Guillermo Campitelli

• PhD in Psychology, University of Nottingham
• Professor at Murdoch University

We present three strategies to replace the null hypothesis statistical significance testing approach in psychological research: (1) visual representation of cognitive processes and predictions, (2) visual representation of data distributions and choice of the appropriate distribution for analysis, and (3) model comparison. The three strategies have...

Background Negative emotions and stress are theorised to play a role in the onset and maintenance of voice‐hearing experiences. However, previous research has not explored these temporal relationships in daily life using differentiated psychological constructs. Aim Using ecological momentary assessment, this study examined the moment‐to‐moment rel...

Objectives Disrupted emotion processes are commonly linked to the onset and maintenance of auditory verbal hallucinations. However, a comprehensive approach using an extended emotion model has not previously been applied to voice‐hearers to distinguish impairments in emotion processes from non‐clinical populations. The present study hypothesised vo...

Encuentros alrededor del tablero: miradas interdisciplinarias sobre el ajedrez es fruto del Semillero Estudios Interdisciplinarios de Ajedrez: Juego, Cultura y Cognición desarrollado durante el año 2019 con el Apoyo del Espacio Interdisciplinario de la Universidad de la República. Este libro reúne aportes de un conjunto de investigadores provenient...

The study of memory is central to scientific understanding of expertise. Memory processes underpin skilled performance in complex tasks, whether choosing a move in a chess game, playing a musical instrument, or diagnosing a medical patient. Moreover, acquiring expertise changes memory structures. We review major perspectives on expertise and use th...

Eight hundred and fifty-four researchers were signatories of the article "Retire statistical significance" published in Nature in March 2019. I was one of them, and in this article, I expand on why retiring statistical significance would improve research in general, and psychology and expertise research in particular. The proposal involves eliminat...

The Perth Emotional Reactivity Scale (PERS) is a newly developed 30-item self-report measure of emotional reactivity (affective style). The PERS measures the typical ease of activation, intensity, and duration of one’s emotional responses, and importantly does so for negative and positive emotions separately. We examined the psychometric properties...

Two proposals have been put forward to account conjunctly for the SNARC (Spatial Numerical Association Response Codes) effect and the SPoARC (Spatial Positional Association Response Codes) effect: the working memory account and the dual account. Here, based on experimental and theoretical knowledge acquired in the field of expert memory, we propose...

We adjusted for dependent performance measures using a method based on Cheung and Chan, 2004, Cheung and Chan, 2008 method. Cheung and Chan's method adjusts the sample size to be between the sample N and the cumulative sample N, and applies this to the average of the dependent effect sizes. Their adjustment formula is as follows: adjusted N = ((N−1...

The Perth Emotional Reactivity Scale (PERS) is a 30-item self-report measure of trait levels of emotional reactivity. In this article, we examine the psychometric properties of the PERS subscale and composite scores in an adult community sample (N = 428), and develop an 18-item short form of the measure (PERS-S). The PERS and PERS-S are designed to...

Freely available for use. The Perth Emotional Reactivity Scale-Short Form (PERS-S) is an 18-item short form of the 30-item PERS. The PERS-S is designed to measure trait levels of emotional reactivity. That is, measure the typical ease of activation, intensity, and duration of one’s emotional responses, and do so for negative and positive emotions s...

In November 2016 two chess prodigies will play the World Chess Championship match in New York. The world champion Magnus Carlsen (Norwegian, 25 years old) will face the challenger Sergey Karjakin (Ukraine-born Russian, 26 years old). Carlsen obtained the international grandmaster (GM) title at the age of 13, he was the youngest player to reach the...

This tutorial on Bayesian inference targets psychological researchers who are trained in the null hypothesis testing approach and use of SPSS software. There a number of excellent quality tutorials on Bayesian inference, but their problem is that, they assume mathematical knowledge that most psychological researchers do not possess. This tutorial s...

This tutorial on Bayesian inference targets psychological researchers who are trained in the null hypothesis testing approach and use of SPSS software. There a number ofexcellent quality tutorials on Bayesian inference, but their problem is that, they assume mathematical knowledge that most psychological researchers do not possess. Thistutorial sta...

Substantial research in the psychology of expertise has shown that experts in several fields (e.g., science, mathematics) perform better than non-experts on standardized tests of intelligence. This evidence suggests that intelligence plays an important role in the acquisition of expertise. However, a counter argument is that the difference between...

Freely available for use. The Perth Emotional Reactivity Scale (PERS) is a 30-item self report questionnaire designed to measure trait levels of emotional reactivity. That is, measure the typical ease of activation, intensity, and duration of one’s emotional responses, and do so for negative and positive emotions separately.

