Graham Scoles

University of Saskatchewan | U of S · Department of Plant Sciences

Key message The candidate gene for the barley Un8 true loose smut resistance gene encodes a deduced protein containing two tandem protein kinase domains. Abstract In North America, durable resistance against all known isolates of barley true loose smut, caused by the basidiomycete pathogen Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr. (U. nuda), is under the con...

The small-grain cereals are temperate annual grasses cultivated primarily for their grains. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) are members of the sub-family Pooideae within the monocot grass family Poaceae. Phylogenetic studies have estimated that these grasses (along with wheat) diverged from a common an...

Breeding for true loose smut (Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr.) resistance in barley is expensive because of the great requirements for time, labour, and growth space, and thus is an ideal candidate for screening by indirect methods. One gene (Un8) confers resistance to most known races of the true loose smut pathogen and is the gene present in the maj...

Spot blotch and net blotch are important foliar barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) diseases in Canada and elsewhere. These diseases result in significant yield reduction and, more importantly, loss of grain quality, downgrading barley from malt to feed. Combining resistance to these diseases is a breeding priority but is a significant challenge using conv...

The first doubled haploid oat linkage map constructed at MTT Agrifood Research Finland was supplemented with additional microsatellites and Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers to produce a map containing 1058 DNA markers and 34 linkage groups. The map was used to locate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 11 important breeding traits analyzed...

During the malting process, barley is germinated via a carefully controlled procedure so that its components are degraded to sugars, amino acids, and other low molecular weight compounds that can be used for subsequent fermentation. One of the most important of these processes is the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids. During seed...

An Agrobacterium tumefaciens—mediated transformation system was developed for Eruca sativa (eruca). Hypocotyl explants were co-cultivated with bacterial cells carrying a plasmid harboring a uidA:nptII fusion gene along a phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) gene cassette, for a period of 2days. These were grown on a high cytokinin/auxin medium...

Crown rust is an important disease of oat caused by Puccinia coronata Corda f. sp. avenae Eriks. Crown rust is efficiently and effectively managed through the development of resistant oat varieties. Pc91 is a seedling crown rust resistance gene that is highly effective against the current P. coronata population in North America. The primary objecti...

Pollen development in a male-fertile and a cytoplasmic male-sterile line of rye (Secale cereals L.) was investigated using histological techniques. In the male-fertile line a high degree of organization was evident within the locule, and polarity within the microspore was also apparent. In the male-sterile line, development appeared to proceed norm...

Three inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.) known to be capable of restoring fertility to a cytoplasmic male-sterile line were crossed with the sterile line. The proportions of male fertile, partially male fertile and male sterile plants in F2 and backcross progenies indicated that three dominant restorer genes were present in each line. These we...

Wheat lines carrying a single Agropyron elongation (Host.) P.B. chromosome either as a monosomic substitution or as a recombined wheat – Agropyron chromosome exhibited an abnormally high frequency of transfer of this chromosome to their progeny. This was due to a high frequency of preferential transmission of the chromosome or the wheat–Agropyron c...

Five inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.) and an open-pollinated rye cultivar were used to pollinate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of differeing crossability. No hybrid seed was produced with the cultivar of low crossability, but with the highly crossable cultivar an average seed set of 65% was obtained. Significant differences in terms...

Re-examining historical datasets is a proposed use for association mapping (AM) and is particularly valuable when the data describes time-consuming and/or expensive to measure traits. A collection of 91 elite two-row malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines entered in the western Canadian Cooperative Two-Row Barley Trials over a 13- yr period were...

In western Canada, from 2000 to the spring of 2003, much of the breeding effort to improve resistance of barley (Hordeum vulgare) to fusarium head blight (FHB) was conducted through a collaborative project supported by a number of funding agencies. The main results of this 3-year project were briefly discussed in the present study, with the conclus...

With the advancement of molecular marker technology and computer software, mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for complex traits in agricultural crops is frequent; however, exploitation of these QTL in practical breeding programs is limited. Here we report the validation of molecular markers linked to net blotch resistance QTL and their utilizat...

