Hanna Risku

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Verified

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• Univ.-Prof. Dr.
• Professor (Full) at University of Vienna

As digital advancements reshape communication, researchers need interdisciplinary methods to understand the cognitive processes involved. This essential reference for advanced students and researchers provides a comprehensive introduction to innovative research methods in cognitive translation and interpreting studies (CTIS). International experts...

In this paper, we explore constructs of translation expertise and experts held by practitioners working in the translation sector. Practitioner perspectives are often overlooked in the translation studies debate around expertise yet they can yield valuable insights and enrich the academic discourse. In our analysis, we draw on data from a qualitati...

This article sheds light on two different perspectives on the boundaries of the cognitive system and the consequences of their adoption for Cognitive Translation and Interpreting Studies (CTIS). Both are represented by different approaches within the cognitive scientific cluster of approaches referred to as situated or 4EA (embodied, embedded, enac...

Translation expertise has been discussed intensely in (cognitive) translation studies. Most research has been conducted in laboratory settings, attempting to discern the differences between experienced translators (‘experts’) and lesser experienced translators. This has resulted in valuable, yet limited insights. We argue for the need to complement...

The digital era is characterised by technological advances that increase the speed and breadth of knowledge turnover within the economy and society. This book examines the impact of these technological advances on translation and interpreting and how new technologies are changing the very nature of language and communication. Reflecting on the inno...

In translation studies, a range of different approaches and traditions has emerged to explain the numerous factors that influence the translation decision process. While the sociology and cultural studies approaches look at the social practices in and around translation, their psychology and cognitive sciences counterparts concentrate on the cognit...

The relevance of translation has never been greater. The challenges of the 21st century are truly glocal and societies are required to manage diversities like never before. Cultural and linguistic diversities cut across ideological systems, those carefully crafted to uphold prevailing hierarchies of power, making asymmetries inescapable. Translatio...

Whereas traditional methods of translation process research aim predominantly at fulfilling the requirements for controlled scientific experiments, shifts towards embodiment and situatedness at a conceptual level require methodological innovations for the analysis of cognitive processes as embedded in their relevant environments. In this article, w...

Cognitive scientific approaches to translation investigate the development and workings of the underlying processes that make the complex cognitive behavior of translation possible. They refer to and expand existing cognitive scientific models of the mind to explain the behavior and choices of translators. Cognitive models have been oriented to the...

Cognitive scientific approaches to translation investigate the development and workings of the underlying processes that make the complex cognitive behavior of translation possible. They refer to and expand existing cognitive scientific models of the mind to explain the behavior and choices of translators. Cognitive models have been oriented to the...

This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the key issues shaping the language industry, including translation, interpreting, machine translation, editing, terminology management, technology and accessibility. By exploring current and future research topics and methods, the Companion addresses language industry stakeholders, researchers, trai...

This volume presents recent research that follows translators, interpreters and translation project managers into their various work contexts and environments. It extends the scope of analysis of translation research from individuals and texts to collectives in their social and material worlds. Particular attention is paid to current translation an...

Recent years have seen a rise in the importance of virtual and real-life knowledge sharing communities and communities of practice across many fi elds of private and commercial interest, including professional translation. This article examines the characteristics of knowledge sharing communities in general, identifies their key elements, looks at th...

In translation studies and beyond, creativity and translation have been studied as interwoven phenomena, especially in regard to target text composition and finding creative solutions for translation challenges. Drawing on the theoretical approach of situated cognition, creativity is investigated in this article vis-à-vis the creative design of tra...

In order to remain competitive, many translation companies are expanding their fields of activity to include technical communication, layout, terminology, and other related services, and are thus becoming full-service multilingual and cultural communication vendors. As translation agencies expand their services and competencies - in line with the b...

Ethnographic approaches in translation studies can offer a path toward understanding the complex cognitive activity of translation. They can show how bodily movements, spatial organization, interaction with artifacts, and social scaffolding contribute to cognitive processes such as perception, remembering, understanding, decision making, and monito...

Reembedding Translation Process Research is a rich collection of empirical research papers investigating important new facets of the relationship between translation and cognition. The common thread running through the collection is the notion of “re-embedding” the acts of translating and interpreting—and the ways we understand them. That is, they...

Situated learning has become a dominant goal in the translation classroom: translation didactics is being developed in a learner-, situation- and experience-based direction, following constructivist and participatory teaching philosophies. However, the explicit use of situated approaches has, so far, not been the centre of attention in translation...

