Guillermo Pablo Podesta

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Professor at Retired from University of Miami Rosenstiel School

The current drought conditions across the Parana-La Plata Basin (LPB) in Brazil-Argentina have been the worst since 1944. While this area is characterized by a rainy season with a peak from October to April, the hydrological year 2020-2021 was very deficient in rainfall, and the situation extended into the 2021-2022 hydrological year. Below-normal...

That climate variability and change can potentially force multiple simultaneous breadbasket crop yield shocks has been established. But research quantifying the mechanisms behind such simultaneous shocks has been constrained by short records of crop yields. Here we compile a dataset of subnational crop yields in 25 countries dating back to 1900 to...

Una sequía extrema y persistente que comenzó en 2019 todavía hoy sigue afectando a la Cuenca del Plata, la segunda cuenca hidrográfica más grande de Sudamérica y la quinta del mundo. En el presente informe se ofrece una visión general del episodio, su contexto climatológico, su evolución espaciotemporal, sus causas y características y sus impactos...

Uma seca persistente e extrema iniciada em 2019 está ainda em curso e tem vindo a afetar a bacia de La Plata, a segunda maior bacia hidrográfica da América do Sul e a quinta maior do mundo. Apresentamos aqui uma panorâmica do evento, do seu contexto climatológico, da sua evolução espaciotemporal, das suas causas e características, bem como dos seus...

This publication is a report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any pers...

A persistent and extreme drought started in 2019 is still ongoing and has been affecting the La Plata Basin, the second largest river basin in South America and the fifth in the world. Here we provide an overview of the event, its climatological background, its spatio-temporal evolution, its causes and characteristics, as well as its impacts on nat...

Simultaneous yield shocks in multiple breadbaskets pose a potential threat to global food security, yet the historical risks and causes of such shocks are poorly understood. Here, we compile a dataset of subnational maize and wheat yield anomalies in 25 countries dating back to 1900 to better characterize the past, present, and future risk of multi...

Global, repeated, and accurate measurements of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) are critical for weather and climate projections. While thermometers on buoys measure SST relatively accurately, only sensors aboard satellites give global and repeated SST measurements necessary for many applications, including climate modeling. For satellite-based therma...

Each year, farmers must decide crops and their agronomical management for the plots of their farms. This decision—subject to climatic interaction and crop prices context—will determine farm earnings. We introduce a framework, called MORDMAgro, based on Many Objective Robust Decision‐Making methodology to support farmers' decisions. Through the use...

Retrievals of skin Sea-Surface Temperature (SSTskin) from the measurements of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite on the Suomi-National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite are presented and discussed. The algorithms used to derive the SSTskin from the radiometric measurements are given in detail. A number of approaches to assess the accu...

We present a Bayesian hierarchical space-time stochastic weather generator (BayGEN) to generate daily precipitation and minimum and maximum temperatures. BayGEN employs a hierarchical framework with data, process, and parameter layers. In the data layer, precipitation occurrence at each site is modeled using probit regression using a spatially dist...

Identification and exclusion of clouds from satellite-based infrared fields is critical to achieve accurate retrievals of sea surface temperature (SST). Historically, identification of clouds has been driven primarily by a few uniformity tests involving a small number of pixels, brightness temperature range tests, and comparisons to low-resolution...

RESUMEN La región pampeana de la República Argentina, una de las mayores llanuras del mundo, ha registrado en los últimos 50 años un fuerte ascenso en los niveles freáticos, con el consecuente aumento en la frecuencia de inundaciones. Esta dinámica tiene origen en dos procesos que se desarrollaron en ese período. En primer lugar, la zona presentó u...

In flat environments, groundwater is relatively shallow, tightly associated with surface water and climate, and can have either positive and negative impacts on natural and human systems depending on its depth. A linked modeling and analysis framework that seeks to capture linkages across multiple scales at the climate/water/crop nexus in the Argen...