In this commentary, we discuss an important pattern of results in the literature on the neural basis of expertise: (a) decrease of cerebral activation at the beginning of acquisition of expertise and (b) functional cerebral reorganization, as a consequence of years of practice. We show how these two results can be integrated with the neural reuse f...

Why are some people so much more successful than other people in music, sports, games, business, and other complex domains? This question is the subject of one of psychology's oldest debates. Over 20 years ago, Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Römer (1993) proposed that individual differences in performance in domains such as these largely reflect accum...

Since the inception of cognitive psychology dominant theories of memory behavior have used the storage metaphor. In the multi-store models (e.g., Broadbent, 1958; Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968; Baddeley and Hitch, 1974) the memory system comprises one or more short-term memory (STM) stores and a long-term memory (LTM) store. These stores are places w...

How the brain enables humans to reach an outstanding level of performance typical of expertise is of great interest to cognitive neuroscience, as demonstrated by the number and diversity of the articles in this Research Topic (RT). The RT presents a collection of 23 articles written by 80 authors on traditional expertise topics such as sport, board...

An increasing number of occupations involve tasks requiring sustained and divided attention skills. These tasks are often susceptible to the effects of cognitive fatigue, resulting in poorer performance and increasing the likelihood of human error. Previous research indicates that those who regularly play action video games have superior performanc...

An increasing number of occupations involve tasks requiring sustained and divided attention skills. These tasks are often susceptible to the effects of cognitive fatigue, resulting in poorer performance and increasing the likelihood of human error. Previous research indicates that those who regularly play action video games have superior performanc...

In an important theoretical article Speelman and McGann (2013) indicated that psychological researchers tend to use statistical procedures that involve calculating the mean of a variable in an uncritical manner. A typical procedure in psychological research consists of calculating the mean of some dependent variable in two or more samples and to pr...

This Research Topic sought to advance psychological understanding of expertise by drawing together lines of research from many different domains of expertise.The outcome is a collection of 35 articles in such diverse areas as chess,music, perception, teaching, intensive-care diagnosis, video-games, sports, dance, mathematics, climbing, and fingerpr...

This Research Topic sought to advance psychological understanding of expertise by drawing together lines of research from many different domains of expertise. The outcome is a collection of 35 articles in such diverse areas as chess, music, perception, teaching, intensive-care diagnosis, video-games, sports, dance, mathematics, climbing, and finger...

The improvement of graphical methods in psychological research can promote their use and a better comprehension of their expressive power. The application of hierarchical Bayesian graphical models has recently become more frequent in psychological research. The aim of this contribution is to introduce suggestions for the improvement of hierarchical...

The 21st century has witnessed the emergence of several chess prodigies. This poses a challenge to the main attempt to account for individual differences in high-level performance: the deliberate practice framework. The main alternative to this approach is the view that intelligence plays an important role in chess expertise. However, studies have...

This video describes an individual difference approach to psychological research.

Across many domains, experts make decisions based on the spatial relation-ships of objects within an environment. Firefighters, for example, need to evalu-ate the fire in front of them, radiologists the medical scan, and chess players the position on the chess board before mak-ing a decision. In order to be effective, experts need to assess these s...

Across many domains, experts make decisions based on the spatial relationships of objects within an environment. Firefighters, for example, need to evaluate the fire in front of them,radiologists the medical scan, and chess players the position on the chess board before making a decision. In order to be effective, experts need to assess these spati...

This study investigates why reasoning that involves negation is extremely difficult. We presented participants with reasoning problems containing sentences with negation of conjunctions and disjunctions in order to test predictions derived from the Mental Models Theory of human thought. According to this theory, reasoning consists of representing a...

This study investigates why reasoning that involves negation is extremely difficult. We presented participants with reasoning problems containing sentences with negation of conjunctions and disjunctions in order to test predictions derived from the Mental Models Theory of human thought. According to this theory, reasoning consists of representing a...

The goal of this paper is to critically evaluate the evidence supporting the hypothesis that innate talent (for example a higher level of intelligence) may account for aspects of chess skill. We start by giving some standard definitions of intelligence, and then present empirical data on chessplayers’ intelligence, both with children and adults. In...

This chapter presents the concept of the illusion of expertise - the belief that one possesses a higher level of specific knowledge or skill than objectively justified, in a domain in which one has prolonged experience, and possesses other knowledge or skills. This chapter integrates research in the psychology of expertise with the problem gambling...

The goal of this article is to provide a review of the literature on conceptual aspects and measurement of emotional reactivity, and to propose a new measurement of emotional reactivity that addresses the problems identified in the review. We discussed the Behavioral Inhibition/Behavioral Activation (BIS/BAS) scale, the Early Adolescence Temperamen...

