metals in Punjab, India"? Article explains the crisis and its Mitigation.

It is a news item in Hindi based on my investigations of Chemical Pollutants in groundwater of Punjab.

The curse of heavy metal contamination in groundwaters of Punjab state is causing health hazards for the population of Punjab. It is not so much a natural disaster as its origin can be traced to a man-made crisis in Punjab. Potentially toxic elements, including high levels of Uranium (U) contamination in the Malwa belt of Punjab, Arsenic contaminat...

Research and teaching are both complementary in a science teacher's life. It gives lot of pleasure if your research work is published in a good journal. The author has reported his pleasures and pangs in the pursuit of research. Interdisciplinary research was not encouraged in Indian universities during early 1970s when he ventured into this arena....

Punjab suffers from Groundwater Contamination due to all types of Pollutants including Uranium and Heavy Metals. This issue has found an echo in the corridors of Indian Parliament which augurs well for Punjab state.

It is a book Review " C.V. Raman’s Student L.A. Ramdas: From Agricultural Meteorology to Discovery of Ramdas Layer" by Rajinder Singh of Germany. LA Ramdas was father of Agrometeorology in India.

Arsenic is widespread in India. Majha belt of Punjab State, comprising districts of Amritsar, Gurdaspur and Tarn Taran, is reported facing a crisis situation due to high levels of arsenic in its groundwater. ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) has reported arsenic beyond safe limit in 13 districts of Punjab. Sample analysis was done usin...

In ancient times, there were no research journals. Most of the innovators (Philosophers and Scientists) wrote their accounts in the form of manuscripts. Aristotle wrote 33 volumes, out of which Physics, Meteorology, Metaphysics, Politics and Poetics are famous and well known. Newton wrote several treatises of his discoveries but only 2 are famous:...

Arsenic is widespread in groundwater in India. High levels of arsenic in the three districts of Amritsar, Gurdaspur and Tarn Taran (also called Majha belt) have caused a crisis in Punjab. According to the Indian Council of Agriculture Research report, 13 districts of Punjab have arsenic content beyond the safety limit. This study aims to estimate p...

Concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) like arsenic, uranium, iron, and nitrate in the groundwater of the Majha Belt (including Tarn Taran, Amritsar, Gurdaspur, and Pathankot districts) in Punjab, India were measured to evaluate the health risks associated with its consumption and daily use. The average concentrations of these elements...

Science and technology have impacted global society in modern scientific era immensely. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning are new inventions which are going to revolutionize global society using Robotics and Humanoids. Given the vast domain of influence of the AI-robotic revolution, its reverberations will be felt in religion as wel...

No Abstract

This study by Jaskanwar Singh, a young Sikh Historian of Liecester University, explores the role of the Sikhs during the Partition of India. He establishes that only the Sikhs fought for United India while Muslim League, Congress, Hindu Mahasabha/RSS, and the British accepted the Partition of India based on Two Nation Theory. Sikhs raised the deman...

Groundwater in Punjab State has been over-exploited for irrigation purposes during the last few decades. As a consequence, it has been contaminated with heavy metals including Mercury, which is highly toxic for human health. The permissible limit for Mercury in groundwater is 0.001 mg/L (1ppb). Mercury concentration in groundwater has been estimate...

IKONKAR: An Insignia of Unification of World Religions Our reflections and interpretations of Ik Oankar justify to claim its acceptance as a Symbol or Insignia of “Unity in Diversity” of World religions. As a Physicist, we are looking for a unification theory of fundamental forces explaining physical phenomena in the Universe. In my view, in the sp...

“Understanding Sikhi” is the main theme for discussion. Author goes on to elaborate his understanding of Sikhi: “Sikhi is a world-affirming tradition, meaning enlightenment can be achieved without renouncing the world, as the sacred text of Sikhi, the Guru Granth Sahib states: ‘the earth is placed, the place for the righteous action’ [1]. Implement...

This book, Oh My God! is presented as a universal message describing the Divine and the Divine System drawing upon writings and teachings of some who had actually experienced the Divine Reality and understood the mysteries of our life here in this world. It starts with defining attributes of God as revealed by the Sikh Gurus in the Sikh scripture “...

The book under review is written in Punjabi and divided into two parts. Part I contains 12 Chapters dealing with Guru-Period of Sikh History (1469-1708). Part II contains 29 Chapters dealing with Persian sources of Sikh history. In my view, the author, Balwant Singh Dhillon, is the first Sikh historian who has utilized a multiplicity of Persian sou...

ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥ The Sikh faith founded by Guru Nanak is strictly monotheistic in its belief system. This means that God is believed to be the One and the sole Reality in the Universe, and there is no other entity worthy of worship. Ultimate Reality is one and non-dual. The Supreme Reality is t...

It is a review of "MY JOURNEY IN SCIENCE: An Autobiography of an Indian Scientist" prepared by Sohan Lal Kaul, my first Ph.D. student in Punjabi University, Patiala and annotated by me.

This note discusses why India failed to produce good Journals and problems faced by Indian scientists due to it. Despite large annual output of research publications, India can hardly boast of an international journal with high impact factor. More than eighty percent of Indian research publications appear in foreign journals.

The book under review is written in Punjabi by Balwant Singh Dhillon, a well - established Sikh Scholar and former Director of Centre for Studies on Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. It has 15 Chapters followed by an exhaustive Bibliography. It was a most critical juncture of Sikh History when antagonists like Har Jee, Ram...

This monograph is dedicated to SR Khastgir (SRK), who was a pioneer of Radio Physics and Atmospheric Science in India. He worked on X-ray spectroscopy at University of Edinburg under the supervision of CG Barkla, a Nobel Laureate. At Dacca university, he designed parabolic wire reflectors, receivers, and antennas. SRK investigated the dielectric co...

It deals with an important theme of Sikhi (Sikhism). Guru Nanak was the Founder of Sikhi, and his followers are known as Sikhs, which literally means learners. “Who Are The Sikhs”? This question has been answered by many authors in the form of Pamphlets and Monographs. But all earlier attempts fall short of the approach adopted by the author. He ha...

The book under review is written as a “Guide to Healthy Living and Longevity”. Dr Sraon is not a medical practitioner in the literal sense, but he is fully qualified to prepare this guide to healthy living as a research scientist in Pharmacology.This book covers over fifty common ailments. Each chapter is systematically arranged describing symptoms...

Tarlochan Singh (Ex-MP) represents the success story of a Refugee boy who started as a labourer in Patiala after Partition of India in 1947. He retired as Chairman Minority Commission of India. Dr Kamaljit Singh writes in Foreword: “Padam Bhushan Sardar Tarlochan Singh is hailed as a walking encyclopaedia on Sikhism, Sports, Indian politics, and Pu...

The Sikh Gurus: Embodiments of the Shabda is a magnum opus of the author, Dr SS Bhatti, a holistic Scholar of Chandigarh with 3 Doctorates and two dozen books on Art, Paintings, Religion, Poetry, Architecture, and Music. He has written more Sonnets than Shakespeare and composed more Urdu Ghazals thann any other Scholar of India. Dr Bhatti has compi...

It is Biographical Profile of Prof. HS Virk published by Gagandeep Kaur in her Coffee Table book "Success Stories of Prominent Sikh Scholars and Educationists". Photos of Virk International Symposium held in Phuket in 2022 are added as addendum.

This Article is published in PUNJABI language weekly "DES PARDES" from Vancouver. It narrates the Story of a Punjabi youth who reaches Germany against all odds, joins Oldenburg University for higher education in Physics and then receives D.Sc. in History of Science from Hamburg University. Rajinder Singh has published 45 Books on Indian Scientists...

Guru Nanak was a born revolutionary. He revolted against the established religious practices at a very young age. His unique, revolutionary and liberating philosophy of universal humanism – liberty, love, respect, justice and equality, is relevant for all times and applicable for all. Guru Nanak describes the rampant moral degeneration that plagued...

SD Chatterjee belongs to the group of tragic heroes of Indian science. He discovered spontaneous fission of U much before the Russian Scientists but his research guide rejected his new finding as absurd. According to the Website of Bose Institute, S. D. Chatterjee pioneered the study of nuclear fission phenomena, measurement of environmental radioa...

This book Review explains how Nobel Prize was denied to Max Planck for his revolutionary Quantum hypothesis for many years despite his nomination by topmost scientists. Ultimately, he got it in 2019.

The history of science is a fascinating subject. Rajinder Singh has written biographies of some prominent but also of many lesser-known scientists of India, mostly of Calcutta School of Physics. He is considered as an authority on CV Raman whose life and work became the subject of his D.Sc. thesis in Germany. His monumental work includes how and wh...

Seasonal indoor radon activity was measured in a residential home of Surrey, BC, Canada for 200 days in winter and 75 days in summer to get better estimates of effective dose to its residents. Health Canada guidelines were followed for long term measurements of radon indoors. The major health hazard is lung cancer attributable to radon in Canada wh...

