Grega Jakus

• dr.
• University of Ljubljana

In the realm of conditionally automated driving, understanding the crucial transition phase after a takeover is paramount. This study delves into the concept of post-takeover stabilization by analyzing data recorded in two driving simulator experiments. By analyzing both driving and physiological signals, we investigate the time required for the dr...

Supporting drivers in different levels of automation was one of the key goals in the HADRIAN project. Following the approach of a “fluid interface”, i.e., an interface that considers the state of the driver, vehicle, and environment, and which uses different modalities to support the driver, a human–machine interface (HMI) was developed and compare...

Featured Application Using the key parameters identified in this paper, researchers can improve their designs of take-over request (TOR) user interfaces by increasing or decreasing the influence of each key factor, thus contributing to greater safety and comfort in conditionally automated vehicles. Abstract In conditionally automated driving, a ve...

This paper discusses the concept of take-over (TO) in conditionally automated vehicles. Most of the current studies consider TO as a discrete event that is completed when the driver takes full control of the vehicle. Two problems with this approach are that the driver 1) needs time to gain sufficient situational awareness and 2) sometimes takes ove...

The rapid development of driving simulators for the evaluation of automated driving experience is constrained by the simulator sickness-related nausea. The electrogastrogram (EGG)-based approach may be promising for immediate, objective, and quantitative nausea assessment. Given the relatively high EGG sensitivity to noises associated with the rela...

General introduction of unconditionally and conditionally automated vehicles is expected to have a highly positive impact on the society, from increased accessibility to mobility and road traffic safety, to decreased environmental and economic negative impacts. However, there are several obstacles and risks slowing down the adoption of this technol...

Monitoring the environment is an essential part of driving, as it increases the driver's situational awareness and enables them to make appropriate decisions for safe and comfortable driving. This paper presents a study to investigate how much and in which way should information be displayed to the driver in a semi-automatic vehicle with a head-up...

Autonomous vehicles are expected to take complete control of the driving process, enabling the former drivers to act as passengers only. This could lead to increased sickness as they can be engaged in tasks other than driving. Adopting different sickness mitigation techniques gives us unique types of motion sickness in autonomous vehicles to be stu...

Deficits in attentional and executive functioning may interfere with driving ability and result in a lower level of fitness to drive. Studies show mixed results in relation to the consistency of neuropsychological and driving simulator assessment. The objective of this study was to investigate the consistency of both types of assessment. Ninety-nin...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of driving demands, neuroticism, and their interaction when predicting driving behavior. More precisely, we strived to examine how driving behaviors (i.e., speeding, winding, tailgating and jerky driving) unfold across low and high driving demands and whether they are contingent on a personal...

The ability to measure drivers’ physiological responses is important for understanding their state and behavior under different driving conditions. Such measurements can be used in the development of novel user interfaces, driver profiling, advanced driver assistance systems, etc. In this paper, we present a user study in which we performed an eval...

In the era of technological advances and innovations in transportation technologies, application of driving simulators for the investigation and assessment of the driving process provides a safe and suitable testing environment. Although driving simulators are crucial for further improvements in transportation, it is important to resolve one of the...

Various studies show that drowsiness reduces driver alertness and can significantly affect driver performance. In this paper, we investigate the effect of drowsiness on the interaction with the in-vehicle infotainment system (IVIS) while driving. The motivation was to investigate whether a specific type of user interface can provide better performa...

This paper presents a driving simulator study in which we investigated whether the Eye Tribe eye tracker (ET) is capable of assessing changes in the cognitive load of drivers through oculography and pupillometry. In the study, participants were asked to drive a simulated vehicle and simultaneously perform a set of secondary tasks with different cog...

Numerous studies have established that using various forms of augmented feedback improves human motor learning. In this paper, we present a system that enables real-time analysis of motion patterns and provides users with objective information on their performance of an executed set of motions. This information can be used to identify individual se...

Objectives: In this paper, we evaluate the sensitivity to cognitive load of three versions of the Detection Response Task method (DRT), proposed in ISO Draft Standard DIS - 17488. Methods: We present a user study with 30 participants in which we compared the sensitivity to cognitive load of visual, audio and tactile DRT in a simulated driving en...

The paper reports on a user study of freehand gesture interaction with a prototype of autostereoscopic 3D light field display. The interaction was based on a direct touch selection of simple objects rendered at different positions in space. The main goal of our experiment was to evaluate the overall user experience and perceived cognitive workload...

This paper reports on the design and evaluation of direct 3D gesture interaction with a full horizontal parallax light field display. A light field display defines a visual scene using directional light beams emitted from multiple light sources as if they are emitted from scene points. Each scene point is rendered individually resulting in more rea...

This paper describes a user study on the interaction with an in-vehicle information system (IVIS). The motivation for conducting this research was to investigate the subjectively and objectively measured impact of using a single- or multi-modal IVIS while driving. A hierarchical, list-based menu was presented using a windshield projection (head-up...

