Hafiza Aishah Hashim

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Hafiza verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

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• Bachelor of Accountancy (Hons), Master of Accounting (International Accounting and Financial Management), Doctor of Philosophy (Accounting)
• Professor at University of Malaysia, Terengganu

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in national economic growth and contribute significantly to GDP, acting as the backbone of economies in competitive markets. However, ethical issues in SMEs are often overlooked compared to those in large organisations due to limited public financial exposure and minimal media coverage....

This study investigates the impact of board characteristics and bank-specific factors on audit quality in Indian listed banks. The sample size consists of 38 banks listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange. The data cover 10 years from 2010 to 2019. The study utilizes logistic panel regressions to estimate the findings. The results reveal that board inde...

This study assesses the effect of the board of directors' attributes, environmental committee (EC), and institutional ownership (IO) on carbon disclosure quality (CDQ) from the perspectives of legitimacy and agency theories in Malaysia. This study collects and analyzes data based on 1000 observations of firms from carbon‐intensive industries from 2...

With a sample of 679 listed firms, integrating the event study method and cross‐sectional analysis, we examine the stock market reaction to mandatory sustainability reporting regulation in India. We find that (1) on average, investors react positively to such announcements; (2) the impact varies across different sectors; (3) affected and unaffected...

This study explores the interconnections among industrialization, urbanization, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and carbon emissions (CO2e) across 31 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries from 1998 to 2020. In addition, it analyzes how education moderates these relationships. This study employs CO2e as the explaine...

The study aims to analyze the impact of environmental, social, and governance performance (ESGP) on firm performance (FP) in the Gulf countries. Furthermore, this study examines how the number of female members on the board affects the relationship between ESGP and FP. This study uses balanced panel data of 424 firm‐year observations from 106 Gulf...

Purpose This study aims to comprehensively understand market reactions to Bursa Malaysia's announcement on mandatory climate-change-related disclosures, exploring sector-specific dynamics and cross-sectional influences. Design/methodology/approach The study uses event study methodology on 412 listed firms to analyze market reactions around the ann...

This study investigates the influence of board attributes and environmental teams on environmental and sustainability performance. The study uses panel data of a sample of 8,094 Asian and European corporations from 2016 to 2021. The findings reveal that board attributes positively influence sustainability performance, except for frequent meetings a...

This review paper aims to outline the nature and key features of environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure and identify the real outcomes associated with the transition to mandatory ESG disclosure. In addition, it highlights the challenges surrounding mandatory ESG disclosure and provides beneficial recommendations to improve the compul...

The paper investigates the moderating effect of CEO race on the relationship between CEO masculinity and company performance. The sample includes 260 companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia for the period from 2009 to 2019. Data extracted for 405 unique CEOs from different races (Malay, Chinese, Indian, and others). The paper uses two indicators of...

Purpose This study aims to investigate whether sustainability disclosures (SD) can improve financial, operational and market performance for businesses in Jordan. This research is based on the idea that firms that are open and transparent about their sustainability efforts tend to perform better than their competitors. Design/methodology/approach...

The present research endeavors to examine the moderating effect of firm size on the relationship between the tenure of the audit committee chair and the board of directors with sustainability disclosure. Data from 592 non-financial firms listed on the ASE from 2014 to 2021 were analyzed. The findings indicated that a longer tenure of a board of dir...

This article presents a comprehensive dataset extracted from published annual, sustainability and integrated reports, focusing on environmental (GRI300) and social (GRI400) disclosures, for the top 100 Malaysian public listed companies (based on Market Capitalization as of 31 December 2016). The dataset covers three years (2018 to 2020) with 300 fi...

A growing number of incidents concerning ethical misbehavior in business have recently attracted substantial attention in Malaysia. Despite the country’s declaration of a strong corporate governance policy, bolstered by the Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance (MCCG), unethical behaviors and a lack of integrity within corporations remain a concer...

The study proposes to examine how environmental, social and governance disclosure (ESG) affect the financial performance (FP) of Indian firms. Furthermore, it aims to evaluate the moderation impact of CEO power (CEOP) on the association between ESG on the FP. The study’s target population is all firms indexed in NIFTY 100, representing the top one...