List of markers. Complete listing of DArT markers and associated clones showing marker clusters (bins) based on scores, map positions, and clone similarity based on sequence assembly.

List of varieties. Inventory of 182 oat varieties and accessions used in DArT marker development and diversity analysis.

Map comparison. Expanded version of 'Kanota' × 'Ogle' 2008 DArT map showing increased density of DArT markers with annotated comparisons to the previous map [9].

Cluster analysis of orthogonal varieties. This is a high-resolution multi-page version of Figure 6.

Pedigree clusters. UPGMA cluster analysis of pedigree distances (D) among 182 oat varieties not orthogonal across all three discovery arrays.

DNA Sequences. FASTA formatted DNA sequence data containing 2670 vector-trimmed sequences corresponding to 2573 unique DArT clones, and 490 consensus sequences from an assembly of the above.

Marker mapping data. Molecular marker data set (in Mapmaker [35] format) including all DArT scores as well as framework marker scores (from [9]) for a set of 80 RIL progenies from the 'Kanota' × 'Ogle' mapping population.

Framework Molecular Map of KxO. Framework version of a molecular marker map in Kanota × Ogle with integrated DArT markers. This is a high-resolution version of the cartoon map presented in Figure 4.

Detailed map placements. HTML version of the new 'Kanota' × 'Ogle' DArT framework map, listing approximate placement for additional markers, including more recently published markers.

Cluster analysis of all varieties. UPGMA cluster analysis of germplasm diversity based on 182 oat varieties, including those that were not orthogonal across all three discovery arrays.

BLAST identity. Potential clone identity based on BLAST for non-redundant set of 1774 DArT clone sequences (consensus and singletons).

Marker diversity data. Non-redundant DArT marker data set for the germplasm diversity study, containing a full set of data from 1295 non-redundant markers and 182 oat varieties, and a nearly orthogonal set with 1295 markers and 134 varieties.

Potentially duplicated markers. List of 156 DArT markers for which there is some evidence that the marker may map to more than one locus. Three types of evidence are explained in the table legend.

Clusters with and without potentially duplicated markers. Analysis of orthogonal diversity data by "Fanny" routine in statistical package 'R'. Fanny finds fuzzy clusters at a given cluster number, 'K'. These analyses were performed with K = 40 on the complete data set (134 × 1295), and, for comparison, on the same data set with potentially duplicat...

Background: Genomic discovery in oat and its application to oat improvement have been hindered by a lack of genetic markers common to different genetic maps, and by the difficulty of conducting whole-genome analysis using high-throughput markers. This study was intended to develop, characterize, and apply a large set of oat genetic markers based o...

Molecular marker technology shows potential to select and combine favorable alleles via genotypic selection and can be used to develop improved crop cultivars with considerable resource savings. In the present investigation, the utility of molecular markers for net blotch resistance identified in Australian breeding material was investigated for Ca...

CDC Mindon' (Reg. No. CV-337, PI 651860; CN107350; Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Reg. No. 6224, Canadian PBR Appl. No. 07-5903) is a two-row spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed at the Crop Development Centre (CDC), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, with collaboration by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada at the...

Covered smut of barley (Hordeum vulgare), caused by Ustilago hordei, is a seed-borne disease. To identify and map disease resistance genes, current Canadian barley cultivars, parents of six barley mapping populations, and four differentials namely ‘Hannchen’ (Ruh1), ‘Excelsior’ (Ruh2), ‘Plush’ (Ruh6), and ‘Odessa’ (universal susceptible), were eval...

Net blotch of barley, caused by Pyrenophora teres Drechs., is an important foliar disease worldwide. Deployment of resistant cultivars is the most economic and eco-friendly control method. This report describes mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with net blotch resistance in a doubled-haploid (DH) barley population using diversity...

Inheritance of covered smut resistance was investigated in three hulless×hulled barley populations (CDC Candle/Q21861, CDC McGwire/Q21861, and CDC McGwire/TR640). Greenhouse and/or field screening indicated resistance was controlled by a single major gene from Q21861 and TR640. Three molecular markers (UhR 450, aHor 2 and OPO6780) linked to the cov...

