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Publications
Publications (29)
Three Light Duty Vehicles were measured on-board for their fuel consumption and regulated emissions while driven on diesel, pure rapeseed plant oil (PPO) and a 5% biodiesel (B5) mix with diesel. They were driven along a realistic cycle covering urban, rural and motorway roads. The vehicles were an Opel Vivaro 1.9 DTI Van, a Citroën Berlingo 2.0 HDI...
Biodiesel and bio-ethanol are expected to be the most applied biofuels in Europe in the short- to mid-term, especially in blended form with diesel and gasoline, respectively. There is a clear need to see what impact this blending will have on emissions and fuel consumption of current vehicles. Public information on this topic is mostly based on old...
The Flemish Transport Company equipped two Euro 2 buses with two different 'Combined Solution' systems for the simultaneous reduction of NOx and PM. Pre versus post 'Trap+SCR' emissions of CO, THC, NOx and PM together with post emissions of NH3 were measured over a bus line in Ghent and over driving cycles on a proving ground. NOx was reduced from...
Results from the European HySociety project (2003–2005) are revealed in which political, societal and technical challenges for developing a European hydrogen economy have been addressed. The focus is placed on the assessments of hydrogen pathways and infrastructure. It will show that no chain can be selected as an obvious winner according to primar...
To cope with tighter emission regulations and with the urge to increase fuel efficiency many heavy duty vehicle constructors and some car manufacturers see SCR-systems on diesel engines as the way to go. This choice leads to new challenges for the automotive industry. SCR-systems require a good urea injection strategy as well as the appropriate siz...
The European automotive industry has opted for SCR-systems to reduce NOx-levels of diesel engines. The choice is directed by the availability of AdBlue, the required urea additive, the low cost catalyst and the potential for improved fuel economy and cost efficiency. The advent of EURO-IV emission standards will imply the introduction of some vehic...
A cost effective measure to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions of city buses is retrofitting with a continuous regenerating trap (CRT). In this paper, the performance of the CRT is evaluated in real life conditions using an on-the-road emission and energy measurement system developed previously in our laboratory.The CRT is found to reduce PM...
An on-board system capable of determining ppm level emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC), and nitrogen oxides (NO x) is developed. The data acquisition allows for the simultaneous retrieval of engine and vehicle parameters to calculate on-line mass based time resolved emissions that can be quickly linked to relevant parameter...
Ammonia emissions of modern petrol fuelled cars are of raising concern especially in the city. As to heavy duty (HD) diesel vehicles the possible use of urea in the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides can result in ammonia slip. In the development or evaluation of vehicles equipped with recent or new emission control technology a...
Spijts de Kyoto-verbintenissen blijft de uitstoot van CO2 stijgen. De grootste boosdoener is hierbij de transportsector. In België is die verantwoordelijk voor ongeveer 24 miljoen ton CO2 per jaar, of een vijfde van de totale CO2-emissies. Een vrijwillige verbintenis met de EU 'verplicht' de autoconstructeurs om de CO2-uitstoot van hun wagens te re...
The negative impact of deteriorating air quality on public health etc. is receiving growing attention. As a result, the contributing emission sources are increasingly regulated. Thus, the emissions of road transport - being one of the largest contributors - are under constant pressure. As such, the evolving legislation on emissions of new cars is f...
While engine test procedures are mainly applied to verify and ensure compliance to the various emission standards, vehicle test procedures were developed to simulate the vehicle in actual service (including engine, drive train and chassis). These drive cycles are usually performed on a chassis dynamometer, but can also be performed on test track. T...
In the frame of the IEA-AMF project "Real Impact of New Technologies for Heavy Duty Vehicles", three state-of-the-art city bus technologies were evaluated for fuel consumption and emissions in real city traffic and in a number of test cycles, both on engine and on vehicle level. The three buses were a diesel bus, a natural gas bus with stoichiometr...
Emissions of petrol cars and diesel city buses were determined using an on-board measuring system. Six three-way catalyst (TWC) cars and one carburetted non-catalyst car were measured. In real traffic situations, TWC cars emitted more than expected from laboratory measurements. Aggressive driving in urban and rural traffic increased the CO, HC and...
On-board emission measurements were performed on a Ford Escort 1.3 l gasoline car and on two Van Hool A300D turbo diesel buses. When compared to the limit values of the 91/441/EEC directive, the TWC car yields lower emissions in motor way traffic and values are about equal in rural traffic. However, in the city with a hot start the CO- and HC + NOx...
The chemical steps needed to prepare specimens for "absolute" atomic-weight [(mean) relative atomic mass] determinations are outlined and discussed in detail for the atomic weight of silicon, Ar (Si), as recently measured for a redetermination of the Avogadro constant. The estimated combined uncertainties arising from the chemical procedures in tha...
New vehicle and fuel technologies become necessary to minimize energy consumption and air pollution. VITO's research objective is the evaluation of these new realizations in terms of costs, emissions and fuel consumption. This paper presents a methodology of cost-effectiveness study in which the estimation or calculation of vehicle emissions is ver...
We have determined Avogadro's constantN
A
using a direct method. The result ofN
A
=6.02213631023 mol–1 differs from the most recent CODATA value of 6.02213671023 mol–1 by only 0.07 ppm, the relative uncertainties being 1.1. ppm and 0.6 ppm, respectively. The value was derived from the determination of the lattice parameter, the density and the mo...
In a series of gas mass-spectrometric measurements performed near the highest attainable accuracy, samples from two highly homogeneous batches of silicon crystals and silica powder were compared directly with a synthetic mixture of the three stable isotopes of silicon. Thereby, this work not only established the 'absolute' atomic weight of these ba...
The silicon molar volume has been measured through atomic weight
and density measurements. Mass spectrometric determination of the
isotopic composition was performed on two differently grown samples by
comparison with the US National Bureau of Standards (NBS) reference
material SRM 990. The density of specimens from the same crystals was
obtained t...
Despite the stringent air quality standards, urban traffic has been a major source of atmospheric pollution. It is therefore useful to investigate the potential effect of traffic management on emissions. Micro-simulation traffic models shall aid in developing traffic management systems and in urban planning practice. This study presents one such tr...