Hakan Kabasakal

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Consultant at World Wildlife Fund

On 28 September 2024, an individual of the pomacentrid genus Abudefduf Forsskål, 1775, was recorded on video in the southwestern Black Sea, off the coast of Turkey. This is the first record of the A. cf. saxatilis/ vaigiensis/troschelii species complex in the Black Sea. The paper provides information on the colouration and some morphological charac...

Two gravid females and one maturing female of Oxynotus centrina were recently caught in the Sea of Marmara. Total length of the maturing and gravid females 482, 534 and 553 mm, respectively. Considering the examined average diameter and weight of the oocytes, as well as gonadosomatic index and hepatospo-matic index values, and ovarian and uterine m...

On 18 December 2023 and 17 August 2024, two male specimens of Mustelus mustelus (1321 mm and 1425 mm TL) were caught during scientific bottom trawling in the northern Sea of Marmara, the first off, the coast of Prince Islands and the second off Ambarlı. The results of the present study showed that male M. mustelus can grow extremely large (at least...

Two specimens of Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878) have been observed in the rocky littoral zone of the northeastern Sea of Marmara in the early days of October 2024. E. costae is recorded for the first time from the Sea of Marmara. The present recording also emphasises that the northward migration of thermophilic Mediterranean species is gra...

Two specimens of Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878) have been observed in the rocky littoral zone of the northeastern Sea of Marmara in the early days of October 2024. E. costae is recorded for the first time from the Sea of Marmara. The present recording also emphasises that the northward migration of thermophilic Mediterranean species is gra...

On 28 September 2024, an individual of the pomacentrid genus Abudefduf Forsskål, 1775, was recorded on video in the southwestern Black Sea, off the coast of Turkey. This is the first record of the A. cf. saxatilis/ vaigiensis/troschelii species complex in the Black Sea. The paper provides information on the colouration and some morphological charac...

On 3 September 2024, a longnosed skate, Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758), was incidentally caught in a trammel-net fishery in the northern Sea of Marmara at a depth of 100 m. It was a male with a TL of ca. 100 cm and a TW of ca. 3000 g. Surveys conducted in the late 1990s to assess the status of demersal fishery resources in the Sea of Marmara...

Between July 1967 and December 2023, 136 bluntnose sixgill sharks, Hexanchus griseus, were caught in the Sea of Marmara (SoM). Although both a generalised linear model (GLM) and the Mann-Kendall trend test indicated an increasing trend in annual landings of H. griseus, the estimated smoothing splines of the GLM regression trend line revealed a shar...

Extensive archival investigations have led to the discovery of unpublished records of three specimens of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), captured in the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea, GSA07). The materials examined consisted of archival photographs and a newspaper report (specimens Nos. 1 and 3), as well as a co...

On 9 August 2024 two specimens of Helicolenus dactylopterus (Delaroche, 1809) were caught by means of a scientific bottom-trawl hauling towed at a depth range between 143 and 188 m, at the central sector of the Sea of Marmara. After more than 30 years since the last occurrence of H. dactylopterus in the region, the capture of only two specimens d...

Extensive archival investigations resulted with the discovery of three unpublished specimens of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), caught in the waters of the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea, GSA07). Examined materials consisted of archival photographs and a newspaper report (specimen Nos. 1 and 3), and a complete se...

Trawl surveys conducted in shelf waters of the northeastern Sea of Marmara revealed for the first time the occurrence of atypically colored thornback skates, Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 (Rajiformes: Raji-dae), in the region. Since atypical coloring may lead to confusion and misidentification of R. clavata, an integrated approach of conventional alp...

On 21 February 2024, 12 neonate spurdogs (Squaliformes: Squalidae) were captured with a bottom trawl towed over a sandy-muddy bottom at depths of 121-126 m in the eastern sector of the Marmara Sea. Eleven out of 12 spurdogs were identified as Squalus blainville (Risso, 1827), but one of the spurdogs, specimen MD6-24-SquaSp, exhibited several charac...

