Hance D. Smith

Cardiff University | CU · School of Earth and Ocean Sciences

There was continuing public and political concern about the loss of life at sea during the second half of the nineteenth century in Britain. New regulatory requirements, introduced to examine the competence of officers, prevent overloading and reduce the risks from hazardous cargoes such as coal, were in place by 1890. However, the effectiveness of...

Background Comparative long-term trends in fatal accident rates in the UK’s most hazardous occupations have not been reported. Aims To compare trends in fatal accident rates in six of the most hazardous occupations (the three armed forces, merchant shipping, sea fishing and coal mining) and the general British workforce during peacetime years sinc...

The historical background of the establishment and development of Marine Policy is briefly considered, followed by an overview of the methodology employed in the analysis of the journal content spanning the four decades from January 1977 to December 2016. There follows an account of the three phases in the development of the journal, which in turn...

We evaluate whether society can adequately be conceptualized as a component of social-ecological systems, given social theory and the current outputs of systems-based research. A mounting critique from the social sciences posits that resilience theory has undertheorized social entities with the concept of social-ecological systems. We trace the way...

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) development is described here in the broader context of European coastal management initiatives. The European approach to coastal governance revolves around the principles of ICZM, as enshrined in EC Recommendation 2002/413/EC. This study investigates the extent to which the FP6 funded project SPICOSA (Scie...

The basic structure of the fishing industry in the United Kingdom is outlined, followed by a discussion focusing on six stages of development from the industrial revolution to the present. The industrial focus is evaluated with regard to the catching and shore sides of the industry respectively. The management system is discussed in terms of stakeh...

The advent of marine spatial planning in the United Kingdom (UK) is taking place on a foundation of extensive and long-standing management practice, largely sectorally based, in one of the most intensively used sea areas in the world. The spatial development context of planning offshore and at the coast is considered, followed by a discussion of th...

Whilst spatial planning has evolved as a tool to manage the development and use of the terrestrial environment over decades, the development of spatial planning systems for the marine environment are in their infancy. This paper focuses on the integration of land and marine based spatial planning systems. This is informed by a brief overview of the...

SPICOSA 1 , an EU FP6 funded project, running between 2007-2011, has developed a systems approach framework (SAF), to support Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) practices across 18 study sites in Europe. During the third year of the project, a review was undertaken to assess the relevance of the SAF in theory and in practice. This paper will...

This article presents an overview of the relationship between geography and coastal management. It explores the nature of geography as well as the geographical underpinnings of key notions within coastal management, in particular, “coast,” “conflict,” and “integration.” The article considers the integrated coastal management process and tracks the...

The underwater cultural heritage (UCH) includes all the material evidence of human activities carried on in the marine environment, particularly as evidenced on the sea floor. The evolution of the UCH is outlined, taking due account of its origins in the world's traditional societies, and of the process of industrialisation of maritime activities o...

Consideration of the role of the social sciences in capacity building in ocean and coastal management is grouped into four main themes. The first part of the paper deals with the nature and record of the social sciences in studies both of and related to coastal management. The major fields are treated in turn, and include psychology, social anthrop...

The present set of papers originated mainly, but not entirely, from the Oceans at the Millennium conference organised by the Commission on Marine Geography of the International Geographical Union in conjunction with the National Maritime Museum, held at the Museum in Greenwich in April 2000.

The market for education and training in integrated coastal area management is considered, taking due account of intergrated management, economic sectors and the regional dimension. Course outputs are then dealt with, including relationships with students, coastal management organisations, and objectives and structure of courses. Infrastructure req...

The nature of sea uses, the development process and industrialisation are reviewed on the long time scales of industrialisation of the global economy. Five main sectors of sea use are identified in which the industrial form of organisation is characteristic, namely, transport and communications, mineral and energy resources, biological resources, l...

The paper examines naval waterfront decline, the potential heritage legacy of that decline, and the challenges which that legacy poses for urban and coastal zone planning and management. An initial analysis of decline processes is juxtaposed with exploration of the state's changing role in the abandonment of naval waterfronts. The range of potentia...

The development phases of management of the seas around the United Kingdom are classified in terms of a sequence of control, regulation and management extending from the 15th century to the present. The sectoral pattern of management is considered in terms of two groups of activities, namely private sector industries and public sector activities. M...

Maritime training, research, and education have played a decisive role in shaping the modern maritime culture in the UK. The developement pattern is discussed followed by an evaluation of the nature of the 'knowledge industry' as it currently exists with reference to learning, courses, teaching, research, institutions, and the advent of information...

The historical geography of sea uses is outlined as a sequence of stages of developent. The resulting geographical patterns are discussed in terms of the major sea use groups involved, including reference to urban and rural sea use categories. Source materials for the historical geography of the sea are considered, followed by evaluation of major f...

Strategic and port studies have largely ignored the importance of naval port systems, even though these systems are (1) essential to the pursuit of strategy at sea and (2) influenced fundamentally by geostrategic decision-making. It is proposed that effective research at the interface between geostrategy and naval port systems can be promoted by re...

The development of fishing communities is considered with particular reference to Europe and the implications for developing country fishermen of globalisation of European fishing effort. Policy considerations which underlie the development of fishing communities include those relating to fisheries management objectives and the technical management...

