Haluk Kelestimur

• Fırat University

In this study, a unique dataset was created by classifying the images of vaginal smears taken from rats under a microscope for 4 different cycles. Classifying a new case image with the help of this dataset is a computer vision problem. In this study, to improve the weaknesses of the LBP algorithm, a new feature extraction method called Local Binary...

Kisspeptins are reported to be the most potent activators of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis known to date. Kisspeptin potently elicits gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, even in the pre-pubertal period. Beyond the hypothalamus, kisspeptin is also expressed in limbic and paralimbic br...

Disclosure: H. Kelestimur: None. Z. Oz: None. M. Ozdede: None. &. Serhatlioglu: None. E. Kacar: None. B. Yilmaz: None. Purpose: Asprosin, a novel glucogenic adipokine produced by the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene, is integral to the body's energy regulation processes. Generated and released by white adipose tissue during fasting, asprosin affects the hyp...

Objective: To investigate the comprehensive effects of daily chronic asprosin administration on various pubertal and reproductive parameters in female rats. This study aims to elucidate the role of asprosin in regulating the onset of puberty and its influence on hormonal profiles and ovarian histology. Methods: Asprosin was administered intraper...

Obesity is becoming more common all across the world, causing a variety of health problems, including reproductive disruption. Although the novel, exercise-induced hormone irisin may affect the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproductive function control, its impact on obesity-induced damage to the female reproductive system is not fully k...

Agomelatine is a pharmaceutical compound that functions as an agonist for melatonin receptors, with a particular affinity for the MT1 and MT2 receptor subtypes. Its mode of action is integral to the regulation of diverse physiological processes, encompassing the orchestration of circadian rhythms, sleep-wake cycles, and mood modulation. In the pres...

Disclosure: H. Kelestimur: None. Z. Oz: None. M. Ozdede: None. I. Serhatlioglu: None. N. Kaya Tektemur: None. E. Kacar: None. Purpose: Asprosin is a novel glucogenic and orexigenic hormone produced by the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene that is secreted by white adipose tissue during fasting. Fibrillins (FBNs) are structural and signalling proteins found m...

Stress is a state that is known to impact an organism’s physiological and psychological balance as well as the morphology and functionality of certain brain areas. In the present work, chronic restraint stress (CRS) model rats treated with treadmill exercise were used to examine anomalies associated to emotion and mood as well as molecular changes...

Stress is a state that is known to impact an organism's physiological and psychological balance as well as the morphology and functionality of certain brain areas. In the present work, chronic restraint stress (CRS) model rats treated with treadmill exercise were used to examine anomalies associated to emotion and mood as well as molecular changes...

Introduction Asprosin is an adipokine released from white adipose tissue during fasting and acts through the olfactory receptor. It is known that adipokines play roles in reproductive physiology in mammals. However, there are very few studies conducted on role of asprosin in reproductive functions. There are no studies on its relationship with sexu...

The basic objective of this study was to examine the possible effects of treadmill exercise on obesity-related sexual behavior disorder in obese male rats and the role of kisspeptin in this effect. The rats were separated from their mothers at the age of 3 weeks, and classified into four groups as Control (C): normal diet-sedentary group, Exercise...

Excessive high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) consumption is known to cause oxidative stress, which induces transient receptor potential melastatin type 2 (TRPM2) channel gating. Oxidative stress-induced TRPM2 gating is suggested to play an important role in neurons, indicating a role for the TRPM2 channel in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders inc...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise training on obesity-induced behavioral changes in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced male rats. In this study, 40 male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups after they were weaned: Control (C), Exercise (E), Obese (O) and Obese + Exercise (O + E). For the obesity model...

Aim: Gadolinium (Gd 3+) based magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents (GBMCA) are manufactured with a chelation process, where organic ligand molecules form a stable complex around Gd 3+. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible impact of free gadolinium and GBMCA in (trigeminal ganglion (TG) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG)) neur...

Adipokines play an important role in sexual maturation and reproduction in a variety of ways. The central Asprosin administration of asprosin, a new adipokine secreted by white adipose tissue, has been found to have the potential to stimulatory effects influence on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG)pubertal maturation in male rats. Howev...

Obesity is known to cause sexual dysfunction including erectile dysfunction and poor semen quality. Lifestyle modifications such as exercise have increasingly been more recognized to lower the likelihood of having sexual dysfunction or infertility in obese men. In this context, as an exercise-mimetic hormone, irisin have a potential to improve obes...

