Graham Peter Parkhurst

University of the West of England, Bristol | UWE Bristol · Department of Geography and Environmental Management

Automated vehicles (AVs) need to be trusted by cyclists and pedestrians where they will share the road. To test trust, cyclists and pedestrians, and a comparison cohort of drivers, observed trials of both a road and simulator AV undertaking three common priority-based maneuvers: a right turn into a side road, overtaking a parked car, and passing ov...

The introduction of shared autonomous vehicles into the transport system is suggested to bring significant impacts on traffic conditions, road safety and emissions, as well as overall reshaping travel behaviour. Compared with a private autonomous vehicle, a shared automated vehicle (SAV) is associated with different willingness-to-adopt and willing...

Shared Autonomous Vehicles are expected to significantly change transport and mobility, improving road safety, environmental impact and traffic efficiency. However, the successful implementation of a SAV mobility service strongly depends on public acceptance and adoption, which might be influenced by a number of factors, such as socio-demographic c...

Autonomous Vehicles (AV) may become widely diffused as a road transport technology around the world. However, two conditions of successful adoption of AVs are that they must be synchronously shared, to avoid negative transport network and environmental consequences, and that high levels of public acceptance of the technology must exist. The implica...

The transport policy discourse posits Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs) as a more sustainable solution for the implementation of road automation technology. A successful implementation of SAV services strongly depends on being able to meet user's needs, as well as responding to their expectations. For this reason, the public has a central role in t...

Background: ACE (Active, Connected, Engaged) is a theory-informed, pragmatic intervention using peer volunteering support to promote active ageing in socially disengaged, inactive older adults. This study aimed to establish ACE's feasibility and acceptability. Methods: Fifty-four older adults were recruited as either peer volunteers (activators;...

The advent of road transport automation is suggested to be one of four key technological transitions that could amount to a major transformation in mobility practices. Specifically, fully Automated Vehicles (AVs) might replace the current private car owner user model with fleets of on-demand synchronously-shared automated taxis. However, significan...

Urban freight transport is crucial to ensuring the economic vitality of a city. However, significant negative “externalities” arise from freight flows in urban areas. Current solutions to reduce the impact of freight transport in urban areas aim at reducing the number of vehicles (e.g., introducing traffic regulations and restrictions, or providing...

This is a book about the importance of transport, travel and mobility in modern society. The authors undertake a detailed review not just of key issues that are significant within the transport sector, but also of how and why transport is significant in addressing other policy goals. There are three main areas of focus: a) How we ‘do’ transport, as...

Mobility affords a range of benefits, but there are environmental, social and economic problems associated with current transport systems. Innovations to address these issues include novel technologies (e.g., electric and autonomous vehicles; EVs, AVs), and new business models and social practices (e.g., shared mobility). Yet, far more attention by...

According to psychological theories of environmental affect, the physical environment moderates the walking experience and its psychological wellbeing benefits. The present paper further demonstrates that affective experiences also influence intentions to walk. A study to explore the influence of affective experiences of walking on walking intentio...

This is an evidence review that examines the trends in manufacturing and global supply chains, looking at the international trade, technology and users, and how these may change between now and 2040. The review has been commissioned by the Government Office for Science within the Foresight project. The Foresight Future of Mobility project is run fr...

Providing users of the public transport with a satisfactory service is necessary to discourage the use of private transport modes. In addition to ensuring high performance in terms of accessibility, usability and availability of the service, in recent years the concept of travel experience has been deepened, to consider how travel time can constitu...

The psychological wellbeing potential of walking in urban environments has received limited attention from scholars, despite the important public health implications of identifying characteristics of urban settings that support wellbeing and encourage behaviour change. The study is the first to explore psychological wellbeing experiences of urban w...

Relatively little is known about human behavior and performance when retaking control of highly autonomous vehicles (AVs) at different speeds and under varied driving conditions. Past research has tended to focus on long periods of high-speed extra-urban autonomous driving before participants switch to manual mode. The current study investigated ti...

Cities looking to embark on more sustainable development pathways may need to evaluate the controversial but usually impactful measure of road pricing as a means of reducing their reliance on conventionally fuelled automobiles. Understanding the mechanisms determining the public acceptability of road pricing could be critical for its implementation...

The potential health benefits of walking in attractive, predominantly built-up urban settings have not received much attention from scholars, despite the global need to increase walking levels in cities. The current experimental study assessed the affective outcomes associated with several urban walking settings, with a focus on the presence of mot...