One of the hallmarks of acquiring exper-tise in any area of life is the ability to maintain relevant information over a long period of time (i.e., years or decades). Understanding the neural implementa-tions of this ability requires the elucidation of two issues. First, the processes whereby recently acquired pieces of information become stable ove...

We used a mathematical modeling approach, based on a sample of 2,019 participants, to better understand what the cognitive reflection test (CRT; Frederick In Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19, 25-42, 2005) measures. This test, which is typically completed in less than 10 min, contains three problems and aims to measure the ability or disposition...

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between training on abstraction and the comprehension of logic rules. In order to evaluate the possibility of improvement on logic performance we have selected the particular case of the DeMorgan's laws. The dispute between the natural logic approach and the mental models theory is analyzed from...

In this study we examined the construct of financial wellness and its relationship to personal wellbeing, with a focus on the role of financial literacy. We made gender comparisons using a structural equation modeling analysis with variables that measured personal wellbeing, financial satisfaction, financial status, financial behavior, financial at...

Twenty years ago, Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Römer (1993) proposed that expert performance reflects a long period of deliberate practice rather than innate ability, or “talent”. Ericsson et al. found that elite musicians had accumulated thousands of hours more deliberate practice than less accomplished musicians, and concluded that their theoretic...

Recognition of objects and their relations is necessary for orienting in real life. We examined cognitive processes related to recognition of objects, their relations, and the patterns they form by using the game of chess. Chess enables us to compare experts with novices and thus gain insight in the nature of development of recognition skills. Eye...

We investigated the role of anticipation of feedback in performance and estimation about own performance. We submitted 155 participants to a test of verbal aptitude, and we requested them to give estimations of their own performance and the performance of other participants. There were two treatments: immediate feedback and delayed feedback. Partic...

Review of Newell, B. R., Lagnado, D. A., & Shanks, D. R (2007). Straight choices: The psychology of decision making. New York: Psychology Press. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 25, 210-211.

Deliberate practice (DP) occurs when an individual intentionally repeats an activity in order to improve performance. The claim of the DP framework is that such behavior is necessary to achieve high levels of expert performance. The proponents of the framework reject evidence that suggests that other variables are also necessary to achieve high lev...

One of the most influential studies in all expertise research is de Groot's (1946) study of chess players, which suggested that pattern recognition, rather than search, was the key determinant of expertise. Many changes have occurred in the chess world since de Groot's study, leading some authors to argue that the cognitive mechanisms underlying ex...

La psicología de la experticia es un campo de investigación que, entre otros temas, estudia la adquisición de habilidades. Dado el valor que le da a la adquisición de habilidades es lamentable que sus hallazgos casi no hayan sido considerados por la psicología del desarrollo. En este artículo presentamos un estudio sobre el rol de la edad, la práct...

Las teorías psicológicas del razonamiento pueden clasificarse según la preponderancia estructural que le atribuyen a las reglas de la lógica (Fernández Berrocal y Carretero, 1995; Santamaría, 1995). Si el modelo considera que tales reglas son constitutivas, la teoría puede ser clasificada como sintáctica o guiada por leyes (Kahneman y Klein, 2009)....

Herbert Simon’s research endeavor aimed to understand the processes that participate in human decision making. However, despite his effort to investigate this question, his work did not have the impact in the “decision making” community that it had in other fields. His rejection of the assumption of perfect rationality, made in mainstream economics...

We investigated the role of individual differences in cognitive reflection in decision making. We measured the performance of 157 participants in the cognitive reflection test (Frederick, 2005) and a number of decision-making tasks. We examined the relation of cognitive reflection with performance in tasks that assess correspondence (as distinct fr...

El enfoque psicológico predominante sobre la inteligencia humana –el psicométrico– es acotado. Dicho enfoque mide a la inteligencia con tests de tiempo limitado en los cuales no pueden utilizarse recursos externos. Esto llevó a concebir a la inteligencia como una capacidad general. Dado que la inteligencia humana se pone en juego en situaciones en...

El debate de la racionalidad en psicología (ver Stanovich & West, 2000) no tiene perspectivas de solución. Ante los experimentos que demostraron errores sistemáticos en tareas de razonamiento sencillas (por ejemplo, Wason, 1966) se propusieron tres explicaciones. Tversky y Kahneman (1974) sostienen que los resultados demuestran que los humanos no s...

Existen dos grandes grupos de teóricos en la psicología de la toma de decisiones. Los psicólogos cognitivos tradicionales (por ejemplo, Daniel Kahneman) sostienen que las personas toman decisiones irracionales debido a los límites de sus sistemas cognitivos. Los psicólogos evolucionistas (por ejemplo, Gigerenzer) sostienen que las tareas que los pr...

