Grzegorz Jakiel

• Professor, MD, PhD
• Head of Department at Centrum Medyczne Kształcenia Podyplomowego

Background: The postpartum period can carry strong stress related to the sudden changes in a woman’s life, which may contribute to changes in the female sexual sphere. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of stress on women’s sexuality in the early motherhood period. Methods: A total of 111 women were studied, including 65 in the puerp...

This study explores the proteomic composition of follicular fluid (FF) from women undergoing oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilisation (IVF), with a focus on the effects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). FF samples were collected from 74 patients, including 34 with PCOS and 40 oocyte donors. Proteomic profiling using machine learning identifie...

Introduction: Uterine fibroids, the most common nonmalignant tumors affecting the female genital tract, are a significant medical challenge. This article focuses on the most recent studies that attempted to identify novel non-hormonal therapeutic targets and strategies in UF therapy. Areas covered: This review covers the analysis of the pharmaco...

Ageing populations, mass “baby-free” policies and children born to mothers at the age at which they are biologically expected to become grandmothers are growing problems in most developed societies. Therefore, any opportunity to improve the quality of infertility treatments seems important for the survival of societies. The possibility of indirectl...

Aim The study aimed to determine whether pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function before surgery may correlate with the success of surgical interventions for treating stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Our hypothesis was that addressing identified variables in preoperative rehabilitation could potentially improve surgical outcomes. Methods This prospect...

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of breastfeeding-related fatigue and family support on the sexuality and quality of life of mothers during early motherhood. A cross-sectional preliminary study was conducted between 1 October 2021 and 15 May 2022 in 65 women being in early postpartum period. We used the authors’ questionnaire developed...

Introduction and hypothesis The objective of this study was to identify the potential characteristics of pelvic floor muscles (PFM) in the preoperative assessment that could be associated with post-surgical prolapse severity. We hypothesized that the same variables, if identified, could be addressed in preoperative rehabilitation to improve surgica...

We present a commentary on the article published in the Zygote FirstView: 'Importance of real-time measurement of sperm head morphology in intracytoplasmic sperm injection' by Fumiaki Itoi and colleagues. We comment on the importance of providing the microscope setup details whenever sperm morphology visualization is discussed. The claim of ×6000-1...

The physician’s decision concerning pregnancy termination is influenced by a number of factors. The study aimed at obtaining the opinions of obstetricians and gynecologists with regard to the indications for pregnancy termination, the readiness to perform the procedure personally and the assessment of the determinants thereof. The survey study was...

The blastocyst expresses paternally derived alloantigens and induces inflammation during implantation. However, it is necessary for the onset of pregnancy. An abnormal response might result in a pathological course of pregnancy or pregnancy failure. On the other hand, a state of maternal immune tolerance is necessary to ensure the normal developmen...

Millions of women around the world suffer from an overactive bladder and urinary retention. A significant number of them are of reproductive age. For 25 years, SNM has been an effective therapy for treatment-resistant hyperactive bladder and idiopathic urinary retention. The paper presents a case of a 35-year-old pregnant woman with an overactive b...

Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract. Obesity is a strong risk factor for endometrial cancer. Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ that synthesizes biologically active cytokine peptides, called adipokines. Adiponectin and leptin are the main cytokines of adipose tissue, which may influence the developm...

Media reports have caused a significant drop in confidence in the AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 vector vaccine (Vaxzevria, AstraZeneca Södertälje, Sweden). This has caused many people, already vaccinated with the first dose of AstraZeneca, to refuse vaccination with this product. On the other hand, the increased demand for mRNA vaccines has...

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a widely used and accepted treatment of choice for oocyte fertilization. However, the quality of sperm selection depends on the accurate visualiza-tion of the morphology, which can be achieved with a high image resolution. We aim to correct the conviction, shown in a myriad of publications, that an ultra-h...

A retrospective case control study was undertaken at the molecular biology departmentof a private center for reproductive medicine in order to determine whether any correlation existsbetween mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content of cleavage-stage preimplantation embryos and theirdevelopmental potential. A total of 69 couples underwent IVF treatment (av...