As a consequence of globalization and corporate restructuring processes, most translators are now freelancers and generally work for multiple clients on a project basis. The often remote and computer-mediated cooperation can at times result in misunderstandings or dissatisfaction, which stem from different expectations. This article examines the ex...

In this paper, we approach the research object — translation networks — from a qualitative network analysis perspective and examine the adequacy and usefulness of different centrality concepts such as degree, closeness and betweenness in different translation settings. For this purpose, we carried out a qualitative multi-case field study with semi-...

The main methodological approaches used in cognitive translation process research have hitherto been inspired by methods originally developed in the behavioural sciences, especially psychology. This article contends that mainstream experimental research in laboratory settings needs to be complemented with other methodological approaches such as qua...

As an interdisciplinary research endeavor into the foundations of human and artificial intelligence, cognitive science has substantial contributions to offer to the field of translation studies. Like any other explanatory approach to socially embedded and organized behavior, cognitive science deals with hard-to-resolve dichotomies such as static ve...

Consideration of current developments in cognitive science is indispensable when defining research agendas addressing cognitive aspects of translation. One such development is the recognition of the extended nature of human cognition: Cognition is not just an information manipulation process in the brain, it is contextualised action embedded in a b...

If we consider the aspect of “situatedness” in translation, it becomes clear that social connections have a key influence on the work process. Five years after the completion of a case study examining the roles, competences and work coordination of translation project managers (performed in 2002), a follow-up study was performed in the same company...

There is more than one path to a solution, especially when it comes to ill-defined problems like complex, real-world tasks. Until now, the evaluation of information visualizations has often been restricted simply to a measuring of outcomes (time and error) or insights into the data set. A more detailed look into the processes that facilitate or hin...

In this paper, we examine the consequences of knowledge asymmetries in complex communication scenarios, looking especially at those situations in which professionals - in our cases translators and visual information designers - are required to manage communication for other parties, produce texts and design information. After describing the general...

Especially in ill-defined problem spaces, more than one exploration way leads to a solution. But often visual analytics methods do not support the variety of problem solving strategies users might apply. Our study illustrates how knowledge on users’ problem solving strategies can be used in the participatory design process to make a visual analytic...

This article provides a brief presentation of the development of some cognitive scientific views on technical communication and translation. I look in detail at one of the latest cognitive scientific trends, namely Situated and Embodied Cognition. According to this approach, humans are creative beings who are dependent on their physical and psychol...

In recent years, using the number of insights to benchmark visual analytics tools has become a prominent method in the Infovis community. The insight methodology has become a frequently used instrument to measure the performance of tools that are developed for highly specialized purposes for highly specialized domain-experts. But some tools have a...

Especially in ill-defined problems like complex, real-world tasks more than one way leads to a solution. Until now, the evaluation of information visualizations was often restricted to measuring outcomes only (time and error) or insights into the data set. A more detailed look into the processes which lead to or hinder task completion is provided b...

This paper seeks to show that translation practice and Translation Studies matter on both an organisational and a social level by demonstrating that the knowledge they generate forms an important part of the intellectual capital in the knowledge society and a key factor in value creation in organisations. It looks at methods available for managing...

Im Rahmen des vorliegenden Artikels soll die Entwicklung der Kognitionswissenschaft von ihren Anfängen hin zu ihrer heutigen Form nachgezeichnet werden, die durch das multiparadigmatische Nebeneinander von vielen einander ergänzenden Ansätzen gekennzeichnet ist (Teil 1). Dabei soll vor allem eine Entwicklungslinie hervorgehoben werden, die unter de...

Die Arbeitsinstrumente im Bereich der Translation reichen von der gewöhnlichen Bürotechnik bis zu orts- und zeitunabhängig anwendbaren Online-Programmen, die spezifisch für die Translationspraxis gestaltet worden sind. Neue Technologie „ermöglicht nicht nur ein effektiveres Arbeiten, sondern zwingt zugleich zu neuen Konzepten und zu einem neuen Den...

The professional profile emerging to address today’s demands in business and industry bears little resemblance to the traditional view of translators as solitary all-rounders. Translators and technical writers are now increasingly seen as problem-solvers, working in teams and interacting with other experts. They act as text coordinators, language l...

Sophisticated knowledge of individuals on the one hand and collective collaboration between various disciplines and teams on the other hand are required for complex products and services. Work-related individual and organizational learning processes in organizations provide the foundations for such individual and organizational knowledge and capabi...