Farm production often involves family-owned agribusinesses where decisions are made by households or individuals, not corporate managers. As these decisions have important economic, environmental, and social implications, decision-making processes must be understood to foster sustainable agricultural production. Decision experiments, involving lott...

This poster examines risk preferences, following Prospect Theory, among Argentine farmers from the Pampas.

We present the application of a parametric stochastic weather generator within a nonstationary context, enabling simulations of weather sequences conditioned on interannual and multi-decadal trends. The generalized linear model framework of the weather generator allows any number of covariates to be included, such as large-scale climate indices, lo...

Most countries lack effective policies to manage climate risks, despite growing concerns with climate change. The authors analyzed the policy evolution from a disaster management to a risk management approach, using as a case study four agricultural droughts that impacted Uruguay's livestock sector in the last three decades. A transdisciplinary tea...

In flat plains groundwater affects agricultural production outcomes and risks. Agricultural land use decisions however, may strongly impact groundwater levels available for production. This paper explores the scope for managing groundwater levels through land use decisions in a sub-basin of the Salado River in the Argentine Pampas, a very flat area...

The sudden and sporadic occurrence of anomalous conditions associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can precipitate diverse, immediate and long-term effects on eastern Pacific reef-building corals and associated organisms. ENSO is manifested in two complementary phases, namely warm (El Niño) and cool (La Niña) events, which have contrast...

Using surveys and interviews with Argentine agribusiness owners and managers, we examine the relative importance of economic, environmental, and social goals in their planning processes. While in one survey, respondents rate these three objectives as equally important, they also prioritize economic goals over environmental and social targets when a...

Modeling complex natural and human systems to support policy or management decision making is becoming increasingly common. The resulting models are often designed and implemented by researchers or domain experts with limited software engineering expertise. To help this important audience, we present our experience and share lessons learned from th...

The psychological influence of ownership, albeit well studied in the lab, is less understood in the field. We examine its influence on agribusiness goals and decisions in the Argentine Pampas. Study 1, a survey of agribusinesses, finds differences in goal focus based on land ownership: Ownership positively predicts a focus on longer-term economic a...

Land exchange through rental transactions is a central process in agricultural systems. The land tenure regimes emerge from land transactions and structural and land use changes are tied to the dynamics of the land market. We introduce LARMA, a LAnd Rental MArket model embedded within the Pampas Model (PM), an agent-based model of Argentinean agric...

The MODIS (MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers) on the Terra and Aqua satellites, both part of NASA's Earth Observing System, have each been providing high quality global sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) for over a decade. The ability to retrieve accurate SST from satellites is dependent on many factors including spectral response, radiom...

The psychological influence of ownership of an asset on decision-making is a well-documented phenomenon in the lab, though ownership effects in the field are less well understood. We address this gap by examining the impact of land ownership on agribusiness goals and decisions in the Argentine Pampas. Study 1, a survey of 46 agribusinesses, finds d...

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi-NPP (National Polar-orbiting Partnership) satellite is the first of a new series of imaging radiometers on polar-orbiting earth-observation satellites. In addition to providing real-time data for weather and ocean forecasting, VIIRS is intended to continue the measurements of MODIS...

There are few published examples of comprehensively validated large-scale land-use agent-based models (ABMs). We present guidelines for doing so, and provide an example in the context of the Pampas Model (PM), an ABM aimed to explore the dynamics of structural and land use changes in the agricultural systems of the Argentine Pampas. Many complement...

Experts working on behalf of international development organisations need better tools to assist land managers in developing countries maintain their livelihoods, as climate change puts pressure on the ecosystem services that they depend upon. However, current understanding of livelihood vulnerability to climate change is based on a fractured and d...

There is a growing perception that science is not responding adequately to the global challenges of the 21st century. Addressing complicated, “wicked” current and future environmental issues requires insights and methods from many disciplines. Furthermore, to reach social robustness in a context of uncertainty and multiple values and objectives, pa...

The Florida Climate Consortium (FLC) 1 , whose goals are production and application of seasonal to inter-annual climate forecasts, include the Florida State University, the University of Florida, and the University of Miami. The FLC was formed in 1997, primarily with funding from NOAA. In 1999, the FLC shifted its focus from South America to the So...