The tendency towards the radicalization of abortion law is observed in numerous countries, including Poland. The aim of the present paper was to determine the main factors influencing the number of abortions performed worldwide and to indicate the main directions which should be followed to improve the patients’ well-being. The authors conducted th...

In the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, using a half-dose schedule vaccination can help to return to normalcy in a cost-efficient manner, which is especially important for low and middle-income countries. We undertook a study to confirm that in adults up to 55 years old, the humoral response to the half-dose (15 µg, 35 participants between...

We report a case of monitoring the antibody response to the BioNTech–Pfizer vaccine of a 50-year-old female diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing treatment with methotrexate (MTX). Antibody levels were measured 21 days after dose 1 (i.e., on the day of dose 2) and then 8, 14 and 30 days after dose 2 with Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay (Ro...

Approximately a third of a contemporary woman’s life is spent in the postmenopausal period. In most women, oestrogen deficiency causes symptoms which significantly impair their quality of life, and leads to a number of long-term health effects [1]. The most commonly used, generally recommended and most effective method of relieving the symptoms of...

(1) Background: The microbiome consists of microorganisms from various kingdoms with numerous physical and chemical properties Lactobacillus species constitute the highest percentage of healthy cervical and vaginal microbiota. Dysbiosis may cause adverse outcomes, e.g., bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease and pregnancy complications. T...

Background: The introduction of the vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection creates the need for precise tools for the quality control of vaccination procedures, detection of poor humoral response, and estimation of the achieved protection against the disease. Thus, the study aimed to compare the results of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 tests to evaluate t...

Background: Foetal growth restriction (FGR) complicates about 25-47% of twin pregnancies. One or both foetuses can be restricted. Pregnancies with discordant growth of foetuses are associated with a sevenfold increased risk of neonatal morbidity. Materials and methods: This is a narrative or traditional literature review. A literature search was...

The aging of the organism is a complex and multifactorial process. It can be viewed in the context of the whole organism, but also of individual tissues and organs. The problem of vaginal aging and the related genitourinary syndrome of menopause significantly reduces the quality of women’s lives. The aging process of the vagina includes estrogen de...

Background The introduction of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection needs precise instruments for quality control of vaccination procedure, detection of poor immunological response and estimation of the achieved protection against the disease but also against infection and being infective. Objective To compare new automated SARS-CoV 2 Ig assay...

Abortion law is one of the main factors influencing the number of abortions performed in a country. The study aimed to assess the influence of abortion law on the number of performed terminations with particular attention paid to pregnancy terminations due to fetal defects. The retrospective comparative analysis of statistical data included on the...

Urinary retention in young women is a relatively rare clinical problem and is often underdiagnosed. In particular, functional causes of urinary retention pose a diagnostic challenge. One of them is Fowler’s syndrome, which is associated with impaired urethral relaxation. Fowler’s syndrome is characterized by a large bladder capacity, reduced sensat...

It was suggested that the epigenetic alterations of the placenta are associated with obesity, as well as the delivery mode. This study aimed to assess the effect of maternal outcome and delivery procedure on global placental DNA methylation status, as well as selected 5’-Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine-3’ (CpG) sites in ADIPOQ and LEP genes. Global DNA...

Objective: The purpose of the study was to identify the features of both the labor and the assisting physicians when evaluating the newborn according to the Apgar score and how these correlate with the biochemical markers of fetal well-being in order to make the Apgar score more objective. Material and methods: A prospective observational clinic...

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 181 midwives working in hospitals in Poland. The midwives completed professional psychological tests (CISS questionnaire, EPQ-R questionnaire, OLBI questionnaire) and a questionnaire developed for this study. Midwives participating in pregnancy termination procedures most commonly used the task-oriented copi...