Abstract: This paper focuses on the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance in the case of Jordan as developing country, despite the evolution of the national economy and the government’s efforts to attract foreign and domestic investment in order to merge at the global economy and to stimulate firms to perform better, the pe...

The study aims to identify the elements of ethical culture being implemented in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. The method used for this study was a phenomenological approach with a purposive sampling method. The research was conducted through interviews with managers from 11 SMEs in Malaysia, which included micro, small and medium...

The study aims to investigate the relationship between ownership structure (OS) and financial performance (FP) in non-financial listed companies operating in Oman and the UAE, using panel data from 2012 to 2021. The results revealed that Tobin’s Q (TQ) is positively and significantly affected by managerial ownership and family ownership. In additio...

This study aims to investigate the mediating role of sustainability disclosure in the relationship between board gender diversity and performance of the firm in the non-financial listed on Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). Using data from Jordan listed firms in ASE for the period of 2014–2018, the direct effect between board gender diversity on firm perf...

Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship between the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs’) masculinity, CEO characteristics (accounting background, turnover and ethnicity/race) and earnings management (EM) in Malaysia. It also examined the moderating effect of the CEOs’ ethnicity/race (Bumiputera and non-Bumiputera) on the relationship be...

Although integrated reporting (IR) has become a global trend for corporate disclosure in many global markets, recent studies revealed that IR is still a new concept in developing countries. Thus, this study investigates the moderating effect of organizational complexity on the relationship between the disclosure level of integrated reporting (IR) a...

Abstract: This paper focuses on the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance in the case of Jordan as developing country, despite the evolution of the national economy and the government’s efforts to attract foreign and domestic investment in order to merge at the global economy and to stimulate firms to perform better, the pe...

The study explores the ethical practices and the attributes of financial reporting quality among the Malaysian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The study employed phenomenological approach and purposive sampling with a face-to-face interview approach. Seven external accountants working for the Malaysian accounting firms have been intervie...

This paper focuses on the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance in the case of Jordan as a developing country. Despite the evolution of the national economy, the government's efforts to attract foreign and domestic investment in order to merge at the global economy, and the stimulation of firms to perform better, the perfor...

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This study explores the role of religiosity in external whistleblowing intention by extending the attitude-behavioural-context (ABC) theory to the whistleblowing context in Malaysia. A Muslim has the responsibility to report any wrongdoing in their organisation to protect public interest, as part of am...

Masculinity was measured using the facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) and testosterone hormone levels (TESTN). The present study uses a panel data of 260 corporates listed in Bursa Malaysia over the period from 2009 to 2019 with final sample 2860 observations. Python/code was used to measure fWHR and predict testosterone according to the age of CE...

The present study aimed to examine whether CEO facial masculinity and CEO characteristics help in predicting earnings management (EM). The analyses were based on a panel data of 260 companies listed in Bursa Malaysia over the period 2009 to 2019 with a final sample of 2860 observations. Panel data analysis with fixed effect model was utilized to es...

Purpose This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of external financing needs on the relationship between the disclosure level of integrated reporting (IR) and firm value using evidence from Egypt. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a panel regression analysis for a matched sample of 50 companies listed on the Egyptian Stock Ex...

The purpose of this study is to determine the elements of ethical culture that are being practised in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia and to investigate the obstacles and opportunities that exist in the way of putting ethical culture into practise in SMEs. This research also discovered some ethical dilemmas that are dominant in SMEs...

This study investigates whether institutional investors moderate the relationship between ethical commitment and financial performance amongst Malaysian companies. Through the role of institutional investors, the external monitoring mechanism is expected to reduce the cost associated with the agency problem amongst Malaysian companies, as shown by...

Purpose This paper aims to examine the impact of corporate governance (CG) on sustainability disclosure (SD) from the perspectives of resource dependence, agency and stakeholder theories in the context of Jordan. Design/methodology/approach The analyses were based on 405 observations from non-financial firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange, spa...