Rajinder Singh, Historian of Indian Science, took up the challenge to write about Bal Mokand Anand (BMA), the founder/creator of Physics Department of Punjab University after partition of India in 1947, first at Hoshiarpur and then at Chandigarh. I find this biography interesting as I knew the main character of this story from close quarters and la...

Patiala is a part of Malwa belt of Punjab which has reported highest contamination due to heavy metals and other ionic pollutants in groundwater. The Department of Water Supply and Sanitation's (DWSS) Punjab Statement on Water Quality Monitoring and Mitigation paints a dismal picture of Punjab's current water quality situation. It is estimated that...

This article gives a brief description of my visit to Espanola, near Santa Fe (NM) USA for participation in an International Symposium. It throws some light on the activities of American Sikhs living in Espanola.

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This Article critically examines Sikh Issues from the times of Guru Nanak, founder of the Sikh religion, to modern times including Partition of India in 1947.

The Nobel Prize is a most coveted and one of the best-known academic honours in the world. During 19 th century, Germany, France, and UK were leaders in science and most of the Nobel Prizes were shared amongst their scientists. The contents of my essay are based on the account given by Rajinder Singh and Björn Martens in their recently published bo...

It is in Punjabi language.

Patiala is a part of Malwa belt of Punjab which has reported highest contamination due to heavy metals and other ionic pollutants in groundwater. Punjab Report on Water Quality Monitoring and Mitigation of Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) presents a deplorable picture about the current water quality scenario in Punjab. It is estimat...

The Nobel Prize is a most coveted and one of the best-known academic honours in the world. During 19 th century, Germany, France, and UK were leaders in science and most of the Nobel Prizes were shared amongst their scientists. Max Planck is acknowledged as the Father of Quantum Physics. He got 74 nominations, including one from Albert Einstein, fo...

Punjab is facing a crisis due to high levels of heavy metals and nitrate concentration in groundwater of several districts of Punjab. The highest level of NO3 content of 2553 mg/l has been recorded in two villages of Patiala district. The concentration of NO3 in groundwater of seven districts of Punjab has been studied. The maximum content values r...

It is a review of the book " Inside Story of Max Planck and the Nobel Prize Award". In some circles, Max Planck is considered as the founder of the quantum theory (better known as ‘old quantum theory’), as he gave the concept of the energy quantum. In 1919, he was awarded the Physics Nobel Prize for the year 1918, “in recognition of the services he...

The hydrosphere although covering almost 70% of the Earth contributes only 3% of fresh water out of which groundwater covers almost 98%. The presence of some unwanted substance in this limited natural resource causes pollution when the substance causes serious harm to human beings and to the total ecosystem in a way. Arsenic is such a pollutant tha...

Science and technology have impacted global society in modern scientific era immensely. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning are new inventions which are going to revolutionize global society using Robotics and Humanoids. Given the vast domain of influence of the AI-robotic revolution, its reverberations will be felt in religion as wel...

It is a painful STORY of how the British captured Punjab using dubious means despite their agreements with Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Lion of Punjab.

This article is based on the Hunter Commission Report of 1882 which was set up to formulate the Policy for using Medium of Instruction in Indian Provinces. In the case of Punjab, there was No Consensus as Hindus voted for Hindi, Muslims for Urdu, and only Sikhs supported Punjabi in Gurmukhi ScriptThe commission was Surprised that ALL PUNJABIS speak...

A tussle started between the Governor of Punjab and the Chief Minister of Punjab State on the issue of executive powers to run the affairs of the state. I wrote my Editorial in support of the Chief Minister as a democracy, Governor is merely a titular head of State and all powers rest with the elected representative of the people, who is the CM of...

ICRP formulated the Biokinetic Model of Uranium doses delivered to various Organs of the Human Body due to ingestion of U is developed for Patiala District.

This volume is dedicated to the research work of a lesser-known Indian scientist, Satis Ranjan Kishatgar (SRK), who was a pioneer of Radio Physics and Atmospheric Science in India. S.R.K. got his Ph.D. and D.Sc. degrees under the supervision of CG BARKLA, a Nobel Laureate at Edinburg University. SRK taught at Dacca University (1931-47), BHU (1948-5...

Professor SD Chatterjee’s versatile nature of research is abundantly visible. He found a deep interest in studying the Ionosphere, Lightning across the sky, Radiations in the Earth’s Upper Atmosphere - Light of the Night Sky, Geiger Müller Counters, Proportional Counters, Thermally Emitted Electrons, Electrets, Liquid Crystals, and Amplifying the s...