Between July 1967 and December 2023, 136 bluntnose sixgill sharks, Hexanchus griseus , were caught in the Sea of Marmara (SoM). Although a generalised linear model (GLM) and Mann-Kendal trend analysis both showed an increasing trend in landings per year, the estimated smooth splines of the GLM regression trend line highlights a drastic decline in l...

The screening of data sources has revealed five evidence-based records of the smooth hammerhead shark Sphyrna zygaena captured or sighted in Turkish Aegean and Mediterranean waters between 1977 and 2015. Three individuals were recorded in the Aegean Sea and two in the north Levantine Sea. Despite previous reports on the occurrence of S. lewini and...

The monitoring of commercial fisheries and internet media screening have revealed recent captures of the Lusitanian cownose ray, Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817), and the devil fish, Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788), in Turkish Aegean and Mediterranean waters. The capture ratios of 0.56 individuals/year for R. marginata over a 25-...

On February 27, 2018, a female smoothback angelshark, Squatina oculata, was incidentally captured in a gill-net fishery off the Mudanya coast (southeastern Sea of Marmara). An opportunistic photographic record confirmed the emergence of S. oculata in the Sea of Marmara, where its status in the area is considered questionable because of its absence...

The capture of 176 neonate longnose spurdogs Squalus blainville (Risso, 1827), suggests a potential nursery ground in the eastern Marmara Sea (GFCM GSA28). Sampling was performed by means of a scientific bottom trawl hauled at a depth range of 121-126 m on 21 February 2024. Available data show that S. blainville may be captured in demersal fishery...

On 28 December 2023 two specimens of Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758) have been captured by means of a commercial mid-water trawler off the coast of Türkiye in southwestern Black Sea. The presence of this thermophilic species is likely to be related to increasing seawater temperatures in the region. For the moment, capture locality of the presen...

On 21 December 2023 one specimen of Sebastes schlegelii Hilgendorf, 1880 have been captured by means of a commercial bottom trawler towed at a depth of 30 m off Şile coast. Following its first occurrence in Turkish Black Sea waters off Giresun coast on 6 March 2023, it has recently reported from the Marmara Sea (Gulf of İzmit) on 7 January 2024, ex...

In the present article, the authors report on the first record of Ophisurus serpens (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Sea of Marmara (GFCM geographical subarea 28). A sexually mature male specimen (TL 1841 mm and TW 1801 g) was captured in a gill-net fishery at 96 m depth off the Silivri coast (northern Sea of Marmara, Türkiye).

In recent years, the use of social media films has been increasingly considered a promising method in elasmobranch research. The present study provides a regional example of good practice in using social media films for gathering additional and complementary information on the sharks and batoids in the northern Aegean Sea. A total of 67 shark and b...

Morphometric measurements as percentages of total length of 6 specimens of Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758), captured in the Sea of Marmara were reported. All of the analyzed proportions of landmark measurements as percentage of total length show allometry. Although, slight differences were seen between the morphometrics of Marmara specimens of O...

Morphometric measurements as percentages of total length of 6 specimens of Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758), captured in the Sea of Marmara were reported. All of the analyzed proportions of landmark measurements as percentage of total length show allometry. Although, slight differences were seen between the morphometrics of Marmara specimens of O...

On 2 October 2019, a female little gulper shark, Centrophorus uyato, was captured at a depth of 150 m in the central Sea of Marmara. The species had been last documented in the region in 1991 and the capture of the present specimen occurred more than 30 years after the species’ first occurrence in this area. On 21 August 2021, a shoal of bramble sh...

An opportunistic underwater imaging study revealed a potential aggregation site in the southeastern Aegean Sea off Turkey’s coast.

Bluntnose sixgill shark, Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788), occurrs in Turkish waters from the eastern Black Sea to the eastern Mediterranean. Impacts of environmental deteriorations on bluntnose sixgill shark's distribution in the Black Sea (GSA 29), where the deep zone of the sea is permanently anoxic due to hydrogene sulphide contamination, a...

Seasonal aggregations of batoids were observed in Güllük Bay (souteastern Aegean Sea) based on opportunistic underwater observations between the years of 2014-2022. Torpedo marmorata, Glaucostegus cemiculus, Dasyatis pastinaca, Gymnura altavela and Aetomylaeus bovinus were observed in the study area. The most observed species is G. altavela (n=65)...