AIM: The current study was designed to investigate the possible ameliorative effects of irisin on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese female rats’ reproductive system. METHODS: A total of 40 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=10): vehicle, obese, irisin, and obese+irisin [s.c. irisin infusion...

Exposure to chronic stress stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and then simultaneously inhibits hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) axis activity. The inhibition formed by the HPA axis is the main mechanism of action of stress on reproductive function. HPG axis activity is known to be changed by various factors, including...

Insomnia, which is associated with menopausal depression, is a common symptom of menopause. Both symptoms have a common etiology, and can affect each other significantly. Pharmacological interventions, including hypnotics and antidepressants, and non-pharmacological therapies are generally administered in clinical practice for insomnia treatment. A...

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effects of asprosin on diabetes with a focus on serum glucose, irisin, ghrelin, leptin levels and hepatic levels of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Methods: Asprosin (10 µg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally four times at 3-day intervals and then blood and hepatic parame...

Although kisspeptin and GPR54 have been reported to be expressed in the neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of rats, and kisspeptin has been suggested to be involved in pain modulation in rodents, there is no study on the effects and mechanisms of kisspeptin on sensory neurons. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects a...

This study was conducted to determine the possible effects of long-term exogenous kisspeptin and its antagonist P234 on serum, liver and adipose tissue fatty acids (FA) profiles, as well as body weight, in female rats. Kisspeptin (50 pmol) and P234 (1 nmol) were administrated to the weaned Sprague-Dawley female rats by an intracerebroventricular in...

Contrast agents (CAs) used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are produced by chelating the metal gadolinium (Gd) with organic ligand molecules to form stable complexes. But, Gd3+ may dissociate from the CAs and subsequently might become toxic to its environment. Besides toxicity, it might inhibit calcium channels on cell membranes and this action...

Objectives: Opioid analgesics have been used for a long time in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. However, they have many side effects including tolerance development to a significant extent. Agomelatine, an atypical antidepressant, has been demonstrated to be effective in experimental studies on pain. However, the effect of agomelatine on m...

Antidepressant drugs are globally used to treat several psychiatric disorders in pediatric patients and their prescription has continued to increase in recent years, especially among girls. In addition to its well-known metabolic and gastrointestinal side effects, antidepressants can cause sexual dysfunction in adults. However, the effects of the a...

The aim of the study was to examine possible impacts of paroxetine and agomelatine on the levels of some components that constitute the seminal vesicle fluid. As a second purpose, it was also aimed to examine how possible negative effects induced by paroxetine on seminal vesicle fluid components were affected by kisspeptin and RF9 (an RFamide‐relat...

Abstract In stressful situations, whether treadmill exercise has modulatory effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes is not well known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the exercise- associated changes in the endocrine response to chronic restraint stress in male rats. The Sp...

RFamide-related peptide (RFRP)-3 reduces luteinising hormone (LH) secretion in rodents. Stress has been shown to upregulate the expression of the RFRP gene (Rfrp) with a concomitant reduction in LH secretion, but an effect on expression of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) gene (Gnrh1) has not been shown. We hypothesised that lipopolysacch...

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (secondary hypogonadism), congenital or acquired, is a form of hypogonadism that is due to problems with either the hypothalamus or pituitary gland affecting gonadotropin levels. Pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by hypothalamus is a primer step to initiate the release of pituitary gonadotrop...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) employs gadolinium chelates as contrast agents to provide signal enhancement in radiological images. However, the instability of the chelates presents a challenge as the released gadolinium ion (Gd3+) from the chelates becomes toxic to the surrounding biological tissue. Chelates such as gadodiamide, gadoterate meglu...

Aim: Apelin has important effects on the circulatory system and heart. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of apelin-13 on the contraction induced by norepinephrine (NE), and the endothelium-independent relaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in human internal mammary artery (IMA) obtained from patients undergoing cor...

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a hormone that plays a key role in the development of puberty and is secreted from various neuronal groups in the hypothalamus. GnRH neurons are called “Pulse Generator”, since they secrete at regular intervals. Kisspeptin and its receptor KiSS1R are key factors in the control of GnRH secretion. GnRH secreti...

Melatonin, produced mainly by the pineal gland, has an immunomodulatory role. However, the effects of the pineal gland and/or melatonin on thymus cytokine levels such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 are not well known. Twenty-one male Wistar rats (220-250 gr) were randomly divided into three groups (n=7): intact control,...