Punjab Groundwaters Contamination due to Heavy Metals have been studied and now my focus is to study contamination due to NITRATES in the Groundwater of Punjab (India).

This book is intended to serve as seekers guide to Sikhism, the 5th largest religion of the world with its adherents, the Sikhs, spread over all the continents. It will introduce participants to the history of its origin in India, its belief system, the sacred scripture, its philosophy, and practices of the Sikhs. The main emphasis will be on the t...

Punjab State is facing a critical situation due to high levels of uranium (U) and heavy metals in groundwater of Punjab. Anomalous values of Uranium are reported in the nine districts of Malwa region of Punjab with U content higher than the WHO safe limit for drinking water. The origin of these anomalies is attributed to geogenic sources. High valu...

Punjab State is facing a critical situation due to high levels of uranium (U) and heavy metals in groundwater of Punjab. Anomalous values of Uranium are reported in the nine districts of Malwa region of Punjab with U content higher than the WHO safe limit for drinking water. The origin of these anomalies is attributed to geogenic sources. High valu...

The book under review is written by the bestselling author, Thomas K. Shor, who is the author of half a dozen books, including the “Step Away From Paradise”. It is an interesting but true story of a Punjabi Youngman, Mr. Harbhajan Singh (Sandhu), who was born because of the blessings of a holy man to the mother of Mr. Sandhu. It is a common practic...

Punjab is facing a crisis situation due to high levels of Uranium (U), Fluoride (F), and other heavy metals like Arsenic, Iron, and Selenium in the groundwater of Punjab. Our results are mostly based on an analysis of the data collected by the Punjab Water Supply and Sanitation Department (PWSSD) in the groundwater of Punjab under the World Bank pr...

This major symposium is in honour of the distinguished work and lifetime achievements of Prof. Hardev Singh Virk, a pioneer in interdisciplinary research in India using heavy ion beams for irradiation of minerals, glasses, polymers and other insulators. He was instrumental in using Radon concentration in indoor air, soil and groundwater for estimat...

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Who were the real culprits for this Partition? In my view, the greatest culprit were the British Rulers who shirked their responsibility to keep the India united at all costs but they proved to be utter failure at the spur of the moment and left India in a great hurry. They declared that India will be a free nation in June 1948 in British Parliamen...

Soil gas radon concentration measurement studies have been carried out globally to determine the health hazard effects of radon due to its seepage in indoor air of dwellings. It is a useful parameter for geochemical exploration of Uranium and earthquake precursory studies. Most of the countries, including Canada, have designed building codes to red...

Indoor radon concentration activity measurement has been considered as a useful parameter in evaluation of health hazards due to radon. The major health hazard is lung cancer attributable to radon in Canada which causes 16% of total lung cancer deaths. The purpose of this study is to determine indoor radon concentration (Bq/m 3) and effective annua...

Nadhra Khan reminisces about the glory and glitter of Ranjit Singh’s darbār in Lahore fort based on the available contemporary sources [2], the glory that was lost forever after annexation by the British in 1849. Maharaja was a great entertainer for his guests. He wanted to establish that Lahore darbār and its glory is unmatched compared with any o...

This essay is dedicated to Sikh Art and Architecture of Maharaja Ranjit Singh era in Lahore. Nadhra has beautifully explained the originality of Sikh Art and debunked the colonial narrative being dished out in South Asia over the last two centuries. Nadhra is a specialist in the history of art and architecture of the Punjab from the sixteenth to...

Guru Nanak was a born revolutionary. He revolted against the established religious practices at a very young age. At the age of nine, the young Nanak refused to wear the sacred thread (janeau) which was an affront to the family and the Hindu clergy called to perform the ritual. Nanak surprised everyone present by his logical reasoning, "What is the...

Sukhmandar has a brilliant academic record with Masters in Civil Engineering from IIT, Delhi and a Doctorate from University of California at Berkeley (UCB). After serving as a Senior Project Engineer in a top Consulting Company of San Francisco, he joined Santa Clara University (SCU) and currently holds the position of Professor of Civil, Environm...

In 1947 Partition Archive, my story describes our escape from Kamoke on 14th August 1947 leaving our home and hearth in a jam-packed military truck. I have been fortunate to visit Pakistan thrice to participate in Summer College and International Conferences during 1981, 1983 and 1988. I was lucky to visit my ancestral house in Kamoke twice to revi...

In Scientific Research, hopes and frustrations are involved. What is Nature of Reality in Scientific Research? It is a blog based on my real life experience. Some times when you don't see any light at the end of the tunnel, prayer helps to restore your confidence and hope in life.