This study aims to investigate the relationship between corporate governance (CG) compliance and corporate performance in Jordan. We develop a corporate governance index (CGI) and investigate its impact on firms’ performance. The index consists of 32 unique internal governance attributes that were built based on Jordanian governance Code. This stud...

Purpose – This study aimed to investigate the effect of sustainability disclosure (SD) as a mediator for the relationship between corporate governance (CG) and the performance of firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). Design/methodology/approach – The study analysed 405 reports of firms listed on the ASE from 2014 to 2018. The direct and i...

We have examined whether institutional ownership and family control in Malaysia are linked to capital spending. Using panel data from 220 listed companies in Malaysia, we showed that institutional ownership is positively associated with capital expenditure (CAPEX). Consistent with institutional investors’ monitoring role in corporate governance, th...

Following the significant changes in climate change and capital market policies, the present study had examined if the audit committee (AC) effectiveness influences the reporting practice of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions among the Malaysian public listed companies. Given that GHG emissions are part of corporate reporting, the reporting practice of...

Purpose This study aims to examine the roles of perceived organisational support (POS), attitude and self-efficacy in understanding the external whistleblowing intentions among senior auditors through the lens of stimulus–organism–response theory. Design/methodology/approach This study uses data from 119 senior auditors in audit firms in Malaysia....

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine whether Hofstede’s cultural dimensions have a significant relationship with ethical decision-making among tax practitioners while performing their duties in ensuring tax compliance among taxpayers. Design/methodology/approach A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from tax practitioner...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a review of literature on fraud with a specific focus on small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Specifically, it aims to provide further knowledge on recent developments in fraud research and offers suggestions for future research. Design/Methodology/Approach This paper systematically reviews the fraud...

A rising number of cases involving ethical misconduct within firms have of late received considerable attention in Malaysia. Despite the country's declaring having a strong corporate governance policy, strengthened through the Code of Ethics for Company Directors and Malaysia Code of Corporate Governance, the unethical practices and lack of integri...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the influence of audit committee characteristics and external audit quality on the performance of non-financial public limited companies listed on the National Stock Exchange 100. Design/methodology/approach One-way random effect panel data regression was applied to 74 non-financial firms in the Nift...

Objective - A rising number of cases involving ethical misconduct within firms have of late received considerable attention in Malaysia. Despite the country's declaring having a strong corporate governance policy, strengthened through the Code of Ethics for Company Directors and Malaysia Code of Corporate Governance, unethical practices, and lack o...

Purpose This study aims to investigate external auditors’ whistleblowing intentions by applying the moderated multicomponent of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), incorporating perceived organizational support (POS) and provides insights on the moderating effect of moral norm on the relationship between attitude and internal whistleblowing inte...

Purpose This paper aims to examine the effect of the imposition of public reprimands on the underlying stock prices of companies in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Data on 148 companies that received public reprimands during the period from 2007 to 2013 were collected from the Bursa Malaysia website to analyse the market reactions to the imp...

Purpose – This study aims to assess the effect of director board and audit committee attributes and ownership structure on firm performance. In general, resource dependency and agency theories have underlined the superior performance of firms equipped with stronger Corporate Governance (CG) versus those of deficient governance. Concurrently, the st...

Purpose This study examines the perception and attitudes of academicians regarding factors that influence the commercialization of university research. Design/methodology/approach The data sample was drawn using a proportionate stratified sampling approach. A self-administered survey was used to obtain data regarding the perception of academicians...

This paper aims to empirically investigate firms’ earnings management (EM) behaviour, representing an issue in the realm of corporate financial reporting. Specifically, it explores the strategic roles of two common governance elements of ownership (managerial, institutional and family) and external audit in shaping the firms’ EM behaviour based on...

This paper examines corporate disclosures related to ethical practices by publicly listed companies in Malaysia. The aim of this study is to determine the level of corporate commitment towards ethical conduct to see whether the highest standards of business ethics are upheld in the Malaysian corporate sector. This issue needs attention since corpor...

Purpose Despite various regulatory frameworks to combat unethical conduct, fraud and corruption remain alarmingly high. While whistleblowing is an important mechanism to identify and prevent unethical conduct, there is a lack of empirical studies on this issue in the Malaysian context, especially whistleblowing within the audit firms. Therefore, th...

