Gustavo Carlo

Gustavo Carlo
University of California, Irvine | UCI · School of Education

PhD

About

306
Publications
215,365
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19,345
Citations
Additional affiliations
August 2011 - present
University of Missouri
Position
  • Millsap Endowed Professor of Diversity and Multicultural Studies

Publications

Publications (306)
Article
Full-text available
U.S. Latino/a college students face distinct stressors, including acculturative stress and enculturative stress, impacting their capacity to engage in prosocial behaviors (voluntary actions benefiting others). Cultural stress can deplete resources essential to engaging in altruistic acts (selflessly motivated helping), yet it can also stimulate sel...
Article
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Introduction There is a need for greater scientific attention to research on violence (e.g., insults, intimidation, beatings) in contexts where such behaviors are prevalent. The agonizing win-lose vision that oftentimes is characteristic of sports competition is not understood in the same way in grassroots sports as in professional sports. Although...
Article
Altruistic prosocial behaviours are an important subset of prosocial behaviours (i.e., actions that benefit others) that develop across age and can vary across cultures. These behaviours are defined by a selfless motive to assist others with little or no expectation for self-reward and at a cost or risk to oneself. Research has demonstrated several...
Article
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Some Latine youth from rural migrant farmworker communities engage in farmwork to help support themselves and their families. Although research has documented their motives for working and some characteristics of their employment, knowledge about how these youth construct their work in the fields and how such experiences relate to their positive de...
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Introduction: The present two-wave longitudinal study examined the relation between White U.S. parents' color-conscious racial socialization for African Americans and adolescents' racial attitudes, and explored how parental psychological control might moderate this relation. Method: Participants included 412 White U.S. adolescents (42% girls; Mage...
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Introduction While a substantial body of existing literature has examined the negative effects of parental psychological control on adolescents' prosocial behaviors, there is a noticeable gap in whether parental psychological control affects prosocial behaviors towards ethnic outgroup members. This three‐wave longitudinal study investigated whether...
Article
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Introduction Scholars have asserted and provided evidence on the developmental benefits of prosocial behaviors on later academic performance and well‐being. However, research directly examining these links in US Latine early adolescents and work that explains the positive link between prosocial behaviors and academic outcomes is scarce. The present...
Preprint
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The goal of the current study was to examine intervening culture and family related mechanisms in the links between pandemic-related economic stress and young adults’ ethnic out-group prosocial behaviors. Participants were 467 young adults (mean age = 22.58, range = 19-27 years old) from across the U.S. (50.1% female; 55.7% identified White as thei...
Article
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Both parasympathetic nervous system regulation and receipt of social support from close relationships contribute to prosocial development, although few studies have examined their combined influences in adolescence and particularly within racially and ethnically minoritized populations. In this longitudinal study of 229 U.S. Mexican-origin adolesce...
Article
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between cybervictimization in social networks, problematic smartphone use, aggressive behaviors, and prosocial altruistic tendencies in young adults. The sample consisted of 601 young adults (mean age = 19.96 years; SD = 2.27; 69.1% female) who were administered online assessments of experi...
Article
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Background There is evidence to suggest that undocumented, unaccompanied migrant youths confront emotional and physical hardships while working in the U.S. agriculture industry. However, little is known about the type of support available to these youths that could protect them from negative developmental outcomes. Objective This qualitative resea...
Article
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Objectives: Familismo and respeto are traditional Latine values often taught to U.S. Latine children by their caregivers. Deference to authority figures and restraint from defiance to such figures are also taught. Despite the central role of these as markers of Latine ethnic identity and their relevance to children’s health and well-being, little i...
Article
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Objectives: Scholars have demonstrated the consequences of cultural stressors on Latino/a adolescents’ depressive symptoms and prosocial behaviors. However, there is little understanding of how different combinations of cultural stressors and assets might differentially relate to depressive symptoms and prosocial behaviors, particularly in young ad...
Article
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The COVID‐19 pandemic had significant health and socioeconomic repercussions for Latine immigrant families and their children due to long‐standing social, economic, and immigration‐related inequities, with rural families particularly vulnerable. In particular, the mental health and well‐being of Latine youth may have been detrimentally impacted due...
Article
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Los comportamientos prosociales son acciones pensadas para beneficiar a los demás, tales como ayudar y compartir. El entendimiento de los elementos mutuamente relacionados de los comportamientos prosociales entre los estudiantes universitarios mexicano-estadounidenses puede contribuir a los modelos de desarrollo positivo de valores fundamentales y...