A micro-level agent-based model of innovation diffusion was developed that explicitly combines (a) an individual's perception of the advantages or relative utility derived from adoption, and (b) social influence from members of the individual's social network. The micro-model was used to simulate macro-level diffusion patterns emerging from differe...

The widely-used Temperature and Emissivity Separation (TES) algorithm has been shown to provide reliable temperature and emissivity estimates from land-leaving thermal data. Nevertheless, TES has some important limitations mainly related to its inability to correct important inaccuracies for gray bodies, such as vegetation. In this study, this prob...

Stochastic weather generators are commonly used to simulate time series of daily weather, especially minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperature and amount of precipitation. Recently, generalized linear models (GLM) have been proposed as a convenient approach to fitting weather generators. One limitation of weather generators is a marked tendency...

As part of the Pathfinder program developed jointly by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) a large database ofin situ sea surface temperature (SST) measurements coincident with satellite data is now available to the user community. The Pathfinder Matchup Database (PMDB) is...

The Argentine Pampas, one of the main agricultural areas in the world, recently has undergone significant changes in land use and structural characteristics of agricultural production systems. Concerns about the environmental and societal impacts of the changes motivated development of an agent-based model (ABM) to gain insight on processes underly...

To formulate assessment criteria for interdisciplinary research (IDR) taking into account its specificity and cross-cutting nature on its own terms is a key and difficult issue. This paper reports results from a case study of an interdisciplinary, multi-institutional, multi-national research team convened to address a highly complex problem with so...

In recent decades, the impacts of climate on society and on human well-being have attracted increasing amounts of attention, and the forecasts that predict such impacts have become more accurate. Forecasts are now distributed and used more widely than they were in the past. This article reviews three cases of such use of forecasts in Latin America....

Agricultural production responses to climate variability require salient information to support decisions. We coupled a new hybrid stochastic weather generator (combining parametric and nonparametric components) with a crop simulation model to assess yields and economic returns relevant to maize production in two contrasting regions (Pergamino and...

Climate forecasts and climate change scenarios are typically provided in the form of monthly or seasonally aggregated totals or means. But time series of daily weather (e.g., precipitation amount, minimum and maximum temperature) are commonly required for use in agricultural decision-making. Stochastic weather generators constitute one technique to...

In many places, predictions of regional climate variability associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon offer the potential to improve farmers’ decision outcomes, by mitigating the negative impacts of adverse conditions or by taking advantage of favorable conditions. While the notion that climate forecasts are potentially valuable h...

Assessing the sustainability of complex development processes requires multi-causal and integrated analyses. We develop a system-based methodology, rooted in interdisciplinary discussion and consensus building between 15 experts, to construct a multi-causal diagram which examines the sustainability of the Argentine Pampas´ process of agriculturizat...

This article analyzes the elements that are considered by Pampean producers when making production decisions considering the climate as a factor. The article focuses on how producers perceive climate variability and on the type of information they manage when it comes to mid-term perspectives. During 2005, interviews were held with 60 producers, wh...

The management of Lake Okeechobee in Florida has undergone significant changes in the last decade. Socio-political, environmental and demographic factors have driven changes in the environmental and water policy, which in turn have led to wide-ranging institutional changes and a shift toward multiobjective planning and implementation in the Lake ma...

Simulated outcomes of agricultural production decisions in the Argentine Pampas were used to examine “optimal” land allocations among different crops identified by maximization of the objective functions associated with expected utility and prospect theories. We propose a more mathematically tractable formulation for the prospect theory value-funct...

This article analyzes the elements that are considered by Pampean producers when making production decisions considering the climate as a factor. The article focuses on how producers perceive climate variability and on the type of information they manage when it comes to mid-term perspectives. During 2005, interviews were held with 60 producers, wh...

