Guy Hallman

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Entomologist at Phytosanitation

The scarcity of phytosanitary treatment options for polyphagous pests of the Zeugodacus tau complex poses a quarantine risk for importing countries. Owing to the unresolved taxonomy and a limited number of cold treatment schedules available for this group, we tested whether populations of the Z. tau complex infesting Citrus sinensis differ in their...

Phytosanitary irradiation (PI) has been successfully used to disinfest fresh commodities and facilitate international agricultural trade. Critical aspects that may reduce PI efficacy must be considered to ensure the consistency and effectiveness of approved treatment schedules. One factor that can potentially reduce PI efficacy is irradiation under...

Los tratamientos fitosanitarios más utilizados para frutos infestados con huevos y larvas de moscas de la fruta son: 1) El bromuro de metilo en dosis de 48 g/m3/2 h para el caso del zapote-mamey infestado con Anastrepha serpentina y para toronja infestada con Anastrepha ludens. 2) El tratamiento por inmersión en agua caliente durante 75, 85 y 100 m...

The Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) complex is currently comprised of at least eight morphotypes, including several that are likely to be described as new species. It is critical to evaluate whether the morphotypes differ in tolerance to phytosanitary treatments. Temperatures from 0 to 3°C are used as a phytosanitary treatment for some commoditi...

Dear colleagues: This is a 1996 proceedings chapter consisting of 5 pages from a fruit fly workers meeting. The book was just published as an e-book, I understand. I do not have the e-version. As the chapter is old and short, I doubt that it is of much use to you. However, I can scan the pages from the book and load them if you still want them. Bes...

The purpose of the databases developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is to facilitate the collection and sharing of data among fruit fly workers and to provide access to information which detail findings on doses required for phytosanitary irradiation (PI), and for the purpose of ap...

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is arguably the most significant and studied quarantine pest of fresh fruits. There is well over a century of research observations on its response to cold, first as it pertains to shipment of fruits using cold temperatures to preserve fruit quality and how that may...

The mango fruit cv. 'Ataulfo' niño is an underdeveloped fruit that has a split on the back and a pronounced peak, and among the current total supply of commercialized mangoes cv. 'Ataulfo', approximately 2% are classified as 'Ataulfo' niño, which are strongly infested by Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Anastrepha obliqua Mcquart...

Phytosanitary treatments approved by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) generally are applicable worldwide without regard for the country of origin of the exported commodity. However, circumstantial evidence suggests that quarantine pests may vary in tolerance to phytosanitary treatments by geographic area. If different population...

Background: The main advantage of the commercial adoption of irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment against fruit flies is that only confirmation of the tolerance of the fruits is required because there is already a widely accepted generic dose of 150 Gy against the entire Tephritidae family. Meanwhile, the adoption of Hot Water immersion Treatme...

The use of ionizing irradiation or the use of hot water treatment (HWT) has been demonstrated as a successful commercial phytosanitary treatment during the past two decades. Several countries currently use this technology for commercial treatments to meet plant quarantine requirements. However, hydrothermal treatment has been found to significantly...

Anastrepha grandis (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is endemic to the lowland Andean region of South America and considered a quarantine pest of cucurbits by most tropical and subtropical countries outside of the infested region. Despite its regulatory significance, the only phytosanitary treatment available is a generic phytosanitary irradiation...

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is arguably the most important tephritid attacking fruits after Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). In 2003 it was found in Africa and quickly spread to most of the sub-Saharan part of the continent, destroying fruits and creating regulatory barriers to their export. The insect...

This special issue of Florida Entomologist presents the accomplishments of the Coordinated Research Project (CRP): “Development of Generic Irradiation Doses for Quarantine Treatments” of the Joint Food and Agricultural Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency Programme on Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. The overarching objective...

This special issue of Florida Entomologist presents the accomplishments of the Coordinated Research Project (CRP): “Development of Generic Irradiation Doses for Quarantine Treatments” of the Joint Food and Agricultural Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency Programme on Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. The overarching objective...

The latania scale, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a cosmopolitan and highly polyphagous species present on various hosts of economic importance. As with other scales, H. lataniae is quarantined by importing countries and a single viable insect can cause regulatory action. Ionizing irradiation is a promising phytosanita...