Article
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Introduction In a diverse society, individuals often need to make prosocial decisions toward others who vary on a range of intertwined social identities. Adolescence is a prime time to promote intergroup prosociality due to identity salience during this developmental stage. In this study, our goal was to develop and provide initial validation, of a...
Article
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Family members and friends can play an important role in adolescents’ prosocial behavior. To better understand the relation between support and prosocial behavior in adolescence, it’s important to conduct longitudinal studies that distinguish between within-dyad variance and between-dyad variance. The current study investigated longitudinal associa...
Article
The present study was designed to examine the direct and indirect relations between acculturative stress and Latinx youth prosocial tendencies. In addition, we considered family conflict, parental support, and parental psychological control as explanatory mechanisms. Participants included 306 (53.8% female, Mage = 15.50, SD = .42; range = 14 to 18)...
Article
The goal of the current study was to examine ethnic socialization as a moderator in the links between discrimination and two forms of prosocial behaviors (i.e., actions intended to benefit others) in order to better understand the role of socialization in protecting young adults from discrimination experiences. Participants were 1,527 Latinx colleg...
Chapter
Full-text available
Prosociality is a multifaceted concept referring to the many ways in which individuals care about and benefit others. Human prosociality is foundational to social harmony, happiness, and peace; it is therefore essential to understand its underpinnings, development, and cultivation. This handbook provides a state-of-the-art, in-depth account of scie...
Article
White children's effortful control (EC), parents' implicit racial attitudes, and their interaction were examined as predictors of children's prosocial behavior toward White versus Black recipients. Data were collected from 171 White children (55% male, Mage = 7.13 years, SD = 0.92) and their parent in 2017. Prosocial behavior toward White peers was...
Article
Background: Cattle production in the United States is heavily supported by Latino/a workers. Beyond injury rates, our understanding of the health status of cattle feedyard workers is limited. The purpose of this study was to describe the health status and health care access among Latino immigrant cattle feedyard workers in the Midwest. Methods:...
Article
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Prosocial behavior is usually defined as a set of actions aimed to benefit others. This study aims at presenting validity and reliability evidence for the Brazilian version of the Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM). The study was conducted with 555 students (Mage= 23,38; SD = 6,24) from public and private universities in southeastern Brazil, 69% be...
Article
Objective We examined the associations among parenting, children's moral emotions, and children's prosocial behaviors toward Black peers and White peers. Background Parenting practices inform children's prosocial behaviors; however, the contextual and individual factors that predict children's differentiated prosocial behaviors have been understud...
Article
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Based on the Ecological Stress-Based Model of Immigrant Worker Safety and Health, we hypothesized that occupational stress and physical safety would be negatively linked to workers’ depression, which in turn, would increase family conflict and decrease youth prosocial behaviors. A total of 242 Latino immigrant cattle feedyard workers from Nebraska...
Article
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The aim of the present study is to explore the relationships between cognitive-behavioral patterns of perfectionism in the context of competitive sport and both prosociality and aggressiveness in a sample of adolescents competing in federated sports. A cross-sectional and non-randomized study was designed using a selective methodology on a sample o...
Article
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The COVID-19 crisis has had a major impact on youth. This study examined factors associated with youth’s attitudes towards their government’s response to the pandemic and their blaming of individuals from certain risk groups, ethnic backgrounds, and countries or regions. In a sample of 5,682 young adults (Mage = 22) from 14 countries, lower perceiv...
Article
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We examined the relation of White parents’ color-blind racial attitudes (a global composite score and its subscales) and their implicit racial attitudes to their young children’s race-based sympathy toward Black and White victims. One hundred and nighty non-Hispanic White children (54% boys, Mage = 7.13 years, SD = 0.92) reported their sympathy in...
Article
This 2‐year longitudinal study examined Mexican‐origin adolescents’ need to belong and cognitive reappraisal as predictors of multiple forms of prosocial behavior (i.e., general, emotional, and public prosocial behaviors). Prosocial behaviors, which are actions intended to benefit others, are hallmarks of social proficiency in adolescence and are i...
Article
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Objectives: This study sought to describe latent transitions in developmentally and culturally salient interpersonal stressors from late childhood to late adolescence and examine whether different transition patterns predicted early adult mental health problems. Method: Data from four waves (Grades 5, 7, 10, 12) of a study of 749 U.S. Mexican-origi...