Podstawowe doniesienia ostatnich lat wskazują, że główne przyczyny męskiej niepłodności stanowią: stres oksydacyjny,apoptoza plemników oraz fragmentacja DNA. Około 80% przyczyn niepłodności wiąże się ze stresem oksydacyjnym i zmniejszonym poziomem zdolności antyoksydacyjnej plemników. Agarwal A. wprowadził w 2019 roku pojęcie Male Oxydative Stress...

Background: The study aimed at the identification of the risk factors present during delivery, which might be present in prophylactic programs concerning postpartum mood disorders. Material and method: This was a retrospective comparative study. The study material included data retrieved from the medical records of patients hospitalized in the T...

Chronic pelvic pain is a common health problem that afflicts 39% of women at some time in their life. It is a common challenge for gynecologists, internists, surgeons, gastroenterologists, and pain management physicians. Pelvic venous insufficiency (PVI) accounts for 16-31% of cases of chronic pain but it seems to be often overlooked in differentia...

Pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence affect approximately 6-11% and 6-40% of women, respectively. These pathologies could result from a weakness of pelvic floor muscles (PFM) caused by previous deliveries, aging or surgery. It seems reasonable that improving PFM e cacy should positively impact both pelvic floor therapy and surgical outcom...

Background: Cesarean section is a surgical procedure, which is the most frequently performed in gynecology and obstetrics. It is commonly believed that an operative delivery is a less painful and safer mode of delivery, which translates into an increasing number of the procedures performed without medical indications. The maternal sequelae of cesa...

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are benign tumors originating from smooth muscle cells and are considered a common pathology that affects numerous women which is a notable socioeconomic problem. Several UF risk factors have been identified including black race, obesity, and vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is steroid compound with pleiotropic effects on the...

Postpartum mood disorders occur in a considerable number of women with the most common postpartum disorder being baby blues. The study aimed at the identification of the risk factors present before delivery, which may be comprised in prophylactic programs concerning postpartum mood disorders. The research material includes data retrieved from the m...

Purpose: Comparison of the activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in the placenta and the umbilical cord blood cortisol level between caesarean sections with or without uterine contraction and vaginal delivery groups. Cortisol is the main stress hormone responsible for the normal adaptation of the neonate to extrauterine life. The...

Objectives The study aimed to determine the influence of religious and moral beliefs on contraceptive use, assisted reproduction and pregnancy termination in Polish women requesting a termination of pregnancy for medical reasons. Methods Between 1 June 2014 and 31 May 2016, women deemed eligible for a termination of pregnancy for medical reasons a...

Objectives: Inferior vena cava syndrome (IVCS) is a heterogenous group of symptoms resulting in obstruction of the main vein inflow . Common reasons are thrombotic changes and tumors. Incidence of inferior vena cava (IVC) anomalies is 0.3% in general population. Iatrogenic IVC lesions caused by catheter insertion play increasing role. Treatment va...

Triploidy is a genetic aberration resulting from an extra haploid set of chromosomes of paternal (diandric) or maternal (digynic) origin. Diandric cases, opposite to digynic ones, may lead to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) or generate maternal complications, therefore their identification is crucial, but reproducibility of traditionally...

Background: This paper aims to explore the attitudes and opinions of a group of Polish young gynecologists toward pregnancy termination. Method: An anonymous questionnaire was completed by physicians who participated in obligatory trainee courses held in 2019 in Warsaw. Results: The study group included 71 physicians with an average age of 29...

Introduction Caesarean section (CS) is the most common medical procedure performed in women all over the world. There is a hypothesis that caesarean section changes DNA methylation, and it has been linked to immune-mediated diseases such as diabetes in late infant health outcomes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between caesar...

Background: Ethically controversial medical procedures, such as the termination of pregnancy, are frequently associated with a discrepancy between personal attitude and values versus requirements related to a professional situation. The study aimed to assess emotional complications in midwives participating in pregnancy termination procedures. Meth...