Phytate is the primary form of phosphorus found in mature cereal grain. This form of phosphorus is not available to monogastric animals due to a lack of the enzyme phytase in their digestive tract. Several barley low phytic acid (lpa) mutants have been identified that contain substantial decreases in seed phytate accompanied by concomitant increase...

ABSTRACT Genetic control of avirulence in the net blotch pathogen, Pyrenophora teres, was investigated. To establish an appropriate study system, a collection of 10 net form (P. teres f. teres) and spot form (P. teres f. maculata) isolates were evaluated on a set of eight barley lines to identify two isolates with differential virulence on an indiv...

Freezing tolerance in plants develops through acclimation to cold by growth at low, above-freezing temperatures. Wheat is one of the most freezing-tolerant plants among major crop species and the wide range of freezing tolerance among wheat cultivars makes it an excellent model for investigation of the genetic basis of cold tolerance. Large numbers...

Covered smut of barley, caused by Ustilago hordei, has the potential to cause significant losses under organic production systems, particularly for hulless barley. The objectives of this investigation were to identify sources of resistance to covered smut and to study the inheritance of resistance and allelic relations between resistant barley line...

Characterization and manipulation of aluminum (Al) tolerance genes offers a solution to Al toxicity problems in crop cultivation on acid soil, which composes approximately 40% of all arable land. By exploiting the rice (Oryza sativa L.)/rye (Secale cereale L.) syntenic relationship, the potential for map-based cloning of genes controlling Al tolera...

Scald resistance breeding requires identification and incorporation of novel resistance sources into local breeding populations. A New Zealand barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) line (926K2/11/1/5/1) was evaluated in scald [Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J.J. Davis] nurseries at Lacombe and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, as a potential source of scald resistan...

Covered smut of barley, caused by Ustilago hordei, is a seed-borne disease. Economic loss is due to decreased yield and to contamination of healthy grains with black teliospores. Molecular marker-assisted selection for covered smut is desirable, because traditional screening in the greenhouse and field is time consuming, expensive, and unreliable....

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is considered to be a major problem for crop growth and production on acid soils. The ability of crops to overcome Al toxicity varies among crop species and cultivars. Rye (Secale cereale L.) is the most Al-tolerant species among the Triticeae. Our previous study showed that Al tolerance in a rye F6 recombinant inbred line (R...

There is longstanding concern that modern plant breeding reduces crop genetic diversity. Such reduction may have consequences both for the vulnerability of crops to changes in their pests and diseases and for their ability to respond to changes in climate and agricultural practices. This concern, however, has not been well validated in recent molec...

The use of genetic resistance is a desirable disease management strategy for controlling scald (Rhynchosporium secalis Davis) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.); thus, it is essential to screen for new sources of resistance. The objectives of this study were to test the novelty of scald resistance in two barley lines from New Zealand, 145L2 and 4176/10...

Flavonoid differences between near-isogenic lines of yellow- and brown-seeded Brassica carinata were used to identify a genetic block in seed coat and seedling leaf pigment biosynthesis. Seed coat pigment in the brown-seeded line consisted of proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), while anthocyanin was absent. Dihydroquercetin, dihydrokaempferol, q...

The in vitro plant regeneration frequencies for immature scutella, leaf-bases/apical meristems (LB/AM) and mature embryos of four commercially important barley genotypes were compared. Production of shoots from mature embryos or calluses of LB/AM incubated on media containing 1.0 or 2.0 mg l–1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) were comparable to regeneratio...

Scald incited by Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J.J. Davis is an important fungal foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) that can cause significant yield and quality losses. While application of fungicides and/or cultural practices are possible control methods, the use of genetic resistance is a very desirable control strategy. Two New Zealan...

Molecular mapping of cultivated oats was conducted to update the previous reference map constructed using a recombinant inbred (RI) population derived from Avena byzantina C. Koch cv. Kanota x Avena sativa L. cv. Ogle. In the current work, 607 new markers were scored, many on a larger set of RI lines (133 vs. 71) than previously reported. A robust,...