Article
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African American and US Latinx families have faced over two centuries of systemic racism and discrimination, elevating risk for trauma, adversity, and disparities for their youth. These circumstances have compromised the health and well-being of many of these youth. However, many other African American and US Latinx youth are able to succeed despit...
Article
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Although scholars are increasingly building empirical evidence that helps us understand racism, they have conducted surprisingly little research on White children’s prosocial behavior towards historically marginalized people. 190 White, non-Hispanic children (M = 7.09 years, 54.2% boys) participated in the study. We examined whether both parents’ r...
Article
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Background: Although prior research shows supportive evidence that parental practices are associated with adolescents' prosocial behaviors, limited evidence exists on the effects of parents' use of social and material rewards on distinct forms of prosocial behaviors, and the mediating effects of sociocognitive and socioemotive traits in these rela...
Article
Relations among White (non-Latinx) children's empathy-related responding, prosocial behaviors, and racial attitudes toward White and Black peers were examined. In 2017, 190 (54% boys) White 5- to 9-year-old children (M = 7.09 years, SD = 0.94) watched a series of videos that depicted social rejection of either a White or Black child. Empathy-relate...
Article
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Parents and siblings are critical sources of influence on adolescents’ ideas about and experiences with romantic relationships and sex. Using focus group data from 44 Latinx adolescents in the U.S. Midwest, we explored how family relationships shaped how Latinx teens learned about cultural norms and expectations concerning their romantic relationsh...
Article
Despite the importance of understanding the relations between parenting and youth's prosocial behavior, there is surprisingly little research focused on the relations among parenting practices, shame, guilt, and prosocial behaviors. The present study was designed to examine the intervening roles of shame and guilt in relations between parental supp...
Article
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Objectives: This study was designed to examine associations among parents’ familism values, adolescents’ cultural resources, and externalizing behavior among Latinx youth in the Midwestern United States. Method: Participants were 267 Latinx adolescents (M age = 15.58 years; SD = 1.28 years; 45% girls; 82.8% Mexican American) and their mothers/mothe...
Chapter
Latinx youth in the United States face structural barriers that contribute to inequities across multiple domains (e.g., education, juvenile justice, healthcare systems), as racial biases permeate social institutions. The systemic oppression resulting from racism can be seen in disparities across many indicators of health, including physical health,...
Poster
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Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary behavior that benefits others (Eisenberg et al., 2015). Although there has been increasing empirical attention to understanding racism, there has been surprisingly less focus on children’s positive social behaviors toward “the other.” In this study, We examined the prediction of children’s differential prosoci...
Article
Evidence suggests an impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, particularly among emerging adults. However, theories on altruism born of suffering or adversarial growth suggest that we might also see prosocial behavior as a function of the pandemic, which may protect against mental health challenges. Because cultural values are central in d...
Article
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This study examined the role of racial attitudes in a diverse high school setting. Teachers and students were recruited from a public charter high school in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The final sample consisted of 19 students and 10 teachers who participated in face-to-face interviews regarding racial attitudes and racial bias in the academic setting...
Article
This chapter summarizes developmental theories and research on the intersection of culture, biology, and moral emotions. It proposes that cultural canalizations might be evident for the neurobiology of moral emotions, such as empathy and sympathy, in distinct U.S. ethnic/racial minority groups, focusing particularly on work with U.S. Latino/a child...
Article
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Social injustices toward minority groups are pervasive around the world, and further exacerbated by global threats such as COVID-19 and climate change. Prosocial tendencies, such as empathy, moral reasoning, and helping behaviors directed only toward members of one’s own social groups, discriminate against outgroups, and can perpetuate an unjust st...
Article
This paper provides an introduction to the Special Issue, A Decade Review of Adolescence Research. In this paper, we describe the goals of the special issue and the process of planning and reviewing reviews. We describe other special issues of JRA in the past decade, and preview upcoming changes and special issues in the journal.
Article
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Background: Problematic use of smartphones is a challenge facing societies around the world. This phenomenon has been associated with negative socialization experiences through the impact they have on how the youth relates to their environment. This study was designed to examine parental and peer attachment, self-efficacy and prosocial reasoning a...
Article
The primary goal of this study was to examine the intervening roles of prosocial moral reasoning and respect for family in associations between parent attachment and prosocial behaviors in Asian Indian young adults. Participants included 281 Asian Indian young adults (60.5% women; M age = 21.45 years). Path analyses suggested that parent attachment...