In Argentina the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the 2 main whitefly pest species affecting several fruit and vegetable crops. Both adults and immature stages (nymphs) are presently feeding on many commercial crops, and a single live insect can cause regulatory actions by importing countri...

To compare relative cold treatment tolerance across the economically important tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), four populations of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), and Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), eggs (in...

Phytosanitaryirradiation, the use of ionizing radiation to disinfest traded agricultural commodities of regulated pests, is a growing use of food irradiation that has great continued potential for increase in commercial application. In 2015approximately 25,000 t of fresh fruits and vegetables were irradiated globally for phytosanitary purposes. Phy...

Phytosanitary treatments disinfest traded commodities of potential quarantine pests. Phytosanitary irradiation (PI) treatments use ionizing radiation to accomplish this, and, since their international commercial debut in 2004, the use of this technology has increased by ~10% annually. Generic PI treatments (one dose is used for a group of pests and...

Phytophagous mites are often quarantine pests of traded horticultural commodities, requiring phytosanitary treatments before the commodities can be exported to geographical areas that have quarantines against them. Phytosanitary irradiation (PI) is a treatment that is increasing in use worldwide. However, there are currently few accepted PI doses f...

The advantages of using ionising irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment have been demonstrated commercially in the past two decades and several countries currently use the technology for commercial treatments to meet plant quarantine requirements. Although many countries have expressed interest in using phytosanitary irradiation (PI) and it provi...

Research on insect control should be conducted in a manner that mimics as closely as is feasible its commercial application in all of its practicably conceivable forms. When significant deviations from commercial application are used in research, the effect of the deviations on efficacy should be evaluated. Pest control techniques are sometimes bas...

The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), attacks a wide range of tree fruits in countries from Egypt to Vietnam and is occasionally trapped in the United States. Phytosanitary treatments may be required to export fruit hosts of this insect from countries where it is endemic to countries where it is absent but could become established. Thi...

Dose-response studies using probit models to find a dosage for disinfesting commodities of invasive species to meet efficacy standards are ubiquitous in the phytosanitary literature. Although these models may conceivably identify a dose requirement under ideal conditions, data from the literature often suggest poor fitting models that imply conditi...

The phytosanitary irradiation (PI) literature relating to the genus Anastrepha was analyzed to determine if it was sufficient to support a generic dose < 150 Gy (the accepted generic dose for all of Tephritidae) that could be used on fruit in areas of the tropical and subtropical Americas where only species of the genus are quarantine pests. Althou...

Phytosanitary cold treatments were tested for Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta, and White and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) using comparisons with Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Oranges were infested by puncturing holes in the peel and allowing tephritids to oviposit in the holes. The treatments were initiated when the larvae reached late third in...

The literature on ionizing irradiation of Lepidoptera is critically examined for a dose that could serve as a generic phytosanitary treatment for all eggs and larvae of that order, which contains many quarantine pests that inhibit trade in fresh agricultural commodities. The measure of efficacy used in deriving this dose is the prevention of emerge...

The efficacy of low-oxygen atmospheres using low pressure, referred to as hypobaric conditions, to kill egg and third-instar Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) in apples was investigated. Infested apples were exposed to 3.33 and 6.67 kPa in glass jars at 25 and 30 degrees C for times ranging from 3 to 120 h. Probit analyses and lethal dose ratio tests we...

The pros and cons of a generic phytosanitary irradiation dose against all Lepidoptera pupae on all commodities are discussed. The measure of efficacy is to prevent the F1 generation from hatching (F1 egg hatch) when late pupae are irradiated. More data exist for this measure than for others studied, and it is also commercially tenable (i.e., preven...

Food irradiation for prevention of food-borne illness and disinfestation of commodities of pests is increasing in a number of countries. The goal of this review is to analyze the literature and current use of irradiation to control stored product pests and suggest research to optimize its potential. Doses to prevent reproduction of stored product p...

The history of the development of generic phytosanitary irradiation (PI) treatments is discussed beginning with its initial proposal in 1986. Generic PI treatments in use today are 150 Gy for all hosts of Tephritidae, 250 Gy for all arthropods on mango and papaya shipped from Australia to New Zealand, 300 Gy for all arthropods on mango shipped from...