Seasonal aggregations of batoids were observed in Güllük Bay (souteastern Aegean Sea) based on op-portunistic underwater observations between the years of 2014-2022. Torpedo marmorata, Glaucostegus cemiculus, Dasyatis pastinaca, Gymnura altavela and Aetomylaeus bovinus were observed in the study area. The most observed species is G. altavela (n=65)...

Life history traits of 17 species of sharks occurring in the Sea of Marmara were analysed based on Gower’s distances, Principal Coordinate Analyses, and hierarchical clustering. The analysis shows that the sharks of the Sea of Marmara can ecologically be divided into several clusters. The increasing occurrence of sharks on the Marmara continental s...

On 2 April 2022, a kitefin shark, Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788), was incidentally captured by a commercial bottom trawler off Taşucu coast (northeastern Levant), over a mixed mud-sand bottom and at a depth of nearly 550 m. It measured 373 mm in total length and 190 g in undressed weight. The healing birthmark, which was visible on the ventral s...

The occurrence of Carcharodon carcharias in Turkish waters has been reported since the end of the 19th century. A total of 77 records of great white shark have been compiled from 1881 to 2020. The available data suggest that the species occurs in Turkish waters throughout the year. The occurrences of adult specimens have shown a remarkable decrease...

On 19 May 2022, a specimen of Centrophorus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810) was incidentally hooked by a commercial longliner at a depth of 140 m in the Gulf of Antalya (northeastern Mediterranean Sea). It was an immature female with a total length of 663 mm and a total weight of 1,505 g. The reproductive tract was thin and threadlike. Remains of teleostea...

Oxynotus centrina is considered a rare or uncommon shark species throughout its distribution range. Because of this reason, it is one of the 46 uncommon elasmobranchs in the Mediterranean Sea, which requires filling the knowledge gaps, such as length-weight relations. Based on the analysis of 34 angular rough sharks, the length-weight relations (LW...

This study presents the morphometric measurements of young individuals of Carcharhinus altimus (Springer, 1950), C. obscurus (Lesueur, 1818), and C. plumbeus (Nardo, 1827). These data provide valuable information on the morphometry of the populations of the three species in the northeastern Levant.

A total of 15 specimens of Squatina oculata were incidentally caught in the Aegean and Mediterranean waters of Turkey between 1998 and 2018. The largest individual among them measured 95 cm in TL and 6000 g in TW. On the basis of the examined individuals, the a and b parameters of S. oculata in Turkish waters were found to be 0.003 and 3.27, respec...

Among the 14 species of sharks occurring in the Sea of Marmara, bathidemersal species, which spend most of the day in bathyal depths over continental slopes or in trenches, constitute approximately 43% (6 species) of the sharks in the region. These species are: Hexanchus griseus, Echinorhinus brucus, Oxynotus centrina, Centrophorus cf. uyato, Dalat...

Sharks are one of the most threatened groups of marine animals because of high exploitation rates coupled with low resilience to fishing pressure. We provide information on the current status of the young sharks caught in fishing nets in Iskenderun and Mersin Bays in the eastern Mediterranean, based on fishery-dependent surveys conducted between 20...

An immature male specimen of Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron, 1839) was caught by a commercial long-liner off Samandağ coast (Iskenderun Bay, northeastern Levant Sea, Turkey), on 2nd of November, 2021. This record is the fourth observation of this species in Turkey. Monitoring the coastal occurrences of the silky shark throughout its distribution...

Artisanal Diver is a professional adventure literature in which collector diving, whose roots go back to the dawn of civilization, is told, and academic language is blended with sailor conversation. In Artisanal Diver, Hakan Kabasakal described this challenging and yet epic profession, as he called it, "the profession of the brave", with a blend of...

Three previously unpublished records of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), in Turkish waters were discovered through social media and internet data mining. Two of the individuals were recorded in the Sea of Marmara and the third in Edremit Bay (northeastern Aegean Sea). Understanding the historical occurrence and abunda...