L’évolution du littoral européen est envisagée sous l’angle d’une classification des usages en soulignant, pour chacun des principaux types d’usages, les différences existant entre l’Ouest et l’Est. La gestion de l’information est discutée dans les domaines des analyses, des bases de données sur l’environnement et de l’évaluation des normes ; suit...

In 1994 the Countryside Council for Wales, the government nature conservation and countryside advisor in Wales, published a consultation document on marine and coastal policy, and also commissioned research into the status of coastal zone management (CZM) in the Principality. The research, undertaken by the University of Wales Cardiff, investigated...

The purpose of this paper is to consider the sea use management in the North Sea with reference to the re-structuring of the global and European economies; the sectoral activities including maritime transport and strategic issues, fisheries and hydrocarbons, and environment-related industries including waste disposal, recreation, research and conse...

The current circumstances surrounding the changing role of the state in ocean affairs are briefly considered, including technological and economic factors. The role of the state at national and local level is then discussed, with particular reference to the types of state involved, be these unitary, federal, centrally planned or developing. The int...

The environmental management of shipping requires systematic consideration of the geography of shipping routes, ship types and cargoes, and environments which can form the basis of a classificatory approach to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Beyond this, effective environmental management depends in the first instance upon sound information...

The regional development of the world ocean is outlined, followed by discussion of the regional dimension in sectoral and integrated management, respectively. The emergence of technical and general management approaches common to both sectoral and integrated management is evaluated. The level of regional integration in management is then assessed w...

A review of the state of coastal zone management in Europe is provided in order to establish future management priorities and research requirements for the European coast. This focuses on information management, assessment procedures and the legal framework for coastal management. Analysis of the development patterns and pressures, and the environm...

The paper begins by discussing the classification and use of chemicals for fish farming and the environmental impact assessment (EIA) regulations. EIA procedures for regulating chemicals through statutory authority are then discussed. Environmental assessment for fish farming can be a powerful management tool at both administrative and scientific l...

Sea use management originated largely in Europe, initially along the lines of individual use groups. Before the middle of the present century these included navigation, strategic uses, fisheries and marine science. Subsequently the major uses expanded and diversified. The organisations involved and their geographical spheres of influence may be cla...

The basic patterns of economic and political development of the British Isles region in a European context is outlined for the half century following Columbus’ discovery of America, noting the separate identities of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The maritime dimension of these developments was based on trade with Europe, developed mainly in...

The development of sea use management and planning in the North Sea is concerned with three main themes. First, the foundations of management are based upon technical management functions which include scientific and technological inputs and environmental and social assessment techniques. Upon these based general management functions including orga...

This paper provides an analytical framework for North Sea management issues in terms of sea‐use groups, environmental characteristics and the application of information technology. The Shetland case is used to illustrate long‐period sequential development patterns of North Sea use since the sixteenth century. The decision‐making environment for dev...

The nature of the current system of coastal zone management in the UK is discussed, with particular reference to the classification of sea and land uses and the regionalization of the management system. The concept of technical management is then introduced together with its application in controlling human/environment interactions at the coast. Th...

The orthodox and integrated approaches to the structure of geography can be applied to maritime geography. Central to applied maritime geography is the development of sea uses by traditional and industrial societies. Sea uses may be grouped in a management context. Technical management fields encompass scientific, technological, environmental and s...

The origins of this chapter lie with the 28th International Geographical Congress in Den Haag in 1996. The Congress was remarkable for its emphasis on the sea, not least because of the location in Den Haag, and the strong and well known maritime tradition of the Dutch hosts. The sea ranked equal with the land and human effort in the Congress title...

Globally and regionally the practical problems encountered in managing the uses of the sea are reflected in the nature of maritime organisations and their relationships to the major sea-use groups. Current developments in legal, institutional and data organisation may promote a more coherent approach to this key environmental management field.-Auth...

The broad features of the maritime geography of the seas around Scotland are outlined, followed by examination of the nature of the issues in Scottish maritime affairs. The political implications for Scotland of the growing importance of the sea are reviewed.

Looks at the main categories of human exploitation of the marine environment and proposes that conservation should become a primary use cutting across the other activities. Also mentions the main developments in marine conservation planning and legislation. -R.Land

The problems associated with hydrocarbon extraction in the EEZ are discussed under the headings of resources and environment, technology and the industrial structure, government management, decision-making, and policy formulation. Policy areas identified include boundary delimitation relative to resources, environment and technology, co-ordination...

The search for and early exploitation of oil and gas in Scottish waters have occurred over a brief time span. Considerable environmental problems have had to be overcome offshore and large servicing and engineering developments have been established onshore. The latter have generated particular pressures locally on labour supply and on the economic...

Recent proposals for a Marine Bill call for dramatic change in institutional arrangements and an ecosystem-based approach to the management of the 867 000 sq. km of oceans and coasts around the island nations of the United Kingdom. The current sectoral system is evolving towards greater integration of policy, planning and management. This is driven...

Sumario: I. The development of research and practice -- II. The spatial framework of management: key issues -- III. The management of individual uses: key starting points -- IV. The regional basis of integrated management.