A large number of facilities world-wide are permitted to use ionising radiation as a food treatment. For example, at the time of writing, there are 32 facilities approved to irradiate food for the EU market. However, radiation processing in the EU is carried out to destroy harmful microorganisms in spices, as well as on pharmaceuticals, cosmetics a...

Agromyzid leafminers are economic and quarantine pests of a variety of vegetables, flowers, and ornamental foliage. Methyl bromide fumigation is often used as a phytosanitary treatment when quarantined agromyzids are found in shipped commodities; alternative treatments are sought. Ionizing radiation is a viable alternative that is increasing in use...

The cultivated and feral plants in the cotton-growing regions of Tolima, Colombia were sampled over 2 yr for infestation by Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. Four known species, subflexa, tergemina, virescens and zea, were found on 7 cultivated and 67 wild hosts. All 74 hosts except corn and grain sorghum were infested by H. virescens, although it was alm...

Irradiation has the potential to solve phytosanitary problems related to trade in South Asia. In general, it is the phytosanitary treatment most tolerated by fresh agricultural commodities. Irradiation technology is available in some countries of the region but is only used for phytosanitary purposes for mangoes in India exported to the United Stat...

Phytosanitary treatments are used to disinfest agricultural commodities of quarantine pests so that the commodities can be shipped out of quarantined areas. Ionizing irradiation is a promising phytosanitary treatment that is increasing in use worldwide. Almost 19000 metric tons of sweet potatoes and several fruits plus a small amount of curry leaf...

Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White (Diptera: Tephritidae) is spreading throughout central Africa attacking a variety of fruit; quarantines are placed on fruit from this region that are considered hosts. The only phytosanitary treatment that is commercially available is an ionizing irradiation treatment for all Tephritidae at 150 Gy. The deve...

Methyl bromide fumigation is widely used as a phytosanitary treatment. Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a quarantine pest of several fruit, including citrus (Citrus spp.), exported from Texas, Mexico, and Central America. Recently, live larvae have been found with supposedly correctly fumigated citrus fruit. Th...

Insect pests in postharvest systems in the United States of America (USA), which can include bulk grains in storage, and also the milling, processing, storage, and retail industries, account for millions of dollars of losses each year in direct and indirect costs. Insect pests in harvested fresh commodities can lead to huge economic losses due to r...

Phytosanitary irradiation (PI) treatments are promising measures to overcome quarantine barriers to trade and are currently used in several countries. Although PI has advantages compared with other treatments one disadvantage bedevils research, approval, and application: organisms may remain alive after importation. Although this does not preclude...

Some phytosanitary irradiation treatment research against tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) has used artificially infested fruit with the unstated and untested assumption that the method adequately simulated a natural situation. We compare grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macfayden, naturally infested by Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (...

Ionizing irradiation is a phytosanitary treatment that is increasing in application. The effect of low-oxygen, modified atmosphere storage on irradiation efficacy has not been addressed until recently. Hypoxia for 18 hours before irradiation until a couple of hours after irradiation reduced efficacy to varying degrees as measured by adult developme...

Ionizing radiation of fruits and vegetables, in the form of gamma rays or electron beams, is effective in overcoming quarantine barriers in trade and prolonging shelf life, but a void of information persists on ionizing radiation effects of vitamin profiles in individual foods. Baby-leaf spinach from commercial cultivars, flat-leafed 'Lazio' and cr...

The combination of heat and low levels of oxygen increases mortality to insects infesting fruit compared with either heat or low oxygen alone. This combination treatment shows promise to disinfest commodities of quarantine pests. Heated air/modified atmosphere treatments employ the modified atmosphere (e.g., low oxygen) during the entire treatment...

The decline in methyl bromide (MB) use since 1999 and phasing out of MB production by 2005 for most applications have forced the multi-billion dollar U.S. fruit and nut industries to seek alternatives for postharvest control of storage and quarantine insect pests. The need to develop effective and economically viable alternative phytosanitation and...

Physical control is one of the main approaches to crop protection against insects, the others being chemical, biological, and cultural. This chapter focuses on the physical control. Physical control methods in crop protection comprise techniques that limit pest access to the crop/commodity, induce behavioral changes, or cause direct pest damage/dea...

Adult plum curculios irradiated in a hypoxic atmosphere accomplished by flushing a cylinder with nitrogen gas were more tolerant of ionizing radiation than plum curculios irradiated in ambient atmosphere. Some hosts of plum curculio, such as apples, are stored under hypoxia. An irradiation quarantine treatment against plum curculio for apples store...