Introduction Uterine fibroids (UFs) are benign tumors of the female reproductive system originating from the smooth muscle of the uterus. Currently, progesterone is known to play a key role in the differentiation of the myometrial tissue to form UFs and their abnormal growth. The mechanism of action of progesterone in UF tumorigenesis involves its...

Low biomass microbiome has an increasing importance in today's fertility studies. There are more and more indications for incorporating upper gynecological tract microbiome content in patients diagnostic and in vitro fertilization process, as doing so may help to evaluate chances for a positive outcome. An abnormal endometrial microbiota has been a...

Background Vilaprisan (VPR) is a new orally available selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM), with anti-proliferative activity against uterine fibroids (UFs). It definitively causes suppression of ovulation and inhibition of proliferation of endometrial, myometrial and UF cells. Purpose This review aims to summarize current knowledge on...

Overactive bladder (OAB) affects approximately 17% of the population. The treatment of this clinical condition is challenging, especially when conservative therapy is not effective. There are limited options for the treatment of recurrent OAB. Neuromodulation has taken a significant place in the therapy of recalcitrant lower urinary tract dysfuncti...

Introduction/Background To evaluate the platelet counts as a prognostic parameter for ovarian tumours. Methodology Between 2000 and 2005, 349 patients with ovarian tumours (aged 12–88-years-old) underwent primary surgical treatment at First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 97 patients were diagnosed with ovarian malignancies and borderline...

Introduction/Background An invasive cervical cancer discovered during pregnancy is a rare clinical feature. However, this is one of the most common malignancies occurring during pregnancy. The prevalence according to population ranges is estimated between 1 and 10 for 10,000 pregnancies. Diagnostics in pregnant women are similar to those in non-pre...

Background: The study aims to define the profile of women who decide to exercise their right to terminate a pregnancy and their future reproductive plans. Methods: Patients found eligible for termination for medical reasons between 2014 and 2016 were asked to complete an anonymous survey consisting of sixty questions examining the determinants o...

Sex cord-stromal tumours are a group of tumours derived from the stromal component of the ovary and testis that comprise granulosa, thecal, Sertoli, and Leydig cells as well as fibrocytes. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours (SLCTs) are rare ovarian neoplasms, accounting for less than 1% of all cancers arising from this organ. They differ in size; some mig...

The aim of the study was to determine if serum testosterone (T) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) levels are a factor in determining increased risk for embryonic aneuploidy in karyotypically normal women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation genetic testing screening for aneuploidy (PGT-A). This is a retrospective cohort stud...

Abstract Objectives: Polish society is strongly influenced by the Catholic Church and Poland has one of the most restrictive abortion laws in Europe. We attempted to gather information by questionnaire from women considering termination of pregnancy (TOP). Women were asked about their perceptions of the attending medical staff and whether they fel...

Introduction: The midurethral sling has become the current standard for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Aim: To assess intraoperative complications, early post-operative complications as well as the efficacy of tension-free vaginal tape: retropubic and trans-obturator tape procedures. Material and methods: The analysis inv...

Otocephaly is an extremely rare lethal congenital anomaly characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of the mandible. The clinical presentation is variable. Some cases may present with severe micrognathia as the only anomaly seen prenatally. The key to early diagnosis is careful assessment of the location of the fetal ears on 2D ultrasound ex...

The role of vitamin D in perinatology is a subject of major interest in current medicine. There is growing evidence about the role of maternal vitamin D levels in pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature about the role of vitamin D in perinatology. Evidence from this review suggests associations between low...

Introduction Uterine fibroids (UFs) are benign tumors which are derived from the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. Recent studies have demonstrated that the development of UFs can be particularly related to vitamin D and its receptor. Vitamin D comprises a group of fat-soluble steroid compounds which exert powerful, pleiotropic effects all over th...

This is a preliminary report of the first cases of successful simultaneous use of ulipristal acetate (UPA) and vitamin D3 in uterine fibroid (UF) oral treatment in humans. We present two cases of 37- and 49-year-old females with clinically symptomatic UFs and vitamin D deficiency. Both patients were treated with a standard 3 months of UPA scheme (5...