This study investigates the corporate governance (CG) practices in one of the emerging markets with special reference to the non-financial firms in Jordan. It develops an un-weighted CG Index for non-financial firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) during the period (2012-2017). The usefulness of the model is demonstrated with a specific co...

Purpose A number of highly publicised scandals such as Enron, Lehman Brothers, Parmalat, Satyam, Toshiba and 1MDB (to name a few) have heightened the awareness of the effects of fraudulent financial reporting. While enormous measures have been taken to curb the fraudulent activities among large and small businesses, the issues are still alarming wo...

This article covers comprehensive data on firm-level corporate governance practices as imposed by the Jordan Securities Commission (JSC). The study includes panel data for 95 non-financial Jordanian listed firms (industrial and service sector) in Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). The time frame used for this study is from 2012 to 2017. Data presented wer...

Panel dataset in this article contains information on the ethical commitment disclosures of Malaysian publicly listed companies. The data presented is related to the research article entitled “Ethical Practice Disclosure of Malaysian Public Listed Companies” [1]. In examining the level of ethical commitment disclosures, content analysis is performe...

The purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, it attempts to examine the impact of ownership structure on credit risk. Secondly, it analyses the effect of macroeconomic factors in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The data was analysed using the panel data regression for both listed GCC Islamic and conventional banks for the period of...

Purpose This paper aims to identify the effects of some corporate governance (CG) mechanisms and Shariah Supervisory Board (SSB) strength on the voluntary use of internal audit function (IAF) by Islamic banks in Sudan. Design/methodology/approach Based on Agency and Stakeholder Theories, this paper hypothesizes that IAF is likely used by Islamic b...

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between ethical values and performance in the context of the banking sector in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Based on the philanthropic model, this study posits that firms undertaking zakat and charity are ethical firms. Zakat disclosure index (ZDI) and charity disclosure...

Since the world was shocked by the global financial crisis in 2008, government bodies and regulators around the world have focused on reforming their corporate governance (CG) structure, as it is strongly believed that weak CG monitoring mechanisms contributed to the financial crisis. The concerns about CG issues and agency conflict in Malaysia's c...

The Malaysian corporate environment has been shocked by corporate scandals and poor performance among government-related companies, such as 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), Lembaga Tabung Haji (LTH), Felda Global Ventures (FGV) and Khazanah Nasional Berhad (KHAZANAH). Despite having strong corporate governance and being strengthened through Mal...

Purpose This paper aims to examine the association between new audit committee characteristics – attendance of audit committee members at meetings and changes of members through the demission or appointment of members of the audit committee during the year – and earnings management. Its objective is to contribute new evidence that extends studies...

Manuscript type: Research paper. Research aims: This study aims to examine how the individual effect of company-level ownership structure and the joint-effect of company-level ownership structure with country-level Internet penetration, can impact on Internet Financial Reporting (IFR). Design/ Methodology/ Approach: An index consisting of 35 IFR it...

This paper focuses on a well-known issue in the finance literature: the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance. Good corporate governance practices have many benefits for both firms and investors, primarily in terms of improved firm performance. However, in the case of Jordan, despite the evolution of the national economy at...

This study explores the role of business ethics towards corporate wealth creation and sustainable performance. In the context of Malaysia, the importance of committing to following the highest ethical standards is evidenced by the recommendations and guidelines imposed through the Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance (MCCG) 2012. The perspective...

This study reviews the literature on the role of voluntary disclosure on information asymmetry and its impact on the cost of capital. Specifically, it explores the recent developments in research related to voluntary disclosure, information asymmetry and cost of capital. The review focuses on information asymmetry in mitigating the relationship bet...

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between Islamic work ethic (IWE) and ethical decision making (EDM). This study was done on the accounting staff of public universities in the state of Terengganu, Malaysia. Previous audit reports indicated multiple wastage resulting from manipulation and exploitation of loopholes in the gover...