This volume is dedicated to the 400th Parkash Purab of Guru Tegbahadar Sahib, the ninth Guru of the Sikhs. The editors pay glowing tributes: “Guru Teghbahadar Sahib was perfection beyond description: an eternal wisdom, a benevolent warrior, a fierce advocate, and a perfect leader for nation building. The Guru added new dimensions of social activism...

Dr SS Bhatti is a versatile author. The contents of this volume are composed of four books: “Stray Musings; Dictionary of de-ACRONYM-isation; New Coinages; and, POEMS based on de-ACRONYM-isation”. Introduction to the original volume published in 2013 explains the purpose of writing this anthology: “These Stray Musings I have been regularly noting d...

It is self evident.

Looking for Paradigm Shift in Sikhi to make it a global religion.

550th Anniversary of GURU NANAK was celebrated in 2019 but no change in status quo of Sikhi is visible at the global level. Sikh Religion needs to be re-interpreted in modern context in the age of Science and Technology. Documentary series of Guru Nanak's travels by Amardeep Singh have established the inclusive nature of Sikh Religion but our Sikh...

Sikh religion has a view of life which differs from other Indian religious traditions. For example, Guru Nanak rejected the asceticism and advocated the life of a house holder who earns his livelihood by dint of hard labour and shares the fruits of his earnings with needy persons in the society. My reading of the Sikh Scripture convinced me that ‘h...

This list includes my publications in Interdisciplinary areas of Research starting from Elementary Particles & Cosmic Rays; Geochronology & FT Dating; Radon Studies and Earthquake Prediction; Heavy Ion Radiation Damage Studies in SSNTDS (Polymers, Glasses and Minerals); Naotechnology; Groundwater Contamination due to Uranium and Heavy Metals; Histo...

The Sikh scripture, Sri Guru Granth Sahib has contributions from 36 authors, including 6 gurus and many others from different faiths of India. The power of recital of holy shabads is narrated in this short note as experienced by the author in his life.

We covered the biography of Professor Baldev Singh Sood: The Man who created the Physics Department in Punjabi University, Patiala in Part I of this series. In this part II, we are going to read the views and opinions (Memoirs) of some of his former Research Scholars, who had the benefit of his supervision for research leading to the doctorate in P...

Suman Bala Beri belongs to a middle class family of Himachal area of old Punjab but her father was Headmaster of a High School in Simla.She is the FIRST Woman Professor of Physics of Punjab University, Chandigarh. She was a collaborator in Fermi Lab D0 and CERN CMS Experiment and thus became a discoverer of 3 new Particles of standard Model. The ST...

There was a CONSPIRACY against Punjabi Language and its Gurmukhi Script due to Communal Divide in Colonial Punjab. Although, Punjabi was the common language of ordinary people. However, instead of choosing the shared spoken language Punjabi, its elite were divided along religious traditions of the subcontinent. This meant Punjabi speaking Hindus ar...

This Presentation is scheduled for World Water Day on March 22, 2022 in Desh Bhagat University, Gobindgarh, Punjab (India). Its FOCUS is on Groundwater Crisis in Punjab due to Uranium and Heavy Metals.

It is a story of an Orientalist, Dr GW Leitner who was First Principal of Govt. College Lahore and Founder of Oriental College, Lahore. He was prime Motivsator for creation of Oriental University which ended up as Punjab University, Lahore in 1882.

Suman Beri is one of the inventors of top quark, single top quark and Higgs boson. She is one of the top ten Indian physicists with highest h-index. She is one of the persons who work for the promotion of girls’ education. This is an inspiring biography for our young students, specially the girls of this country who face lot of hardships in the pat...

The secular Punjab of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was divided on communal lines after its occupation and the colonial rulers exploited this divide to their advantage. Outwardly, they were showing sympathy that western education will be introduced to promote vernacular language and literature. As the issue was forced by the colonial initiative to reform t...

Fluoride contamination in groundwater is worldwide. Excess fluoride in drinking water causes serious health risks, and as a result, fluoride contamination of water resources is a global concern. In this study, an attempt has been made to provide the distribution of fluoride and related non-carcinogenic health hazards to local individual groups (mal...

This article sums up in a nutshell the draft of Wiki Entry which was found unacceptable by the Wiki team. The authors think that it may be a useful window on the life and work of Hardev Singh Virk.

Guru Nanak was founder of Sikh religion. He travelled for 24 years in India and Asian Countries to preach his Message of Universal Brotherhood. He was a revolutionary par excellence who combined spiritual and temporal aspects of religion.