Introduction: Heterotopic pregnancy is a rare, but potentially life-threatening pathology. The diagnosis of heterotopic pregnancy is still one of the biggest challenges in modern gynecology. The incidence of those pregnancies in natural conception is about 1:30000. Case presentation: We present an unusual case of a heterotopic pregnancy which was m...

Introduction: Uterine fibroids (UFs) are benign, monoclonal tumours of the female genital tract that originate from the myometrium. They may be diagnosed in as many as 80% of women depending on the selected population. UFs depend mostly on steroid hormones. Elevated levels of oestrogens and progesterone are believed to be among the most important...

Background: Poland is a country with restrictive laws concerning abortion, which is only allowed if the mother’s life and health are in danger, in case of rape, and severe defects in the fetus. This paper specifies the forms of support expected by women considering termination from their family, people in their surroundings and professional medical...

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign tumors of the female genital tract. The incidence of UFs has been estimated at 25-80% depending on selected population. The pathophysiology of UFs remains poorly understood. The transformation of smooth muscle cells of the uterus into abnormal, immortal cells, capable of clonal division, is the main...

Vulvovaginal atrophy accompanied by lower urinary tract dysfunction related to low levels of estrogen and androgens is labeled as genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Although this condition affects most postmenopausal women worldwide, it seems to be underdiagnosed and undertreated. Women should be properly advised to choose an adequate treat...

We present a unique case of uterine scar dehiscence during mid-trimester abortion after vaginally administered misoprostol managed laparoscopically with a good result.

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are common benign tumors of the female genital tract, diagnosed in almost one-quarter of women of reproductive age. UFs may cause numerous clinical symptoms, including prolonged or heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure symptoms, pain, infertility and others. Submucous fibroids arise from the muscular part of the uterus an...

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are benign tumors of the reproductive tract, arising from smooth muscle cells of the uterus. Steroid hormones, estrogen, and progesterone are considered to be the most important links in the pathophysiology of UFs. Alpha-tocopherol (AT) is the most active form of vitamin E. What is important as far as UFs are concerned is tha...

This article provides a detailed review of current knowledge on the role of vitamin D and its receptor in the biology and management of uterine fibroids (UFs). Authors present ideas for future steps in this area. A literature search was conducted in PubMed using the following key words: "uterine fibroid" and "vitamin D". The results of the availabl...

Coexistence of a molar pregnancy with a live fetus is a rare and complex clinical condition. Twin preg- nancies with a healthy fetus and a hydatidiform mole arise in one in 20,000-100,000 pregnancies, depend- ing on data. is article reviews available literature on pregnancies with coexistence of a hydatidiform mole and a live fetus, and presents tw...

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are one of the most common pathologies of the female genital tract. The incidence of UFs has been estimated at 25–80%. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a cell-signaling protein involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines responsible for the acute phase reaction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impac...

Objective: To evaluate and compare transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3) serum concentration in patients with uterine fibroids (UFs) without hormone treatment, treated with ulipristal acetate (UPA), and controls; to evaluate TGF-β3 concentrations in UF tissue in patients without hormone treatment and those treated with UPA; and to evaluate the co...

Sex hormone deficiency in post-menopausal women causes changes in the lower urinary tract. Vulvovaginal atrophy is a pathology resulting from those changes. VVA has a negative effect on the quality of life therefore prompting a search for new therapeutic options. The aim of this article is to summarize the current treatment modalities, both hormona...

Objective: Objective: The purpose of the study was to identify the features of both the labor and the assisting physicians when evaluating the newborn according to the Apgar score and how these correlate with the biochemical markers of fetal well-being in order to make the Apgar score more objective. Patients and methods: Material and methods: A...

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common tumors of the female genital tract. The effect of UFs on the quality of life and the overall cost of treatment are significant issues worldwide. Tumor size and location are the two specific factors which influence the occurrence of symptoms, the need for, and method of, treatment (some tumors require surge...