This study conducts an analysis of interaction effect between corporate governance and CAMEL framework (capital adequacy, asset quality, management competency, earning quality, liquidity) toward bank performance in Malaysia. The study highlights the corporate governance as a moderator to CAMEL framework in enhancing the bank performance. Additional...

There is a limited study on banking institution in Malaysia, especially the ones related to the corporate governance reporting of banks. The main objective of this study is to develop the Malaysian Bank Governance Reporting Score (MBGRS) for banking institutions in Malaysia. In these recent years, Bank Negara Malaysia has issued guidelines on corpo...

Purpose The main aim of this study is to analyse the financial ratio (i.e. financial leverage, profitability, asset composition, liquidity and capital turnover ratio) in detecting fraudulent financial reporting (FFR). Design/methodology/approach The logit model was used to identify firms that are related to FFR. The sample firms that engage in fra...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the validity of the hypothetical expectation of higher corporate governance disclosure and corporate social responsibility disclosure in Islamic banks. Islamic banks are expected to have higher corporate governance disclosure and corporate social responsibility disclosure levels due to the unique characte...

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is any difference in the association among the board of directors, audit committee effectiveness and the cost of debt between the family- and non-family-owned companies in the Sultanate of Oman. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a panel data set that has multiple observa...

We examine the association between the incidence of accounting irregularities and aggressive tax reporting. We use Beneish's M-score model to measure accounting irregularities and effective tax rates (ETR) to measure tax aggressiveness. Based on analysis of publicly listed Malaysian firms from 2008 to 2011, we find a positive but not significant re...

The banking sector in Malaysia suffered a bitter experience during the Asian financial crisis. Because of the crisis, many researchers across the globe attempted to better measure bank performance. This study highlights the evaluation of bank performance, including both domestic and foreign banks in Malaysia, using the Capital adequacy, Asset quali...

This paper is aimed at examining whether or not family control can influence board of directors’ effectiveness and thereby affect the cost of debt in the Sultanate of Oman. This paper reports the results from a hierarchical regression analysis based on 476 observations of firms listed on the Muscat Securities Market for the period 2005-2011. The pa...

This paper provides evidence on the link amongst governance, tax avoidance and fi rm value. We examine whether tax avoidance is associated with fi rm value and whether the strength of such relation is dependent on the quality of governance. We employ Effective Tax Rates (ETR) to measure tax avoidance and the Malaysia Corporate Governance (MCG) Inde...

—This paper presents financial reporting issues surrounding Related Party Transactions (RPTs). While RPTs can be value-enhancing for companies, those that are used to expropriate shareholders' wealth may need to be shielded by accounting irregularities. We discuss the theoretical link between RPTs and accounting irregularities and review evidence o...

This study examines whether family ownership control moderate the monitoring effectiveness of independent boards. Unlike developed countries such as the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US), which have a dispersed ownership structure, Malaysian firms have a more concentrated ownership structure where family ownership control is more commo...

This paper provides evidence on the motives for directors to manage earnings. Adapting theory of reasoned actions, we examine three different motives (i.e. altruistic, speculative, and pressure from affiliated parties) for directors to manage earnings. We find that the primary motive for directors to be involved in earnings management activity is d...

This paper reviews the existing requirement on related party transactions (RPTs) disclosure in the Malaysian context and discusses issues surrounding such disclosure. As there are two conflicting effects of RPTs, sufficient information should be made available to assist investors in analyzing the risk and return of RPTs. We review prior studies and...

This paper discusses the opportunity for Malaysian public sector to increase efficiency and effectiveness through the utilisation of data mining technology. Few studies have investigated the implementation of data mining technology in Malaysia. These studies have been within the private sector. However, in the public sector there have not been any....

Historically, there have been numerous fraud cases in which firms, which were experiencing financial difficulties or having problems in the management of their earnings, were caught cheating in the preparation of their financial reports. Thus, the motivation of this action must be identified in order to solve this problem. This study adapts the the...

This study examines the relationship between institutional ownership in Malaysia and the quality of reported earnings. Given the typically significant stake and unique position of influence, participation from active institutional investors is said to provide an effective monitoring role in the companies in which they invested. Using the accrual qu...