The Venturer project is trialling an autonomous vehicle (AV) in the context of use on urban roads. This paper summarises a literature review undertaken to assist in developing a research agenda for the trialling. The first contribution of the paper is a framework of four use scenarios for AVs as follows: (1) fully segregated AV network, (2) motorwa...

Relatively little is known about human behavior and performance when retaking control of highly autonomous vehicles (AVs) at different speeds and under varied driving conditions. Past research has tended to focus on long periods of high-speed extra-urban autonomous driving before participants switch to manual mode. The current study investigated ti...

Connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) represent an exciting opportunity for wider access to mobility; especially for individuals unable to drive manual vehicles. Interaction with CAVs will be through human-machine interfaces (HMIs) providing journey-related and other information with some interactivity. These should be designed with potential users...

In recent years, there has been enthusiasm amongst commentators that shared-resource economic models can both create new commercial opportunities and address policy problems, including in the transport sector. Within the city logistics sub-sector, this new model is exemplified by the emergence of Urban Freight Consolidation Centres (UCCs). UCCs rep...

Background: Evidence for the health benefits of a physically active lifestyle among older adults is strong, yet only a small proportion of older people meet physical activity recommendations. A synthesis of evidence identified "best bet" approaches, and this study sought guidance from end-user representatives and stakeholders to refine one of thes...

Shared-use paths are those used by pedestrians and cyclists, either designed for them to mix freely within the space (unsegregated) or with the space allocated to each group by surface markings and signage (segregated). Mobility policy in a number of states is promoting greater use of shared-use paths, but there is only limited knowledge about the...

Literature based review of the potential mobility needs of older people, and the use of fully autonomous vehicles.

The field of environmental psychology has given extensive relevance to the study of affect and restoration during walking in natural spaces, suggesting that individuals recover from stress more effectively in green rather than in built settings. However, not many studies addressed the outcomes of walking in attractive urban settings, as current lit...

‘Transport-related Social inclusion’ is a specific naming of the complex set of interrelationships within which accessibility plays an important role in whether a citizen achieves the level of participation in socioeconomic life that he or she seeks. It has its origins in the United Kingdom of the early 2000s, but the diversity of theoretical persp...

This paper explores the ways in which people use their travel-time on local buses, and explains how this knowledge can assist with efforts in many ‘auto-centric’ societies to make bus travel more attractive and encourage a shift away from excessive private car use. Framing the discussion around the concept of an ‘ideal bus journey’, this paper exam...

A recent “affective turn” in the social sciences has given new emphasis to the role of affect and emotions in influencing human behaviours (Damasio 2006). Affective experiences can also have major implications on travel behaviours with; investigations of the affective walking experiences contributing to increased levels of walking which have dramat...

Transport investment schemes tradition- ally have to undergo appraisal in order to prove their value for money to funding agencies and also in order to justify the expenditure to electorates. Ex-ante appraisals can also be used to assist in the measure selection process by providing an indication of the costs and benefits of specific policy or infr...

Urban freight consolidation centres (UFCCs) can provide a significant contribution to reducing the negative impacts of freight transport to city centres whilst at the same time providing a more seamless, higher-value logistics experience for their users. The paper draws on the experiences of the Bristol-Bath freight consolidation centre (BBFCC), es...

PurposeThe chapter provides a general review of the policy debate around the provision of formal Park-and-Ride (P&R) facilities and the empirical research evidence about travellers’ responses to the opportunities they present, drawing on evidence from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The effects of the schemes on road traffic and car depende...

Transport policy for rural elders has traditionally focussed on deficits in access to ‘subsistence’ needs, such as food and healthcare. The chapter considers the limitations of the past approach for wellbeing, presenting the case for a holistic perspective: the continuum of mobilities (literal, virtual, potential and imaginative). Each is regarded...

Introduction This chapter argues for an understanding of connectivity through mobility by elders living in rural areas that goes beyond the traditional transport planning focus on the supply of and demand for transport services. This involves consideration of not just physical movement, but also all the other ways in which older people can be ‘mobi...

Integrating car parking facilities with public transport in Park and Ride (P&R) facilities has the potential to shorten car trips, contributing to more sustainable mobility. There is an ongoing debate about the actual effects of P&R on the transport system at the subregional level. A key issue is the relative attractiveness of city centre car parks...

Carsharing organizations (carshares) provide collectively available vehicles that can be booked for exclusive use on a pay-as-you-go basis. Previous research has shown that two groups join carshares: (a) accessors, who do not have a car when they join the carshare and therefore gain access to one, and (b) shedders, who give up a car when they join...