Available data reveal that the current shark fauna of the Turkish waters includes 37 confirmed species: Hexanchus griseus, Heptranchias perlo, Echinorhinus brucus, Squalus acanthias, S. blainvillei, Centrophorus cf. uyato, Etmopterus spinax, Somniosus rostratus, Oxynotus centrina, Dalatias licha, Squatina aculeata, S. oculata, S. squatina, Carchari...

On October 18, 2021, a whale shark Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828 was sighted off the coast of Samandağ (Hatay city, Turkey, NE Mediterranean Sea), by a commercial long-liner. With the addition of R. typus, the total number of Mediterranean shark species recorded to date has increased to 51. The changing conditions of the Mediterranean will show wheth...

Kentin sokaklarında köpekbalıklarının izinde bir yolculuk...

A new action plan for Critically endangered angel sharks in Turkey

A short video recorded by a resident on 22 October 2020, on the Tisan-Yeşilovacık coast (northeastern Medi-terranean), revealed the intentional stranding of a large specimen of Prionace glauca in order to pursue prey. Intentional stranding is a hunting strategy that differs from the blue shark’s usual feeding behaviour; however, the reported event...

A young individual of Isurus oxyrinchus was caught by a commercial longline off Dana Island (Mersin Bay, northeastern Mediterranean Sea) at a depth of 72 m on May 18th 2020. Morphometric measurements of the specimen were recorded and its photographs were taken. The examined specimen is now being preserved in the Museum of Systematics at Faculty of...

On 26th of December 2019, a sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827), was incidentally captured by a stationary-net, deployed nearly 40 m of depth, off Arsuz coast. Because of the presence of a partially healed birth mark, examined sandbar shark was considered as young-of-the-year specimen. Arsuz coast and in a broad perspective Iskenderu...

This is a case study of integrating historical data, folk knowledge and contemporary survey findings to provide a better understanding of a little-known shark species, Squatina squatina, of which our current knowledge is mostly based on opportunistic research on sporadic specimens. Collected data show the beginning of a clear decline of the species...

On 6 June 2021, a specimen of Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758), was sighted off Balat coast (Golden Horn, Istanbul Strait, Turkey). In the current IUCN Red List assessment of G. galeus, it is considered as a "Critically Endangered" species in the Mediterranean Sea. In accordance with the current fisheries law numbered 1380, G. galeus is under fu...

In the late 1950s, a white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), was incidentally captured by tuna handliners off the coast of Burgazada. Currently, 58 white sharks have been reported from Turkish waters, which represents some 7.5 percent of the total Mediterranean records (n=773). The decrease in white shark sightings from the Sea of Mar...

On 14 June 2020, a leucistic white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), was sighted by two recreational fishermen in the waters of Saros Bay, off the coast of Enez. The eyes of the individual were dark pigmented. The apex of the sighted white shark was narrowly rounded and a broad unpigmented white area was seen extending from the base o...

On 8 June 2020, a young-of-the-year (YOY) white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), measuring 155 cm total length, was incidentally gillnetted off the Kumkale coast, at the southern end of the Dardanelles. The captures of this and other specimens highlight the potential importance of the northeastern Aegean Sea as a nursery grounds for...

On 9 April 2019, a single female specimen of Alopias superciliosus Lowe, 1841 was incidentally captured by a commercial purse seiner at an approximate depth of 20 m, off the coast of Çevlik, İskenderun Bay, Turkey. The present specimen is the largest to be captured in northeastern Levantine Sea to date, and one of the largest specimens, approaching...

Whenever a conversation starts on the great white shark, the term “monster” has always been the most frequently used statement to describe this magnificent but misunderstood predatory fish. Agreement with the Monster, was written in the light of current knowledge to summarise the lessons we have learned from the great white shark, whose existence w...

Between 1 July 2008 and 14 April 2018, five young-of-the-year (YOY) (TL range 85-175 cm) and six juvenile (TL range 180-300 cm) white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) were caught off the Turkish coast of the Aegean Sea. The mean length + standard deviation of YOY and juvenile white sharks were 138.1+34 cm and 206.6+46 cm, respectively. The YOY white...