We propose a semiparametric multivariate weather generator with greater ability to reproduce the historical statistics, especially the wet and dry spells. The proposed approach has two steps: (1) a Markov Chain for generating the precipitation state (i.e., no rain, rain, or heavy rain), and (2) a k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) bootstrap resampler for ge...

Agricultural ecosystems play a central role in world food production and food security, and involve one of the most climate-sensitive sectors of society-agriculture. We focus on crop production in the Argentine Pampas, one of the world's major agricultural regions. Climate of the Pampas shows marked variability at both interannual and decadal time...

Predictability of seasonal climate variations associated with ENSO suggests a potential to reduce farm risk by tailoring agricultural management strategies to mitigate the impacts of adverse conditions or to take advantage of favorable conditions. Federal farm policies may enhance or limit the usefulness of this climate information. A representativ...

The availability of enhanced climate forecasts offers the potential for farmers to improve responses to climate variability. However, few studies have demonstrated actual effective uses of climate forecasts. Through interaction with regional agricultural experts, we evaluated the opportunities and constraints involved in the use of climate informat...

The sensitivity of CERES-Maize yield predictions to uncertainty in a set of soil-related parameters and solar radiation was evaluated in Pergamino, in the Argentine Pampas. Maize yields were simulated for Pergamino using a 31 years climatic record for a range of values of a group of important model input variables. The input variables considered (a...

The Pampas of Argentina have shown some of the most consistently increasing trends in precipitation during the 20th century. The rainfall increase has partly contributed to a significant expansion of agricultural area, particularly in climatically marginal regions of the Pampas. However, it is unclear if current agricultural production systems, whi...

La pretensión de conceptualizar problemas complejos y contribuir a resolver cuestiones socialmente relevantes ha llevado a valorar crecientemente la constitución de equipos interdisciplinarios como forma significativa de producción de conocimiento. En el presente artículo se exponen avances en el estudio de un caso ilustrativo de esta forma mundial...

Predictability of seasonal climate variability associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) suggests a potential to reduce farm risk by selecting crop insurance products with the purpose of increasing farm income stability. A hypothetical 50% peanut, 50% cotton, non−irrigated, 40 ha (100 ac) north Florida farm was used to study the inter...

In many places, predictions of regional climate variability associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon offer the potential to improve farmers’ decision-making, i.e., mitigate negative impacts of adverse conditions or take advantage of favorable conditions. However, various conditions must be met for a forecast to result in enhan...

Predictability of seasonal climate variability associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) suggests a potential to reduce farm risk by selecting crop insurance products with the purpose of increasing farm income stability. A hypothetical 50% peanut, 50% cotton, non−irrigated, 40 ha (100 ac) north Florida farm was used to study the inter...

This paper presents a comparative evaluation of methods for climate-based estimation of the net inflow rate into Lake Okeechobee, Fla. The estimated net inflow rate is used by the South Florida Water Management District SFWMD to support the management and operations of the Lake Okeechobee hydrologic system. The first method evaluated in this paper...

Climate variability is just one factor that affects agriculture, other factors such as socio-economic conditions, demographic changes, land use and land cover changes, and water allocation policies also have significant impacts. In this research, the exposure of Florida agriculture to multiple stresses is analyzed using an integrated modeling appro...

Climate and crop yield variability associated with El Nio—Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are now predictable within limits. This predictability suggests a potential to tailor agricultural management to mitigate impacts of adverse conditions and to take advantage of favorable conditions. However, improved climate predictions may benefit society only wi...

Knowledge about the areas used by the foraging wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans, its prey and overlap with longline fisheries is important information not only for the conservation of this species but also for furthering our understanding of the ecology of its prey. We attached satellite-tracking devices and activity recorders to wandering alb...

Solar radiation is an important input to crop growth models used for risk management and assessment purposes. Methods are explored to estimate daily solar radiation in the Argentine Pampas, one of the most important agricultural areas in the world. Two scenarios are considered: (i) sunshine duration data are available for a given location, or (ii)...