We investigated the role of practice in the acquisition of chess expertise by submitting a questionnaire to 104 players of different skill levels. Players had to report their chess rating, the number of hours of individual and group practice, their use of different learning resources and activities, and whether they had been trained by a coach. The...

In brain-imaging and behavioral research, studies of autobiographical memory have higher ecological validity than controlled laboratory memory studies. However, they also have less controllability over the variables investigated. This article presents a novel technique - the expert archival paradigm - that increases controllability while maintainin...

La psicología de la experticia es un campo de investigación que, entre otros temas, estudia la adquisición de habilidades. Dado el valor que le da a la adquisición de habilidades es lamentable que sus hallazgos casi no hayan sido considerados por la psicología del desarrollo. En este artículo presentamos un estudio sobre el rol de la edad, la práct...

This multiple-case study addresses the question of how information from the environment is integrated with mental images. Chess players (N = 4) of different skill levels were submitted to a visual imagery task with familiar stimuli (chess positions) and unfamiliar stimuli (boards containing shapes). A position that remained unchanged and a grid in...

Chess experts store domain-specific representations in their long-term memory; due to the activation of such representations, they perform with high accuracy in tasks that require the maintenance of previously seen information. Chunk-based theories of expertise (chunking theory: 8. Chase W. G., Simon H. A. Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology...

La psicología actual enriqueció su potencial explicativo con la incorporación de estudios de neurociencia cognitiva. Lamentablemente ese potencial no se cristalizó en avances teóricos importantes. La razón principal es que esta asociación no fue acompañada de un trabajo de integración teórica. Este artículo esboza un marco teórico que realiza dicha...

The respective roles of the environment and innate talent have been a recurrent question for research into expertise. The authors investigated markers of talent, environment, and critical period for the acquisition of expert performance in chess. Argentinian chess players (N = 104), ranging from weak amateurs to grandmasters, completed a questionna...

Para resolver problemas psicológicos se necesitan dos elementos: conocimiento sobre el funcionamiento psicológico y un puñado de técnicas psicológicas. Se han creado innumerables técnicas psicológicas; cabría preguntarse si el conocimiento sobre el funcionamiento psicológico está disponible.

“Chess playing makes kids smarter.” “Chess increases mathematical abilities.” “Chess improves academic performance.” Numerous similar claims have been made about the efficacy of using chess to foster education (see, for example, several papers on the USCF site for education). Indeed, schools in various countries (e.g., USA, France, Argentina) offer...

A grandmaster and an international chess master were compared with a group of novices in a memory task with chess and non-chess stimuli, varying the structure and familiarity of the stimuli, while functional magnetic resonance images were acquired. The pattern of brain activity in the masters was different from that of the novices. Masters showed n...

Visual imagery plays an important role in problem solving, and research into blindfold chess has provided a wealth of empirical data on this question. We show how a recent theory of expert memory (the template theory; Gobet & Simon, 1996b, 2000) accounts for most of these data. However, how the mind's eye filters out relevant from irrelevant inform...

Previous research has suggested that depth of search in chess does not increase much as a function of skill. We submitted players to a problem-solving task with complex positions. We found a strong skill effect in depth of search, rate of search, and number of nodes generated. At the level of strong masters, the absolute values of these variables w...

This thesis examines the cognitive and neural bases of expertise. In so doing, several psychological phenomena were investigated-imagery. memory and thinking-using different tasks, and a variety of techniques of data gathering, including standard behavioural experiments, questionnaires, eye-movement recording, and functional magnetic resonance imag...

En este trabajo presentamos los estudios con ajedrecistas expertos que hemos realizado en nuestro laboratorio en los últimos años. Llevamos a cabo experimentos con diversas técnicas y variados fenómenos psicológicos. Comenzamos detallando nuestro estudio sobre el debate talento innato vs práctica deliberada. Más adelante, discutimos experimentos co...

Based upon the evidence that the best chess players in the world are becoming increasingly represented by relatively young individuals, Howard [Intelligence 27 (1999) 235–250.] claimed that human intelligence is rising over generations. We suggest that this explanation has several difficulties and show that alternative explanations relating to chan...

Se realizó un experimento para determinar si la presentación de información adicional en posiciones de partidas de ajedrez mejora la actuación de ajedrecistas de diferentes niveles en una tarea de recuerdo. Se actualizó una antigua discusión sobre la interpretación de resultados obtenidos en investigaciones anteriores. Frey y Adesman (1976) conside...

In a recent article, Palmeri, Wong and Gauthier have argued that computational models may help direct hypotheses about the development of perceptual expertise. They support their claim by an analysis of models from the object-recognition and perceptual-categorization literatures. Surprisingly, however, they do not consider any computational models...