On 26 August 2019, two commercial divers, who were diving for the routine check and cleaning of the separate aquaculture net cages, were attacked by several sandbar sharks, Carcharhinus plumbeus. Seven to 8 specimens of sharks attacked the divers, while they were cleaning the entangled dead farmed ishes from outside of the cages. Although, the sea...

Following a survey of the internet-based media sources, 268 specimens of sharks representing 10 families, 16 species, as well as 2 genera, were identified from Turkish seas. The majority of the identified species is composed by the records of the bluntnose sixgill shark, H. griseus (51.8%; 139 out of 268 specimens), and followed by the common thres...

The Mediterranean Large Elasmobranchs Monitoring (MEDLEM) database contains over 3000 records (more than 4000 individuals) of large elasmobranch species from 20 different countries around the Mediterranean and Black seas, observed from 1666 to 2017. The main species included in the archive are the devil fish (1 813 individuals), the basking shark (...

On 11 March 2019, a female specimen of Odontaspis ferox, was incidentally caught by a commercial bottom trawler, towed at the depths between 100 to 120 m, in Antalya Bay. Total length of the specimen was 400 cm. Based on the recent Red List assessment of Mediterranean elasmobranchs, O. ferox is a rare and endangered shark species. Capture of the ma...

A review of shark research in Turkish waters

Between January 2016 and April 2018, 3 juvenile great white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758), were incidentally captured in the coastal waters of the Turkish Aegean Sea. Journeys of young-of-the-year (YOY) and juvenile specimens can increase the risk of their encountering fshing gears if the specimens head for regions where the fsher...

2 Sharks in this article provided from me i have another photos and also i have further information about what happened to sharks including 1 video I strongly believe its so helpful article for Turkish and Mediterranean Great White Sharks Erdi Bayri

A booklet on the life history of the bluntnose sixgill shark, Hexanchus griseus, caught in Turkish waters

Observations carried out in the seas of Turkey between 1990 and August 2015, allowed to record in the area 392 large sharks including 10 families, 13 genera and 18 species. Hexanchus griseus was the predominant species, comprising 169 specimens and 43.2% of total captures. Analyses on the periodicity of the captures of large sharks from the seas of...

Between 23 November 2015 and 10 May 2017, 11 deep-sea sharks representing 3 families and 3 species were incidentally captured by commercial fi shermen in the shelf waters of the Sea of Marmara. These species were: the bluntnose sixgill shark, Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788), the bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788), and the an...

An old record of shortfi n mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, is discussed based on the set of upper and lower jaws dissected from a specimen caught off the İzmir Peninsula, central Aegean Sea, Turkey, which is now on display at the Kuşadası fi sh market. The specimen was captured as bycatch by a purse-seiner in the early 1990s. Based on the lower jaw...

A male shortfin mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus was caught on April 8, 2016, in the coastal waters of the Bay of Edremit by a commercial fisherman using nets at the depths between 20 and 25 m. The specimen measured 74.7 cm in total lenght and weighed 2.75 kg. Its claspers were uncalcified , soft and shorter than the pelvic fins, revealing that it was...

The oldest records on the sharks of the Sea of Marmara are limited to a few notes on two great white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, which were caught in the southern part of the Bosphorus Strait by the bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) handliners in February and November of 1881 (Fergusson, 1996: Appendix 3, 345). A review of the shark-specific or ge...

Our current knowledge on the carcharhinid sharks occurring in Turkey's seas comprises rudimentary data. Recently discovered photographic evidence suggests that Carcharhinus spp. have been present in the Sea of Marmara since the 1950s. This evidence also extends the known historical distributional range of Carcharhinus spp. into Marmaric waters, a n...

Review of the available literature and the results of the present study revealed that 17 specimens of Isurus oxyrinchus were caught between 1950 and 2013. Nine (52.9%) of these verified 17 catches were recorded after 2000. Catches of I. oxyrinchus off Turkey's coast include specimens ranging from new-borns (65 cm total length) to huge adults (585 c...