Agomelatine, a novel antidepressant exerting its effects through melatonergic and serotonergic systems, implicated to be effective against pain including neuropathic pain but without any knowledge of mechanism of action. To explore the possible role of agomelatine on nociceptive transmission at the peripheral level, the effects of agomelatine on in...

The main objective of this study was to investigate potential effectiveness of agomelatine pre‐treatment in prevention of diabetes itself and encephalopathy, with a focus on brain tissue oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic mice. Interleukine‐1β (IL‐1β) and TACR1 (NK1), which is a tachykinine receptor...

Apelin, which is a new hormone, is secreted especially in the brain by hypothalamus as well as by many other organs like the stomach, fat tissue, and the heart. For apelin, whose possible effects on many bodily functions like the endocrine system, cardiovascular system and metabolic activities are still under investigation, the reproductive system...

There is no almost study in the literature about the effects of antidepressants on gonads in female rats. Serum levels of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) may represent both the amount and property of the ovarian follicle pool and so could be a useful marker of ovarian reserve. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of paroxetine,...

In addition to the fact that kisspeptin and its receptor GPR54 are well known to be abundantly expressed in the hypothalamus with suggestive roles in the initiation of puberty and similar reproductive system properties, there is also proof showing that kisspeptin might have influences on hippocampal functions. In our previous study, it was shown th...

There are several reports on unfavourable effects of metabolic cage housing on animal welfare mainly due to the characteristic structures of these cages such as single housing and grid flooring. This study was aimed to compare the effects of long-term metabolic cage housing and conventional housing (normal grouped housing in standard cages) on the...

The antidepressant drugs are suggested to cause adverse effects on reproductive parameters. There is hardly any reported literature on the effects of paroxetine, bupropion and agomelatine on the histological changes in reproductive organs. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of paroxetine, bupropion and agomelatine on histolog...

Agomelatine is an antidepressant with a novel mechanism of action. It is a melatonergic agonist for MT1 and MT2 receptors and a serotonin (5-HT2C) receptor antagonist. Agomelatine has been suggested not to have adverse effects on sexual functions. However, the effects of chronic agomelatine administration on reproductive functions have not been suf...

AIM: Antidepressants are drugs commonly used in the treatment of many psychiatric disorders. There is limited edition study about effects of paroxetine, bupropion and agomelatine on male rats reproductive system. In studies, it has been shown that sexual dysfunction was caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and it can be treat by buprop...

AIM: Use of antidepressants causes several important side effects, such as weight change. There are few studies in literature about how antidepressants affect the feeding and weight change in female rats. The aim of this study was to determine the different antidepressants (paroxetine, bupropion and agomelatine) on weight change, food and water int...

P6-31 Effect of kisspeptin on calcium signalling in cultured rHypoE-8 cell line Selim Kutlu1, Gokcen Ozdemir2, Zafer Sahin1, Mete Ozcan2, Sinan Canpolat2, Haluk Kelestimur2 1Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey 2Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Elazig, Turke...

Agomelatine is an antidepressant with a novel mechanism of action. It is a melatonergic agonist for MT1 and MT2 receptors and a serotonin (5-HT)2C receptor antagonist. Unlike selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), agomelatine has beensuggested not to have sexual dysfunction. Melatonin is suggested to have effects on hypothalamic–pituitary...

Aim: There are few studies in literature about how antidepressants affect the puberty onset in female rats. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of paroxetine, bupropion and agomelatine, having different mechanism of action and used as antidepressants, on puberty onset and serum gonadotrophin and estradiol levels. Methods: For the experi...

There is growing evidence that RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs) show their effects on reproductive functions by modulating kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling system. Our previous experiment (1) shows that GnIH treatment attenuates kisspeptin-10-induced GnRH release in GT1-7 cells. Combined injection of kisspeptin-10 and the antagonist of RFRP receptor, RF9...

The aim of this study was to determine the modulatory effects of peptide 234 (p234) (an antagonist of GPR54 receptors) on kisspeptin and RF9 (an RFamide-related peptide antagonist) - induced changes in reproductive functions and energy balance in female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were weaned on post natal day (pnd) 21. The animals were intrac...

The aim of this study was to determine the modulatory effects of peptide 234 (an antagonist of GPR54 receptors) on the kisspeptin-10 and nesfatin-1-induced luteinizing hormone secretion in the female rats. The pre-pubertal Sprague-Dawley female rats were weaned on day 21. They were intracerebroventricularly cannulated under general anesthesia with...

RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3), a mammalian ortholog of avian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), seems to be an important regulator of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) reproductive axis. Leptin, a permissive hormonal regulator of fertility, provides energy signal to brain. According to current view, leptin does not act directly on...

Sexual dysfunctions are among the most frequent adverse effects of selective serotonin uptake inhibitors (SSRI) that are the most preferred drugs used in treatment of depression. Dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antideprassants are less commonly associated with sexual dysfunctions, and also their beneficial effects have been reported...

Objective: Recent evidence from preclinical studies indicates that apelin-13, a neuropeptide ligand of the orphan receptor (The apelin receptor also known as the APJ receptor) APJ, has a significant cardiovascular effect . In the present study, we therefore investigated effect of apelin-13 (10µM) on NE (10-9–10-4M) evoked maximal contractile respon...

In addition to its well-known effects on parturition and lactation, oxytocin (OT) plays an important role in modulation of pain and nociceptive transmission. But, the mechanism of this effect is unclear. To address the possible role of OT on pain modulation at the peripheral level, the effects of OT on intracellular calcium levels ([Ca(2+)]i) in ra...

The hypothalamic Arg-Phe-amide-related peptides, gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and orthologous mammalian peptides of Arg-Phe-amide, may be important regulators of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal reproductive axis. These peptides may modulate the effects of kisspeptins because they are presently recognized as the most potent activators of the h...

Aim: To explore the roles of leptin and melatonin in early pubertal maturation. Materials and methods: Wistar female rats were used as experimental animals. Leptin was subcutaneously infused for 28 days through osmotic minipumps starting from postnatal day 15 (preweaning). Pinealectomy was performed on postnatal day 21 (weaning), and the animals we...

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous kisspeptin on pubertal maturation in immature female rats. Material and Methods: Wistar female rats were weaned when they were 21 days old. The rats were divided into two groups. Controls (n=10) received saline only (1 ml/kg). Experimental rats (n=9) were intraperitoneally...

Kisspeptins, which are alternatively called as metastin since they were originally identified as products of metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1, are the natural ligands for the G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54). Kisspeptins are the most potent activators of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis reported to date. The pulsatile pattern of GnRH...

Objective: The concentration of free intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) influences neuronal properties including regulation of excitability and neurotransmitter release. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between capsaicin sensitivity and cell size in acutely isolated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, in order to ascertain whe...

Objective: In addition to its essential role in parturition and lactation, oxytocin (OT) is known to function as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in the brain. It is known that the oxytocinergic system has a modulatory function on nociception but the effect of OT on neuropathic pain is less studied. In this study, the effects of OT in mice mode...

This study was undertaken to examine the effects of leptin on testes in mice. For this purpose, 12 male mice were divided into two groups. Animals in Group I were designated as control. Mice in Group II were injected daily with leptin for 5 days. All animals were decapitated at the end of the experiment. The testes were removed and weighed out. Tes...

Previous results have suggested that orexins causes a rise of intracellular free calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, implicating a role in nociception, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether the orexins-mediated signaling involves the PKC pathways...

It is reported that the pineal gland and its main hormone melatonin may have a role in the regulation of ghrelin synthesis in the brain. Stomach is the place where ghrelin is predominantly expressed and secreted. One aim of this study was to investigate possible effects of pinealectomy and melatonin treatment on gastric ghrelin amount. The studies...

Aim: Cypermethrin and trifluralin are widely used synthetic pyrethroid insecticide and herbicide, respectively. We have investigated their effects on serum levels of testosterone, luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and weights of androgen-sensitive tissues in peri-pubertal male rats using Hershberger assay. Met...

Although the main source of circulating ghrelin is the stomach, it is also present in physiologically relevant amounts in the hypothalamus. It is reported that pharmacological doses of melatonin decrease blood levels of ghrelin. Thus, melatonin (MT) may be a candidate for the regulation of ghrelin synthesis in the brain. This study was therefore un...

Occupational exposure and sniffing of toluene-based organic solvents is an important public health problem. In this study, we have investigated the effects of paint thinner inhalation on testosterone synthesis and secretion in the male rat. A control group inhaled normal air ventilation. The remaining animals were divided into three groups and expo...

Giriş ve Amaç: Organoklor yapılı bir pestisit olan endosulfan, lipofilik özelliğinden dolayı doğada ve canlı organizmada yağ dokusunda birikme eğilimi gösterir. Bir herbisit olan 2,4- Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D)’nin prostat kanser hücre kültürlerinde androjenik etki gösterdiği bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de yaygın olarak kullanılan...