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are benign tumors of the female genital tract made of the smooth muscle of the uterus. UF growth depends mostly on the influence of the steroid hormones and selected growth factors. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-βs) is a polypeptide that consists of three isoforms: TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3. At present, TGF-β is consider...

Numerous social and environmental factors (environmental hazards, social factors such as education and career, higher economic status desired before the decision is made to have children) influence a women's decision to postpone pregnancy until late reproductive age. In turn, age is related to a fall in ovarian reserve. The main goal of testing ova...

Objective The primary aim of this preliminary study was to compare the IVF results of couples living in rural and urban areas. Additionally, the ovarian reserve parameters, such as AMH concentrations, were compared for the same groups. Material and Methods The database of 1,265 women undergoing in vitro fertilization at the Invicta Fertility Cente...

Objective: To analyse the sonographic features, cytogenetic results and pregnancy outcomes in complex malformations involving the body wall in a large cohort of fetuses with regard to different definitions proposed in the literature. Method: A retrospective study on 96 fetuses with complex malformations comprising ventral wall, craniofacial stru...

Objectives: To analyze sonographic abnormalities in triploid pregnancies and assess the usefulness of the classification proposed by McFadden and Kalousek for prenatal sonographic assessment of triploid fetuses. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the sonographic features in a series of 67 triploid fetuses evaluated between 11 and...

Objectives: We explored the religious views and dilemmas of Polish women making the decision to terminate a pregnancy. The article discusses the highly restrictive legislation and significant influence of the Church on the lives of Polish citizens. Methods: This study was designed to investigate the effect of religious and political beliefs, soc...

Uterine artery pseudoaneurysms (UAP) are rare but potentially life-threatening lesions. They may occur after traumatic deliveries, cesarean sections, and other interventions. We present a case of a 39-year-old woman with a UAP. The patient was accurately diagnosed using ultrasound imaging, with subsequent diagnostic hysteroscopy and laparoscopic ex...

Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis (DPL) is a rare disorder characterized by the presence of multifocal nodules and tumors composed of proliferating smooth muscle tissue, spread throughout the peritoneum. Estrogens and progesterone are considered to be the main factors initiating the formation of disseminated leiomyomatosis. Disseminated perito...

Presence of vacuoles and degree of sperm DNA damage are considered to be the basic factors used for the assessment of sperm fertilization capacity. We aimed to investigate the link between these two parameters. According to our knowledge, this is the first study where the Comet assay was used to assess the degree of DNA fragmentation of sperm categ...

Objective: To present five new cases of prenatally diagnosed Pallister-Killian syndrome and to propose an approach for a targeted diagnosis. Method: We retrospectively analyzed ultrasound findings and cytogenetic results in Pallister-Killian syndrome. We also searched through dysmorphology databases for features occurring in PKS that could poten...

Around 10–15% of pregnancies result in a spontaneous first trimester miscarriage, which is most frequently caused by chromosomal abnormalities, mainly aneuploidies. Genetic analysis of pregnancy loss includes conventional G-banding karyotyping and various molecular methods. Apart from variable methodological limitations, the effectiveness of geneti...

Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy (LSH) is an example of a partial hysterectomy, performed due to benign gynaecological complaints. Better endoscopic instruments and operational techniques have led to a great reduction in the number of abdominal hysterectomies. It is believed that LSH is a safe and minimally invasive hysterectomy technique. T...

The authors present a clinical report of the giant fetal tumor protruding from the oral cavity diagnosed sonographically at 32 weeks of gestation as an epignathus. After delivery, tumor proved to be a presentation of the blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, the literature offers no reports on similar cases.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3) serum concentrations, weight, and family history on the risk of developing uterine fibroids. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: University hospital. Patient(s): A total of 188 women, including patients admitted for uterine fibroid...

Vitamin D is essential for the proper functioning of the human body. There is also evidence of its strong association with fertility problems in women. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D and diseases affecting women’s fertility (polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), uterine leiomyomas and endometriosis), and in vitro fert...