On 19 September 2014, a great white shark was incidentally caught by a stationary net set off Yeni Foça (38° 46′ 40″ N, 26° 53′ 40″ E), which was deployed for lobster fishing. The great white shark measured approximately 200 cm and weighed 40 kg. It was a juvenile male with uncalcified claspers, which were shorter than the pelvic fins.

Based on field surveys and available literature, 88 specimens of Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758), were recorded from Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean seas, between the late 1800’s and October 2012. Sixty-four specimens (72%) were recorded in the Aegean Sea, followed by 19 records (21.5%) from the Sea of Marmara and 5 records (5.6%) from the Med...

In August 1998, a picture of a spinner shark, Carcharhinus brevipinna (Müller & Henle, 1839) was taken by an amateur group of divers at a depth of 3 m in Boncuk Bay (Gókova Bay, south Aegean Sea). Photographic evidence of this shark in Boncuk Bay contributes to our knowledge about the historical distribution of the species in Turkish waters. C. bre...

Thirteen shark attacks were recorded in Turkey’s waters between 1931 and 1983. Ten out of the 13 attacks (76.9 %) occurred in the Sea of Marmara, and were followed by 2 attacks recorded in the Mediterranean and 1 attack in the Aegean Sea. In 7 attacks (53.8 %) targets were the fishing boats, of which 6 of them were boats of tuna handliners, while 6...

It is presented the analyses on the MEDLEM (Mediterranean Large Elasmobranchs Monitoring) database that, up to now, contains more than 2000 records and over 2700 individuals of large elasmobranchs in the Mediterranean coming from 20 different countries. The main species represented in the archive are devil rays (736 individuals), basking sharks (ab...

Forty-six individuals of Carcharodon carcharias were either recorded or sighted in Turkey's waters during a period from February 1881 to 28 September 2011. Total lengths (TLs) of the recorded great white sharks ranged from 85 cm TL to ~800 cm TL, and mass ranged between 12 kg and ~4500 kg. Three non-fatal shark attacks on boats of tuna hand-liners...

On 4 January 2014, a female specimen of Squatina squatina was entangled in trammel-net, at a depth of about 50 m. The specimen was 174 cm long (total length) and weighed approximately 35 kg. The recent single capture of S. squatina in the southeastern Sea of Marmara confirms the contemporary presence of the species in this landlocked small marine r...

Status of the bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre,1788), in the seas of Turkey has always been a point of debate until early 2000’s. With the addition of 7 recent records from the seas of Turkey, which constitues the 22.5 percent of the historical and contemporary records of the bramble shark from entire Mediterranean Sea, 31 individuals...

Based on recent biodiversity studies carried out in different parts of the Mediterranean, the following 19 species are included as new records on the floral or faunal lists of the relevant ecosystems: the green algae Penicillus capitatus (Maltese waters); the nemertean Amphiporus allucens (Iberian Peninsula, Spain); the salp Salpa maxima (Syria); t...

Extremely low number of records off Turkish coast from 1950’s to date confirmed the rarity of Cetorhinus maximus in Turkish waters. A specific scientific monitoring program accompanied by zooplankton surveys should be implemented as soon as possible to figure out the seasonal movements of C. maximus in the mentioned region to answer the question wh...

We report on the recent captures of the bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus, from the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. A short description is given. Based on available data, current status of the species in the Sea of Marmara is discussed.

A female great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, was caught by a tuna hand-liner in the Bosphorus Strait, in late March 1968. Its total length was estimated to be 551 cm and precaudal length 433 cm. Carcharodon carcharias now seems to be extinct from the Sea of Marmara due to the decline of tuna populations in the Marmaric waters.

During the last 58 years only 12 angular rough sharks have been recorded in Turkish waters. Rare captures of the species in the area indicate a need for immediate action to be taken for the con-servation of O. centrina. To protect the habitat of O. centrina, strict regulations should be imple-mented regarding diving in the localities where angular...

The provenance of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the Mediterranean is both a conundrum and an important conservation issue. Considering this species's propensity for natal philopatry, any evidence that the Mediterranean stock has little or no contemporary immigration from the Atlantic would suggest that it is extraordinarily vulnerable. T...