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a quarantine pest for several fresh commodities, including corn-on-the-cob, bell peppers, and green beans. Methyl bromide fumigation is the usual phytosanitary treatment, but the fumigant is under increasing regulation as a stratospheric ozone-depleting substance. Ion...

International trade of horticultural commodities has become increasingly important, but phytosanitary restrictions continue to limit its growth. Many insect pests are of quarantine importance in different regions in the world because they are either absent from an importing region in the same country or a different country, or the importing region...

In theory, IPM programs should be an optimal blend of science (knowledge) and technologies – used concomitantly or sequentially – to manage pests below an economic injury level. There are five main approaches available to achieve that goal: chemical control (synthetic and naturally derived), biological control (predators, parasitoids and pathogens)...

Ionizing irradiation is used as a phytosanitary treatment against quarantine pests. A generic treatment of 400 Gy has been approved for commodities entering the United States against all insects except pupae and adults of Lepidoptera because some literature citations indicate that a few insects, namely, the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealell...

Irradiation postharvest phytosanitary treatments are used increasingly and show further promise because of advantages compared with other treatments. Its chief disadvantage is that, unlike all other commercially used treatments, it does not provide acute mortality, although it prevents insects from completing development or reproducing. The objecti...

A significant amount of the world's economy is based upon the international trade of agricultural produce. For the producing countries, a growing concern is the potential economic and ecological damage that invasive species could cause. While threats can be decreased through the regulation of items potentially carrying invasive species, the effect...

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book comprises 13 chapters discussing pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers; agricultural warfare and bioterrorism using invasive species; managing risk of pest introduction; and postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation.

This book, which consists of 13 chapters, provides fundamental and up-to-date published information on thermal treatments for the management of postharvest pests associated with agricultural commodity structures. Specific topics that are covered include: (i) regulatory issues for quarantine and phytosanitary treatments; (ii) basic information on te...

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is one of the most important quarantine pests in the world. Host commodities shipped from infested parts of the world to non-infested parts that might be susceptible to infestation should undergo a phytosanitary measure to render negligible the risk of shipping viable flies. Ionizing irra...

Potatoes are stored to ensure a continuous supply; however, losses due to shrinkage and sprouting can be large. It is believed that low-dose ionizing irradiation will become more prominent for sprout inhibition due to the increasingly higher operating costs of low-temperature storage and the possible phase-out of chemical sprout inhibitors. The eff...

The external and internal quality of 'Fuyu' persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki L.) was evaluated after heating with radiofrequency (RF) energy to 48, 50, or 52 degrees C, holding at the target temperatures for durations ranging from 0.5 to 18 minutes, hydrocooling, and ripening at 20 degrees C for 12 days. These treatment conditions were identified fo...

Regulatory animal and plant protection strives to safeguard agricultural species from pests, diseases, and competition from foreign non-beneficial species. The traditional concern for protecting only economic species (crops, livestock, grazing lands) has recently been broadened to include endangered native species and ecosystems in general, upon th...

Low pressure, or vacuum, can kill insects by achieving a low oxygen atmosphere. Previous work with life stages of several stored product insect species showed that a vacuum of 50 mm Hg, equivalent to 1-2% oxygen, can kill tolerant eggs and pupae between 12-200 h at temperatures from 37°C down to 5°C. This work investigated the possibility of treati...

Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), is a quarantine pest of several fruit, including citrus, avocados, and mangoes, from extreme southern Texas to Costa Rica. To provide information for modeling heat phytosanitary treatments, third instars were heated with an aluminum heating block between 44 and 50 degrees C for time intervals up to those...

INTRODUCTION Fruit fly infestations limit fruit marketability and many countries/regions require that potentially infested fruits be quarantine treated to assure insect mortality. The Mexican fruit fly is a common pest that infests many subtropical and tropical fruits. Persimmon and guava fruits are hosts of the Mexican fruit fly. Quarantine treatm...

Irradiation as an alternative quarantine treatment has been under consideration by the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation. This study was conducted on early and late season ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit to investigate the effects of harvest date, storage, and low dose irradiation on functional constituents, and quality. Fruit was treated w...