A comparative assessment was made of the short-term effects of orlistat therapy and exercise training on body composition and aerobic fitness in obese females. A total of 24 obese patients were enrolled in to the study; 12 received orlistat therapy (DO) and 12 participated in a regular aerobic exercise-training programme (DE). All patients were on...

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of aerobic training on the relationship between the heart rate deflection point and anaerobic threshold (AT). Patients and Methods: Seventeen untrained, obese subjects (body mass index: 39.5 ± 1.2 kg/m2) completed 2 incremental ramp exercise tests (15 W/min) up to the point of exhaustion usin...

The anti-obesity drug orlistat promotes weight loss and improves obesity-related risk factors, but its effect on oxidative stress is not clear yet. Orlistat reduces dietary fat absorption, which may have effects on fat soluble vitamins especially the antioxidant vitamins A and E. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effects of wei...

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are industrial chemicals that have been released into the environment, resulting in widespread and persistent contamination. PCBs exist as 209 different congeners depending on the chlorine substitution on the biphenyl rings, and the physical properties and toxic effects of different PCB congeners are structure-depen...

We investigated the effects of different weight loss protocols on leptin levels in obese females with the aim of addressing the leptin resistance which has been found to be an aggravating factor in obesity. Twenty-four obese females enrolled to one of three 12-week weight loss protocols: orlistat-induced weight loss (OWL, n=8), exercise-induced wei...

Recent studies have concluded that an energy expenditure by an acute exercise session has no immediate effect on leptin levels while some showed a decline in leptin levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate any possible effects of training status of the subjects on acute exercise-leptin relationship in obese patients. Fourteen obese sede...

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether intrathecal (i.t.) administration of monodose melatonin provides an increase in mechanical nociceptive threshold in the rat. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups. Each animal was anesthetized, and a catheter was placed intrathecally via the cisterna magna. The stud...

Background: Leptin, which has been identified as an antiobesity hormone, regulates body weight by controlling food intake and energy expenditure via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. It appears that leptin may be an important factor in obesity management. Orlistat, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor, could reduce fat absorption and promote weigh...

Anaerobic threshold which describes the onset of systematic increase in blood lactate concentration is a widely used concept in clinical and sports medicine. A deflection point between heart rate-work rate has been introduced to determine the anaerobic threshold non-invasively. However, some researchers have consistently reported a heart rate defle...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of non-invasive lactate threshold estimation using ventilatory and pulmonary gas exchange indices under condition of acute hypoxia. Seven untrained males (21.4+/-1.2 years) performed two incremental exercise tests using an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer: one breathing room air an...

Melatonin, the main hormone of the pineal gland, informs the body about the environmental light and darkness regimen, which in turn contributes to the photoperiodic adaptation of several physiological functions. Leptin, the hormone secreted mainly by adipocytes and some other tissues including the pituitary, informs the brain about the mass of adip...

This study was aimed to examine the pineal gland of rats exposed to constant light and darkness at light and electron microscopic level. For this purpose 18 male Wistar rats were used. Animals were divided into three groups. Rats in group I (Control) were kept under 12 hrs light: 12 hrs dark conditions. Rats in group II were exposed to constant dar...

We have investigated effects of micro- and kappa-opioid agonists and antagonists on plasma oxytocin levels and noradrenaline content in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of 20-day pregnant rats. beta-Endorphin, oxytocin, estrogen and progesterone profiles in late pregnant and parturient rats were also sought. Stage of e...

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cardiopulmonary fitness as indicated by maximal work rate (Wmax) production and aerobic capacities (WAT), body mass index (BMI) and heart rate reserve. A total of 60 sedentary subjects (30 males, 30 females, aged 18-25 years) were enrolled in the study. Each subject performed an incr...

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of weight loss induced by pharmacotherapy combined with a hypocaloric diet for a period of 8-weeks on maximal work (Wmax) production capacity and aerobic fitness in obese patients. Twelve obese females were put on an integrated energy restricted diet with orlistat supplement 3 ∼ 120 mg/day. Each pati...

Although many associations have been demonstrated between hyperhomocysteinemia and pregnancy complications, such as spontaneous abortion, preterm labor, preeclampsia and low birthweight, it is still not clear whether hyperhomocysteinemia is the cause or the consequence of these pregnancy complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the e...