Article
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Some work demonstrates toddlers show preferences in targets of their prosocial behavior, and a number of theorists have argued that young children become increasingly likely to direct their prosocial behavior to ingroup over outgroup targets with development. The goal of this study was to examine whether toddlers' early helping, sharing, and empath...
Chapter
There is popular and scholarly interest in the idea that adverse experiences may promote character/virtue development. Scholarship can address previous methodological and conceptual limitations by studying character development processes in groups that demonstrate high exposure to adversity and high virtues. Though there is substantial within-group...
Article
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Objective: U.S. Latinx youth are at increased risk for internalizing problems, perhaps due to high levels of bicultural stress. Taking a resilience perspective, this study examined peer and parent support as potential protective factors that might buffer the effects of bicultural stress on depression and anxiety symptoms among U.S. Latinx youth. Me...
Article
Immigrant workers face significant occupational health and safety concerns and are often employed in dangerous, dirty, and demanding (3-D) jobs such as agriculture. To foster improvements in immigrant farmworker health, integrative research that explores workplace safety, stress, and health and safety outcomes is needed. Therefore, the present stud...
Article
The current study was designed to address gaps in the existing literature by examining the role of discrimination and familism values as predictors of multiple forms of prosocial behaviors across time in a sample of recent immigrant Latino/a adolescents. Participants were 302 recent immigrant Latino/a adolescents (53.3% male; average age 14.51 year...
Article
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US Latinx youth are overrepresented across numerous social inequity domains (e.g., education, incarceration, health) in US society. Such concerning data call for culturally sensitive and strength-based models to guide future research to better understand, and perhaps mitigate, such inequities. The present paper presents a conceptual model that high...
Article
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Despite the surge of interest in understanding the socializing role of parents on youth prosocial behaviors, studies on the socialization of prosocial behaviors in Latinx adolescents residing in their native countries are lacking. This study examined the relations among supportive and strict parenting, prosocial moral reasoning, familism values, an...
Article
This study examined the protective roles of early prosocial behaviours (at age 4) on later internalizing and externalizing problems (at age 6) and to what extent emotion regulation skills (at age 5) mediated these longitudinal associations in children from Turkey. Participants were 293 Turkish preschool children (Mage = 49.01 months; 141 girls). Re...
Article
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The introduction highlights a developmental perspective on children’s and youth prosocial behavior in risky and vulnerable contexts. The six empirical papers published in this Special Section are considered within a multilevel, multidimensional framework and reflect a diversity of methodological approaches. The studies each provide foundational wor...
Article
The goal of the current study was to examine the role of neighborhood risk and maternal and paternal involvement on multiple forms of prosocial behaviors among recent immigrant US Latino/a adolescents. Additionally, we examined the interactions between parental involvement and neighborhood risk in order to test protective effects of mothers’ and fa...
Article
Cattle feedyards are animal feeding operations where beef cattle are finished to market weight on grain. Cattle feeding can be dirty, demanding, and dangerous work. This study sought to assess the predictors of fatigue and the need for recovery among Latino/a immigrant cattle feedyard workers in the United States. A path model was examined to explo...
Article
Objective The present study aimed to investigate the intervening role of anxiety symptoms in relations between self-regulation and multiple forms of prosocial behaviors in U.S. Latino/a college students. Participants The sample is based on data from a cross-sectional study on college students’ health and adjustment. Participants were 249 (62% wome...
Article
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Objectives: While existing work points to the ways parenting behaviors and specific value socialization approaches influence children’s internalization of moral values (Baumrind, Child Development 43, 261–267, 1972; Hoffman, Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice, 2001; Grusec & Davidov, Child Development, 81, 687–709, 2...
Article
We examined the longitudinal relations among parental socialization practices-including acceptance or harsh parenting and ethnic socialization-ethnic identity, familism, and prosocial behaviors in a sample of U.S. Mexican youth. Participants included 462 U.S. Mexican adolescents (Mage at Wave 1 = 10.4 years old; 48.1% female), their mothers, and fa...
Article
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Children are particularly vulnerable to many classes of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detected in indoor environments. The negative health impacts associated with chronic and acute exposures of the VOCs might lead to health issues such as genetic damage, cancer, and disorder of nervous systems. In this study, 40 VOCs including aldehydes and...