Carfree residential areas have been developed in a number of cities in Europe, with clear social and environmental benefits, but the concept has not been widely adopted in the UK. This paper aims to assess the potential consumer demand for housing in carfree developments in the UK and the circumstances under which it might be feasible. Two surveys...

The Local Sustainable Transport Fund (LSTF) is a £560m investment by the UK Government in local authority transport schemes in England (excluding London). The fund will be matched by local authorities' own investments from their transport budgets, meaning a total spend of over £1bn. The schemes are a mix of capital and revenue projects designed to...

Rural dwelling and older age are both associated with a higher risk of social exclusion, with accessibility identified as having an important facilitating role. The interactions between transport-related exclusion and older age, particularly in a rural context, are considered though analysis of quantitative and qualitative data collected from over...

Regardless of its intent and purposes, the first decade of the Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) framework had little or no effect in reducing traffic-related air pollution in the UK. Apart from the impact of increased traffic volumes, the major factor attributed to this failure is that of policy disconnect between the process of diagnosing air p...

Since 2008 most older people in England have benefited from unlimited area-wide free travel by bus after the morning peak period. The official policy rhetoric supporting implementation of the measure drew significantly on the need to reduce social exclusion amongst older people. However, despite a substantial increase in the number of concessionary...

Community activity is a key contributor to quality of life for many older people. It also plays a role in the well-being of the communities they live in. Mobility, though, is central to such activity, and thus a conceptual link is proposed between ‘mobility capital’ and wider community sustainability. In developed nations older people comprise a gr...

In this paper the necessity for effective joint working arrangements between Environmental Health Officers and Transport Planners is demonstrated as a fundamental prerequisite for successful management of traffic-related air quality in English local government areas. Current approach to joint working and collaboration between the officers was exami...

Currently only 2% of British rail passengers choose to cycle to the station, in contrast to 40% in the Netherlands, but the combination of cycling with rail use presents a potentially attractive alternative to car use with carbon reduction and health-promotion benefits. The present study examined the motivations and behaviours of people who integra...

RÉSUMÉ Sur le front politique et des lignes de conduite, l’intérêt a augmenté pour rendre les communautés plus « amies des ainés », cette tendance est restée constante depuis que l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé a lancé son projet « Réseau mondial des Villes-amies des aînés. » Nous conceptualisons les communautés amies des aînés en nous appuyons...

In an ageing society older people have a growing influence on politics in general, and potentially on the acceptability of road charging in particular. They face specific types of risk of transport-related social exclusion which may influence their views on charging, although there is also evidence to suggest that older people favour, more than any...

Urban intensification as part of a smart growth strategy can facilitate low-energy transport modes and reduce overall car use, with benefits to the global environment, but evidence suggests the effect will be less than proportional. Hence, in locations where intensification occurs, greater concentrations of traffic tend to occur, and this worsens l...

The second round of the Local Transport Plan (LTP2) process in England presents unique challenges and opportunities for integrating Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) within current transport planning policy. Using content analysis of LTP2 documents from nine English authorities, and results from a questionnaire survey of local government officers...

Dimensions beyond nationalism must be considered in determining responsibility for rising climate change emissions. This article seeks to exemplify this process of operationalizing sustainable mobility by considering the attributes of aging and rurality. The sustainable mobility opportunities of older citizens living in rural areas of the UK are co...

This chapter examines the Labour government's roads and traffic policies in Great Britain in the decade since 1998. It explains the principles of a sustainable roads and traffic policy, taking into account broad sustainability objectives and the recommendations of two special policy reviews: the Eddington Review on transport, productivity, and comp...

This book, the third in Martin Powell's New Labour trilogy, analyses the legacy of Tony Blair's government for social policy, focusing on the extent to which it has changed the UK welfare state.

Since 1997, Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) has been used as a process through which local authorities in England identify and manage specific air quality problems within their jurisdictions in order to achieve the air quality objectives (AQO). However, the limitation of this process is that of policy disconnect between diagnosis and solutions...

The recent growth in European use of mobile air-conditioning (MAC) in transport is examined with reference to the experience of the longer-established trend in the buildings sector and to experience in the US. Air-conditioning is identified as significantly undermining improvements in energy efficiency, whilst the penetration of MAC is observed as...

In developed countries, Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) (loosely termed ‘paratransit’ in US parlance) emerged in the 1970s to serve the specialist niche market of people with mobility difficulties. DRT systems are starting become a mainstream public transport mode and this paper examines mainstream public transport DRT schemes from around the wor...