High loads of atmospheric aerosols introduce large errors in satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) retrievals. Airborne plumes of desert dust from North Africa are the most evident and persistent and cover large areas of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. We propose a methodology to correct for Saharan dust effects on sea surface temperatures d...

Errors in brightness temperatures for channel 4 in the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard the NOAA-14 spacecraft are examined. The errors involve a low frequency of occurrence for some values, and a corresponding enhancement of frequency for others. Errors appear to be related to the conversion of analog to digital values. Unf...

A database of cotemporal, collocated satellite and in situ observations is used to examine the association between the brightness temperature differences measured by the thermal infrared channels (T45) of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and water vapor estimates () derived from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). This...

Proponemos un método que relaciona los errores en las estimaciones de la temperatura superficial del mar del sensor AVHRR con las concentraciones de aerosoles atmosféricos absorbentes calculadas con el Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. El algoritmo desarrollado elimina el sesgo que tiende a subestimar sistemáticamente los campos de temp...

1] A 6-year time series of sea surface temperature fields derived from NOAA polar-orbiter AVHRR 5-day composites is used to estimate the lifetime, size, and trajectory of 43 warm-core rings shed by the Brazil Current at the Southwestern Atlantic region in a consistent fashion for the first time. Ring lifetimes range from 11 to 95 days, and are not...

Previous research shows that Florida's climate and agricultural production are influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, suggesting that farmers and ranchers might use new methods of climate forecasting to modify management, increase profits and reduce economic risks. The purposes of this paper are to describe the framework used by a Florida...

The availability of long-lead ENSO-related climate forecasts has led many to speculate that such forecasts may benefit decision making in agriculture. To explore the conditions required for the effective use of climate forecasts, we conducted a pilot study focused on central-eastern Argentina. Historical records showed higher (lower) average precip...

A necessary initial step in assessing the value of climate information for regional agriculture is to gauge user perceptions concerning the use of that information. We attempt to do so for cereal and oilseed production in Pergamino, Argentina, located in the Pampas, one of the world’s major agricultural regions. A survey of 200 farmers identified c...

Interannual variability in the mesoscale oceanography of the inferred hatching area of winter-spawned Illex argentinus (i.e. those belonging to the Southern Patagonic Stock) was examined during the hatching months of June and July. The hatching area was defined as the region 32-39S, 49-61 W, and indicators of the surface oceanography in this area w...

Associations were examined between warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (mostly associated with the occurrence of warm El Niño-Southern Oscillation events) and coral bleaching in Academy Bay, Galápagos Is. and Naos Is., Gulf of Panama, in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Various SST-related metrics potentially associated with bleaching o...

We investigate the effects of various types of atmospheric aerosols on satellite-derived sea surface tem-perature (SST) retrievals. The association between aerosol presence identified by the Earth Probe Total Ozone Map-ping Spectrometer (TOMS) aerosol index (AI) and system-atic errors in Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder S...

A risk assessment framework is presented to characterize the vulnerability of agricultural production systems to El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO)-related climate variability. The framework was applied to current maize production systems in two locations (Pergamino and Pilar) in the Pampas of central-eastern Argentina. Climatic, agronomic, and ec...

Thirteen years of weekly sea surface temperature (SST) fields derived from satellite data (January 1982–December 1994) are used to investigate spatial and temporal variabilities of SST in the western region of the South Atlantic Ocean. The analysis is focused on the large-scale variations over the continental shelf and slope region with depths less...

In this paper we discuss what climate variability and ENSO are and why they are important for Florida's agriculture. We also discuss which regions, commodities, and production technologies are most vulnerable. We then make the case for climate forecasting as an emerging technical improvement that enables producers to avoid some of the potential dam...

We evaluate ENSO forecasts when prices are variable and ENSO is a portion of overall climatic variability. Forecast responses include crop mix, cultivar,fertilization, and planting date. Price changes reduce forecast value by excluding responses. Predictable income variability (ENSO-related), as a share of the total, evaluates forecast skill.

An inverse variational model is applied to four exceptionally cloud-free sea surface temperature image sequences of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence area for the purpose of estimating sea surface velocity fields. The velocity fields are constructed by minimizing a mixed layer integrated form of the heat balance equation while the horizontal divergenc...