Article
The current study sought to determine how prosocial behaviors reflecting various motivations (altruistic and public prosocial behaviors) and situations (i.e., anonymous, compliant, dire, and emotional prosocial behaviors) jointly inform subtypes of prosocial personality groups. Undergraduates (N = 324, M age = 19.47 years, 80% female) completed a m...
Article
Although the Family Stress Model (FSM) has been widely tested, expanded conceptualizations of stressors, intervening mechanisms, and developmental outcomes from this perspective is becoming increasingly common in order to better explain the adolescent adjustment. Additionally, though extant research analyzes the utility of the FSM in African Americ...
Article
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The study of prosocial behaviors—actions that benefit others—continues to evolve in sophisticated ways. Such actions are important for understanding moral development, as well as health and behavioral well‐being, and have implications for addressing societal and global challenges (e.g., hate crimes, cooperation, peace). In this article, we briefly...
Article
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Scholars have long asserted the importance of studying cultural socialization processes predicting prosocial behaviors, but studies on this topic among Black young adults are rare. The current study examined the mediating roles of ethnic-racial identity and religious identity in associations between ethnic-racial socialization and prosocial behavio...
Article
Traditional social cognitive model of prosocial development suggests important links between both sociocognitive and socioemotive traits and prosocial behaviors. The present study examined the relations among perspective taking, empathic concern, prosocial moral reasoning, and public, emotional, compliant, and anonymous prosocial behaviors in Filip...
Article
The present study examined the associations between family conflict during toddlerhood and children's prosocial and aggressive behaviors approximately 9 years later, as well as whether maternal supportiveness and children's self‐regulation mediate those associations. Family conflict has been identified as a risk factor for children's well‐being and...
Article
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Parental involvement has been associated with increased adolescent prosocial behaviors, but we know little about the peer and school-level explanatory mechanisms behind these associations. The current study aimed to examine the intervening roles of deviant peer affiliation and school connectedness in links between parental involvement and prosocial...
Article
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Objective: We explored the explanatory roles of active and avoidant coping in the link between stress and emotional prosocial behavior in U.S. Mexican college students. Participants: Participants included 148 college students (Mage = 23 years, 67% female, 84% born in the U.S.) who self-identified as Mexican or U.S. Mexican or noted that their pare...
Article
We examined whether fathers’ residency modified the associations among mothers’ supportiveness, father involvement, children’s negative emotionality during toddlerhood and children’s academic skills in pre‐kindergarten via children’s self‐regulation. Participants were 2,291 mothers (M age = 23.24 years) and children (M age = 14.99 months at Wave 1;...
Article
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El estrés aculturativo se considera perjudicial para la salud mental y los comportamientos prosociales de los joven adultos latinx, pero la investigación empírica sobre el tema es escasa. El presente estudio examinó el papel interviniente de los sintomas interiorizados en las asociaciones entre el estrés aculturativo y los comportamientos prosocial...
Poster
Scholars have deepened the connection between personality and the meaning people find in their lives (Isik & Uzbe, 2015). Indeed, some researchers have shown that dark traits are related to regulatory difficulties (Wang, et al, 2019) and to social adjustment (Jyons & Hughes, 2015) and that, therefore, personality characteristics can cause youth dif...
Poster
To be insulted or humiliated through social networks is one form of cybervictimization. Data indicates that 15% of global network users accept some form of virtual harassment (Campbel & Bauman, 2018). Recent research suggests relations between cyberaggression and frequent cell phone use (Escalante et al., 2018; Varela-Garay, 2018), and negative con...
Article
With a growing population of Latinx youth immigrating to the United States, it is important to understand how Latinx youth adapt to mainstream U.S. culture. Given that the majority of research examining social development among recent immigrant adolescents has focused on negative adjustment outcomes, research examining positive social behaviors is...
Article
We examined the links among religiousness, prosocial and violent media exposure preferences, empathic tendencies, and prosocial behaviors in early adulthood. Participants were U.S. college students (N = 324; M age = 19.5 years; 79.6% Women). While young adults’ religiousness was not associated with prosocial media exposure preferences, it was negat...
Article
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The goal of this study was to investigate the relations between White parents’ implicit racial attitudes and their children’s racially-based bias in empathic concern towards White and Black victims of injustice, as well as the moderating role of children’s age in this relation. Five to 9-year-old children (N = 190; 103 boys) reported how sorry (i.e...