Inheritance of resistance to covered smut in the barley line Q21861 was studied using a doubled-haploid population produced by crossing Q21861 with the line SM89010. Based on 3 years of screening in the field and two seasons in the greenhouse, segregation for resistance/susceptibility fits a one-gene ratio, indicating a single major gene for resist...

Rye (Secale cereale L.) is considered to be the most aluminum (Al)-tolerant species among the Triticeae. It has been suggested that aluminum tolerance in rye is controlled by three major genes (Alt genes) located on rye chromosome arms 3RL, 4RL, and 6RS, respectively. Screening of an F6 rye recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the...

The three beta -amylase genes (Bmy1, 2 and 3) in cultivated barley were mapped to chromosomes 4HL, 2HL And 4HL respectively using RFLP analysis. No recombinants between Bmy1 andBmy3 were detected among 264 DH lines. Polymorphism of the Sd1 and Sd2 isoenzymes of beta -amylase co-segregated with the Bmy loci on chromosome 4HL in a doubled-haploid pop...

Five rye lines exhibiting a wide range of extract viscosities, along with commercial cultivars of rye and wheat, were compared with respect to their physical and chemical properties. Rye wholemeals contained significantly higher concentrations of total and soluble dietary fiber (TDF and SDF, respectively), total and water-extractable arabinoxylan (...

Five rye lines exhibiting a wide range of extract viscosities were evaluated for the rheological and baking properties of their flours, individually and in blends with hard red spring wheat flour. Commercial cultivars of rye and triticale were included in the study as controls. Extract viscosities of rye flours were higher than those of correspondi...

Microsatellite markers have many of the properties of an ideal marker, but development of microsatellite markers is tedious, time-consuming and expensive. In the past few years, great efforts have been made to develop, map and utilize microsatellite markers in various crops. It is still a major challenge to find a microsatellite marker associated w...

microsatellites from all of these materials. Two to seven alleles per DNA sequences with repeat lengths of a few base pairs. primer were detected with a polymorphic information content varying from 0.02 to 0.73. By means of only five polymorphic microsatellite Variation in the number of repeats can be detected with primers, 88 of the 90 cowpea line...

The genus Avena contains 30 different species from diploid through tetraploid to hexaploid with different genome compositions. Research regarding the origin of the different genomes in the polyploid species has been inconclusive. The objectives of this research were to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the Arena species by means of poly...

Screening of a wheat (Triticum aestivum) cDNA library for starch-branching enzyme I (SBEI) genes combined with 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends resulted in isolation of a 4,563-bp composite cDNA, Sbe1c. Based on sequence alignment to characterized SBEI cDNA clones isolated from plants, the SBEIc predicted from the cDNA sequence was produced with...

The genetic relationships among the five groups of hexaploid wheat: common, spelta, macha, vavilovii, and semi-wild wheat (SWW) are not clear. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to assess phylogenetic relationships among these five morphological groups of hexaploid wheat. RAPD data were analyzed using the NTSYS-PC computer pr...

Malt quality traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) may be suitable candidates for marker-assisted selection, as their evaluation involves laborious and costly procedures. Four regions of the genome were previously reported to affect several grain and malt quality traits in the two-row barley cross `Harrington'/'TR306'. This study used an independen...

Microsatellites have many desirable marker properties. There has been no report of the development and utilization of microsatellite markers in oat. The objectives of the present study were to construct oat microsatellite-enriched libraries, to isolate microsatellite sequences and evaluate their level of polymorphism in Avena species and oat cultiv...

The genus Avena contains 30 different species from diploid through tetraploid to hexaploid with different genome compositions, Rasearch regarding the origin of the different genomes in the polyploid species has been inconclusive. The objectives of this research were to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the Avena species by means of poly...

 Crop germplasm collections contain a considerable percentage of misclassified accessions which may affect the use of germplasm for agricultural crop improvement. The objective of this study was to determine if random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis could be used to reclassify misclassified Triticum accessions. Twelve accessions suspected...

A DNA fragment containing the exons 16, 17 and intron 16 of the limit dextrinase gene was cloned using a 654bp cDNA as probe. Intron 16 contained a simple sequence repeat (microsatellite). PCR primers were designed to amplify that microsatellite. Using these primers, the limit dextrinase gene was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 1 (7H) using 1...