Stochastic precipitation generators can produce synthetic daily rainfall series with statistical characteristics similar to those of historical data. Typically, parameters of precipitation generators have been fit using all historical data for a given period. This approach, however, fails to capture differences in the precipitation process associat...

In this article, thirteen years of weekly sea surface temperature (SST) fields derived from NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer global area coverage infrared satellite data, from January 1982 to December 1994, are used to investigate spatial and temporal variabilities of SST seasonal cycle in the Southwest Atlantic Oceano This work addres...

In this article, thirteen years of weekly sea surface temperature (SST) fields derived from NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer global area coverage infrared satellite data, from January 1982 to December 1994, are used to investigate spatial and temporal variabilities of SST seasonal cycle in the Southwest Atlantic Oceano This work addres...

Associations are investigated between yields of major crops in the Argentine Pampas (central-eastern Argentina) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase. For maize and sorghum, higher (lower) yield anomalies occur more frequently than expected by chance alone during warm (cold) ENSO events. For both crops, the depression of yields during cold...

The subsurface flow within the subantarctic and subtropical regions around the Brazil-Malvinas (Falkland) Confluence Zone is studied, using daily hydrographic and kinematic data from four subsurface floats and a hydrographic section parallel to the South American shelf. The float trajectories are mapped against sea surface flow patterns as visible...

Large cyclonic eddies on the northern edge of the Florida Current are the dominant mesoscale features within the southern Straits of Florida. The most prominent of these features is a quasi-stationary eddy that forms near the Dry Tortugas. Our observations, compiled from 3 years of advanced very high resolution radiometer measurements in the Strait...

We examined associations between warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and coral bleaching in the Galápagos Islands and the Gulf of Panamá, in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Interannual SST variability is dominated by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon at Galápagos, whereas only strong events have an SST signature in Panamá. We...

High-reflectance patches are regularly observed off the southeastern coast of South America during the late austral spring and summer in visible satellite imagery of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS). Unfortunately, coincident in situ samples for identifying their cause are lacking. To ascertain the likelihood that these patches represent surfa...

As part of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Pathfinder program in the United States, all of the five-channel Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Area Coverage (GAC) data for the globe are being reprocessed to a consistent set of sea surface temperature (...

We examined associations between warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and coral bleaching in the Galápagos Islands and the Gulf of Panamá, in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Interannual SST variability is dominated by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon at Galápagos, whereas only strong events have an SST signature in Panamá. We...

The emerging ability to forecast regional climate based on the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon (Mason et al., 1999; Goddard et al., 2001) creates an exciting opportunity to learn how important and prevalent climate-sensitive systems such as agriculture may respond. Nevertheless, several empirical studies have identified theoretical a...

Recent field studies in the southern Straits of Florida revealed the existence of Mississippi River outflow embedded in the Florida Current and adjacent coastal waters. Surface thermosalinograph measurements for the period of 10–13 September 1993 indicated a band of low-salinity water measuring approximately 40 km wide and 30 m in depth extending f...

Results are presented on the phytoplankton species composition and abundance from bottle samples collected in September 1989 near the confluence of the Brazil and Malvinas currents off Argentina. The phytoplankton assemblages were dominated by diatoms and dinoflagellates. A surface diatom bloom was found along the west side of the Brazil Current, a...

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects rainfed agriculture in the Pampas of Argentina by influencing rainfall. ENSO effects on rainfall vary with location and month. Early season water stress to summer crops is generally more likely in Niña years. Predicted benefits of tailoring soybean planting dates to forecasted ENSO phases range from 2...

In late austral summer 1991 a cyclonic thermocline eddy was detected in the subtropical western South Atlantic off the Brazilian shelf near the city of Vitoria. This Vitoria eddy was tracked for 55 days by surface drifters drogued at 100 m depth. The drifters had been deployed in the western boundary current regime by FS Meteor as part of a basinwi...