Voluntary approaches have become a popular in the U.S. to enhance the efficacy and scope of existing regulations and to reduce emissions in sectors or for pollutants where formal environmental regulation is lacking. In this paper, we examine the effectiveness of a particular EPA voluntary program for the metal finishing industry, the Strategic Goal...

This chapter presents an overview of changes in transport taxation in European countries to promote more sustainable transport. A number of changes in the framework of car taxation have resulted in some useful environmental gains. However, these changes are limited because the transport tax system has been designed to produce a substantial income f...

The emergence of poor air quality as a major urban transport problem is considered through the case of Oxford (UK). The relevance of the Oxford policy approach for air quality management is appraised. The level of oxides of nitrogen emitted from large diesel-powered vehicles, most notably buses, emerges as a particular public health problem; the Ac...

In 1972, a revolution in local transport policy in Oxford resulted in the dominant doctrine of the previous 30 years—providing for car use—being replaced by an alternative policy ‘frame’ focussed around the promotion of bus use. Although subsequently challenged in the 1970s and 1980s, the pro-bus policy community remained sufficiently strong to imp...

Background: In 2002, the Department for Transport (DfT) commissioned the Open University (in collaboration with University College London, University of West of England and Loughborough University) to evaluate the Travel Plan Site Specific Advice (SSA) programme, and to advise on the most appropriate way of providing Travel Plan advice and support...

This paper reports work being conducted as part of the only transport project in the current ESRC programme on the Environment and Human Behaviour. The concept of generalised road user changes eventually replacing existing Fuel Duties and Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) is in the ascendant, with several studies concentrating upon the eventual adoption of...

"Debates about whether traffic regulations that limit car use will enhance or hinder a particular urban economy are complex and often emotive. The present article considers evidence from the implementation of a radical traffic restraint and pedestrianisation scheme in Oxford in 1999. The most important achievement was a 17% reduction in car trips t...

Park and ride (P&R) schemes are often promoted as an efficient means of extending the effective catchment of public transport networks into car-dependent areas with low population densities, such as rural districts. However, using P&R typically requires the traveller to have access to a car. As car ownership is often used as an indicator of social...

The number of short-range bus park and ride (P&R) schemes in the UK grew considerably during the 1990s and further increase is expected in the current decade. Over the same period, concerns about both the local and strategic environmental consequences also grew. The present paper argues that many of the outstanding concerns regarding P&R schemes re...

The rate of provision of bus-based park and ride facilities on the fringes of UK urban areas has grown in recent years. However, there has been a debate about whether the schemes reduce traffic. Research published in 1998 for the UK Government considered eight case studies and was interpreted by some as providing reassurance that park and ride can...

It is widely acknowledged that bus-based park and ride schemes constructed at the edge of the urban area can deliver disadvantages as well as benefits. The present paper considers how these disbenefits might be reduced. In the main it is argued that they derive from the typical level of user charges applied, the proximity of the sites to users' des...

TSU: The Transport Studies Unit, established since 1973 at Oxford University, was awarded the status of a designated research centre of the ESRC from 1994 to 2004. The research programme, initially focussed on traffic growth and the development of dynamic methodologies, was launched at a Linacre Lecture in Oxford which attracted much press attenti...

Despite research on park and ride (P&R) having been restricted by methodological difficulties, evidence from UK cities is collated here. The policy origins of short-range P&R in the UK are reviewed with the finding that different, not necessarily complementary goals may be pursued by implementation. However, the policy strategy is shown to have bee...

The detailed and long-term effects of park and ride are more complex than generally acknowledged. In 1994, studies of park and ride were carried out in Oxford and York. The success of park and ride in attracting users was confirmed, and these users reported high levels of satisfaction. However, some users had switched from modes other than car and...

Bike -rail integration (BRI) extends the catchment area of a station for those without access to a car or bus, whilst also enabling the substitution of more car jou rneys and allowing people to build exercise into their day. More cycle access to the rail network has particular benefits in a congested urban environment like Bristol, which has few op...

Brussels, Belgium The research presented in this paper are from a three-year research project which involves two longitudinal questionnaire surveys and in-depth case study interviews with selected officers from a sample of English authorities. This paper presents the challenges, barriers and opportunities for managing traffic-related air pollution...

This report is also available at: http://www.dft.gov.uk Department for Transport and Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive

This is a report. It is also available from: http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/ ESRC Project Award RES-221-25-0013

BLDSC reference no.: D196376/98. Thesis (D. Phil.)--University of Oxford, 1997. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 412-420).