The paper presents an evaluation of the performance of a Leap Motion Controller. A professional optical tracking system was used as a reference system. 37 stationary points were tracked in 3D space in order to evaluate the consistency and accuracy of the Controller’s measurements. The standard deviation of these measurements varied from 8.1 μm to 4...

We present the results of an evaluation of the performance of the Leap Motion Controller with the aid of a professional, high-precision, fast motion tracking system. A set of static and dynamic measurements was performed with different numbers of tracking objects and configurations. For the static measurements, a plastic arm model simulating a huma...

The aim of the user study presented in this paper was to investigate the efficiency of single and multimodal user interfaces for in-vehicle control and information systems and their impact on driving safety. A windshield projection (HUD) of a hierarchical list-based visual menu was compared to an auditory representation of the same menu and to a co...

The explanation of the term knowledge very often involves using the term information. Loosely stated, knowledge is information in support of or in conflict with a certain hypothesis, or it serves to resolve a problem or answer a specific question. Specific knowledge that results from information processing may be either expected or it may be new an...

The term “ontology” originates in philosophy, where it refers to the study of being or existence and the organization of reality (Guarino and Giaretta 1995; Studer et al. 1998). The term was introduced into engineering through the field of artificial intelligence where it refers to the representation of the real world in computer programs.

In the past, the field of knowledge representation already exceeded the academic and research spheres and emerged in practical use as well. Moreover, it also extended beyond the field of its origin, i.e. artificial intelligence, into other fields of computer science. One of the important factors that stimulated the thriving of ontologies in particu...

A concept is an entity of consciousness. We know a concept when we encounter one “in action”, because it exceeds its stand-in descriptive label as a word, phrase or sentence. A concept might be a directly conceived or an intuited object of thought. In general, every object, issue, idea, person, process, place, etc., can generate a concept. Although...

The information world that we live in today presents us with a vast amount of data stored separately in books, newspapers, audio and video records of numerous different formats, internet and other media, all of them increasingly digitized. Moreover, there is an exponential increase in the number of these data, causing the capability of an average c...

The present paper describes the design of E-speranto, a formal computer language for recording multilingual texts on the Web. The vocabulary and grammar of E-speranto are based on the international auxiliary language Esperanto, while its syntax is based on XML (eXtensible Markup Language). The latter is one of the key features of E-speranto, as it...

Introduction This article reports on a study that explored the benefits and drawbacks of using spatially positioned synthesized speech in auditory interfaces for computer users who are visually impaired (that is, are blind or have low vision). The study was a practical application of such systems—an enhanced word processing application compared to...

In this paper, we propose a low cost, laboratory based testing framework for in-vehicle interfaces. Exemplified by a comparison between an auditory interface, a Head-up display, and a combination of both we show how task completion times, driving penalty points, mental workload, and subjective user evaluations of the interfaces can be collected thr...

This paper describes a user study on the benefits and drawbacks of simultaneous spatial sounds in auditory interfaces for visually impaired and blind computer users. Two different auditory interfaces in spatial and non-spatial condition were proposed to represent the hierarchical menu structure of a simple word processing application. In the horizo...

E-speranto is a formal language for generating multilingual texts on the World Wide Web. It is currently still under development. The vocabulary and grammar rules of E-speranto are based on Esperanto; the syntax of E-speranto, however, is based on XML (eXtensible Markup Language). The latter enables the integration of documents generated in E-spera...

In this paper we propose a prototype of a spatialized text reader for visually impaired users. The basic functions of the system are reading arbitrary files, converting text into speech using different synthesized voices and spatializing synthesized speech. Visually impaired users can thus listen to the content of a file read by various synthesized...

The paper gives an overview of the new features of web technologies. The general idea of the new version of HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language), i.e. HTML5, and other tools presented in this paper is the formal specification and the establishment of uniform solutions for technologies and functionalities which have already been in use through various...

Long term evolution (LTE) is the next major step towards 4th generation of mobile communications. LTE introduces a new radio access network with technologies that offer higher data rates, efficiency and quality of services as well as lower costs and the integration with the existing open standards.

The paper addresses the issue of complexity of development of the interlingua interpreters in multilingual translation when developing the interpreters of related languages. The development cost using the interlingua approach is proportional to the number of languages needed to be interpreted in. The paper presents a design of a modular interpreter...

This paper presents the initial design of a formal computer language e-speranto. E-speranto is intended for writing and storing multilingual e-documents and, in its final stage, to serve as an intermediate language in automatic multilingual translation processes. The language is designed to be computer friendly but still understandable to humans; t...

The paper presents an overview of a multilingual system based on the e-speranto. E-speranto is a computer language intended for recording multilingual documents on the Web. It can also serve as an intermediate language, or interlingua, in multilingual translation. Its advantage over similar approaches is the compatibility with HTML and the intellig...