Taking human cognitive and interactive capabilities into account in the design of multimedia and web applications is now common and accepted. However, aside from the verbal recognition of the importance of the cognitive aspects and their implementation through Usability and Human Factors, I maintain that their consequences have not systematically c...

Understanding novel visualizations can be a challenge even for experienced users. During iterative usability engineering phases in the DisCō project, visualizations of time-oriented data are explored by domain experts and non-experts. The aim of our study is to analyze the generation of knowledge and understanding by means of visualizations without...

Complex products and services require both the sophisticated knowledge of individuals on the one hand and collective collaboration between various disciplines and teams on the other. Work-related individual and organizational learning processes in organizations appear to provide the foundations for such individual and organizational knowledge and c...

Empirical research suggests that there is an impact of organizational characteristics on individual work-related learning processes. In this paper, we propose a model of relevant organizational factors. An assessment methodology based on a literature survey and activity theory is summarized. First results of an empirical validation are presented wi...

This article presents a cognitive scientific view of the role of verbal and visual aspects in the translation of technical texts. The semiotic differentiation between symbols and icons is discussed from both the cognitive scientific and the translation studies perspectives. The article refers to the definition of text as a unit of communication (an...

So allgegenwärtig Organisationen in der modernen Gesellschaft auch sind und so unverzichtbar sie zu Regelung und Erhalt aller Lebensbereiche auch sein mögen, so allgegenwärtig sind auch Phänomene der Intransparenz oder Unverständlichkeit dieser komplexen sozialen Systeme für externe Beobachter und interne Mitglieder1.Dies gilt prinzipiell für größe...

Individual and organisational learning are interconnected processes (e.g. Kim 1993, Schwaninger 2006). They influence each other substantially and are difficult to differentiate. In the PROLIX project, the organisational context at the test beds is assessed with regard to both these learning processes. This paper summarises the theoretical and meth...

Universitäre Weiter­bildung befindet sich im Spannungsfeld zwischen Wissen­schaftlichkeit und Wirtschaft­lichkeit. Die Donau-Universität Krems stellt aufgrund ihrer Spezialisierung als "Universität für Weiterbildung" und dem Anspruch auf hohe Eigenfinanzierungsquoten eine Besonderheit in der europäischen Univer­sitäts­land­schaft dar. Daraus ergebe...

Work-related learning is influenced not only by trainee characteristics, trainers and learning material but also by situational elements and the organisational context in which the learning takes place. Within the project PROLIX a first version of a learning assessment guideline (LAG) has been developed. It permits the analysis of those organisatio...

The IN-SAFETY (Infrastructure and Safety) Project focuses on the pre-requisites of a successful implementation of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in order to enhance the self-explanatory nature of roads. The European driver has to cope with more and more complex traffic environments, including vertical and horizontal signing; frequently support...

Using organisational theory, activity theory and didactics as theoretical foundations, a comprehensive model of the organisational dimensions relevant for learning and knowledge transfer will be proposed. In a second step, a Learning Assessment Guideline will be elaborated. This guideline will be designed to permit a targeted analysis of organisati...

So, wie wir denken, leben wir. Darum ist das Sammeln philosophischer Ideen mehr als ein Studium für Spezialisten. Es formt unseren Typ der Zivilisation.

One of the areas in knowledge management is the representation of information, an area of particular importance in e-Government, given the State’s social responsibility towards its citizens. Unlike the private industry, the State is not in a position to select its customers, and has the social responsibility to treat all citizens equally. Given thi...

This chapter discusses expert knowledge and activity, that is, the specific cognitive aspect of expert competency. Particular emphasis is placed on two concepts in modern cognitive science, namely situatedness and artefacts. The chapter begins by discussing some of the findings of the problem-solving studies of the 1980s and 1990s that were further...

In Translation Studies, situatedness has given rise to a new paradigm with its own definitions, methods and objects. however, the basis for this framework was not laid directly by Situated Cognition as a Cognitive Science approach. Situated Translation and Situated Cognition have a different focus; in fact, they often contradict each other. In this...

This paper identifies the theory of the General Comunication System with its view of information as stable, storable and transferrable entities and the machine translation inspired search for the language of thought as the main trends in past cognitive scientifically relevant research in translation. The present reorientation with its remarkably di...

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) offer us assistance in many areas of our lives and are perhaps most notable in the modern workplace. The rise of IT has changed more than just the level of automation and availability of relevant information: it has affected the entire process of working. Knowledge workers, for example, are particul...