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting agronomic traits have been mapped in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), but there have been few experimental verifications of the presence and effect of individual QTL. Here, we report on verification of a QTL on the "plus" arm of chromosome 7(5H) of barley. This QTL, affecting grain yield, plant height, maturity,...

Genetic diversity in a crop species is basic to improvement of the species and can be estimated at the molecular level. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic diversity within and between spelta and macha wheats. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was conducted on 69 spelta and 32 macha wheat accessions. The classificatio...

Rye (Secale cereale L.) grain with low extract viscosity (EV) and superior kernel characteristics is desired when used in diets of monogastric animals. Knowledge of the relationship between EV and kernel characteristics is needed to develop an efficient selection strategy for breeding cultivars that meet the two criteria. Grains of 11 open-pollinat...

Shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration were readily achieved from cotyledonary petioles and hypocotyls of Brassica carinata. These explants were used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A construct containing the selectable marker genes, neomycin phosphotransferase II, phosphinothricin acetyl transferase and the reporter gene β-glucuroni...

Winter rye (Secale cereale L.) is well adapted to the Canadian prairies and rye grain with low extract viscosity (EV) may become an important component in animal diets. Information on how environmental factors affect EV is needed for facilitating the selection of low EV materials and production of low EV grain. Eleven winter rye genotypes were grow...

The inheritance of rachis fragility and glume tenacity in semi-wild wheat was studied in an attempt to help establish the taxonomic status and genetic origin of semi-wild wheat. Progenies of crosses and backcrosses of semi-wild wheat with the cultivar Columbus (common wheat) indicated that the fragile rachis and non-free-threshing character of semi...

A 647-bp 5'-flanking fragment obtained from genomic clone Sta 44G(2) belonging to a family of polygalacturonase genes expressed in Brassica napus pollen was fused to the &#35-glucuronidase (GUS) marker gene. This fusion construct was introduced into B. napus plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. Analysis of the transgenic B. napus pl...

A 647-bp 5'-flanking fragment obtained from genomic clone Sta 44G(2) belonging to a family of polygalacturonase genes expressed inBrassica napus pollen was fused to theß-glucuronidase (GUS) marker gene. This fusion construct was introduced intoB. napus plants viaAgrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. Analysis of the transgenicB. napus plants rev...

A full-length cDNA (2970 bp) encoding a starch branching enzyme II (SBEII; EC 2.4.1.18) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Fielder) kernel was isolated from a cDNA library. The translated region of the cDNA predicted a 823 amino acid primary product with a molecular mass of 91.4 kDa. A 54 amino acid transit peptide was postulated to be cleaved from...

To investigate the sequences responsible for the regulated expression of tapetal-specific oleosin-like genes, ca. 2 kb of the 5-upstream regions from two divergent genes, OlnB;4 and OlnB;13, were isolated, sequenced and fused to the reporter gene -glucuronidase for study in transgenic Brassica napus plants. Although the proteins encoded by these tw...

The phylogenetic relationships among 39 wild Hordeum species, subspecies, and cultivated barley were investigated using RAPD markers as discriminating characters. Seventy-six RAPD fragments were generated using 12 single decameric primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequences. Amplification reactions resulted in fragments ranging in length between 200...

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) main effects and QTL by environment (QTL x E) interactions for seven agronomic traits (grain yield, days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, lodging severity, kernel weight, and test weight) were investigated in a two-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cross, Harrington/TR306. A 127-point base map was constructed...

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) main effects and QTL by environ- ment (QTLxE) interactions for seven agronomic traits (grain yield, days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, lodging severity, kernel weight, and test weight) were investigated in a two-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cross, Barrington/TR306. A 127-point base map was constructed...

Russian wildrye, Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski (2n = 2x = 14; NsNs), is an important forage grass and a potential source of germplasm for cereal crop improvement. Because of genetic heterogeneity as a result of its self-incompatibility, it is difficult to identify trisomics of this diploid species based on morphological characters alone. P...